Sayagyi U Ba
Khin Journal
A Collection Commemorating the Teaching
of Sayagyi U Ba Khin
(c) Vipassana Research Institute All rights reserved
Vipassana Research Institute (VRI), a non-profit-making body was established in 1985 with the principal aim of conducting scientific research into the sources and applications of the Vipassana Meditation Technique. It is also the custodian of all the teachings given by the Principal Teacher of Vipassana, Mr. S. N. Goenka, who has been instrumental in the spread of Vipassana in modern times. The financing for running VRI comes mainly from donations by students of Mr. S. N. Goenka.
This PDF book is being offered to you as a donation from grateful students of Vipassana. If you wish to make a contribution to this effort, please visit www.vridhamma.org to make a donation.
Donations to VRI are eligible for 100% tax deduction benefit to Indian citizens under Section 35 (1)(iii) of the Indian Income Tax Act, 1961.
May all those who read this book be benefited. May all beings be happy.
First Edition : 1991
Reprinted : 1994, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2009. 2011, August 2014
ISBN 81-7414-133-2
Published by:
Vipassana Research Institute Dhamma Giri, Igatpuri 422 403 Dist. Nashik, Mahārashtra, India Tel: [91] (2553) 244998, 244076,
244086 Fax: [91] (2553) 244176
Email: vri_admin@dhamma.net.in info@giri.dhamma.org
Website : www.vridhamma.org
Printed by:
Apollo Printing Press
259, SICOF Ltd., 69 Satpur MIDC,
Nashik- 422007.
Grateful acknowledgement is made for permission to print from the following:
Copyright (c) Yoga Journal (reprinted by permission of the publisher) for "S.N. Goenka: Master of Meditation," interview conducted by Stephan Bodian (editor, Yoga Journal), September/ October 1989, No. 88.
Mahā Bodhi Journal, Vol. 80 April 1972, No. 4, for various accounts in "Sayagyi's Students Remember Him."
Thint Banāmagazine (Myanmar) for report of S.N. Goenka's Nov. 1991 visit to Myanmar
The Light of Dhamma magazine (Myanmar) for "Revolution With A View to Nibbāna" be Sayagyi U Ba Khin.
Buddha Sāsana Council Press (Myanmar) for "The Real Values of True Buddhist Meditation."
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244086 FAX: [91] (2553) 244176
[AhX: vri_admin@dhamma.net.in info@giri.dhamma.org
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Apollo Printing Press
259, SICOF Ltd., 69 Satpur MIDC,
Nashik- 422007.
Contents
Introduction @ @@@@@ 1
A Note on the Use of Pāli 3
Sayagyi U Ba Khin
Gratitude to Sayagyi S.N.Goenka 7
Sayagyi U Ba Khin Vipassana Research Institute 8
Sayagyi U Ba Khin: A Shining Star of Dhamma S.N. Goenka 12
Reminiscences S. N. Goenka 13
Remembering Sayagyi 24
Discourses of Sayagyi U Ba Khin
The Essentials of Buddha-Dhamma in
Meditative Practice Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin@@33
What Buddhism Is@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin@@39
The Real Values of True Buddhist Meditation@@@Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin@@58
The Ten Soldiers of Māra@@@@@@@@@@@@Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin@ @69
Revolution with a View to Nibbāna@@@@@@@@Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin@@74
The Chain of Teachers@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
Venerable Ledi Sayadaw@@@@@@@@@@@@@Vipassana Research Institute@@ 81
Saya Thetgyi@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@Vipassana Research Institute@@@85
Saya Thetgyi: Anecdotes@@@@@@@@@@@@@S.N. Goenk a@@@@@@@@@ 91
The Venerable Webu (Vipula) Sayadaw
Venerable Webu Sayadaw & Sayagyi U Ba Khin @@Vipassana Research Institute 95
Now Is the Time @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@by Ven. ñāṇissara @@ 98
Vipassana Students Meet with theVenerable Webu Sayadaw @@@@@@@@@@@@ 103
Essays by S. N. Goenka
The Art of Living:Vipassana Meditation@@@@@@@S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@ @111
Buddha's Path Is to Experience Reality@@@@@@@S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@@ 115
Vedanā and Sampajañña
Seminar:Closing Address@@@@@@@@@@@@@ S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@@ 121
Proper Veneration of the Buddha@@@@@@@@@@S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@@ 127
What Happens at Death?@@@@@@@@@@@@@ S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@ @132
What Wonderful People@@@@@@@@@@@@@@S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@@@135
Dhamma Is for One and All@@@@@@@@@@@@ S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@@ 142
Anecdotes of S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@147
Homage to Baba@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@S.N. Goenka@@@@@@@@ 153
I Am Grateful to So Many@@@@@@@@@@@@@ S.N. Goenka@@@@@ @@@ 157
Interviews
Master of Meditation:An Interview with S.N. Goenka Stephan Bodian 165
Interview with Mataji 173
In the Tradition of Sayagyi U Ba Khin 179
On Goenkaji's Return to Myanmar (Burma) 185
S.N. Goenka: Dhamma Son of Myanmar Dhammācariya U Htay Hlaing 192
Assistant Teachers
An Introduction to Vipassana Meditation Graham Gambie 197
Remain Equanimous N.H. Parikh 200
The Path Ram Singh 202
What Meditation Is William Hart 206
Equanimity in the Face of Terminal Illness S. Adaviyappa 208
Research at the Experiential Level Dr. Chandrasheela Shakya 210
Physician Heal Thyself Dr. Geo Poland 211
Vipassana and Education Dr. B.G. Savla 213
Secularism and Vipassana Usha Modak 216
Parenthood in Dhamma Sachiko Weeden 218
My Experience Venerable Sanghabodhi 219
The Wounded Healer Dr. Paul Fleischman 220
Vipassana: Going to the Root of Addiction Dr. Raman Khosla 223
The Role of Vipassana in Psychiatric Practice Dr. R.M.Chokhani 226
The Fruits of Dhamma John Beary 230
Personal Experiences
Letter from Venerable Ashin Arseinna 235
Letter from Venerable Bhaddanta Jotipala 236
Letter to a Student Father Anthony de Mello 237
Vipassana-The Non-Sectarian Way Sadhvi Vinodinibai 237
A Journey Into Vipassana Meditation Jyoti (Jayashakti) Asher 239
My First Course Sarah Bridgland 242
He Taught Us the Way to Control the Mind Kalyani G. 243
A Catholic Priest on Vipassana Father Peter Lourdes 246
A Western Christian Looks East Fr. Daniel J. O'Hanlon S.J. 247
Vipassana: My Spiritual Pilgrimage Mohammed Arif Joiya 249
Appreciations 252
I Have Found My Path Dr. Chandrakala 253
Breath of Freedom: Ānāpāna In Prison Michael Lane 254
How Vipassana Helped Free Me from Drugs Praveen Ramakrishnan 256
The Vipassana Research Institute
The Vipassana Research Institute:An Introduction 261
The Gem Set in Gold: Pariyatti with Paṭipatti S.N. Goenka 263
Vedanā and the Four Noble Truths Vipassana Research Institute 266
Sampajañña-the Constant Thorough
Understanding of Impermanence Vipassana Research Institute 268
Vedanā in Paṭiccasamuppāda@@@@@Vipassana Research Institute@@ 271
Vedanā in the Practice of Satipaṭṭhāna@@Vipassana Research Institute@@ 274
Vipassana Meditation Courses Conducted
by S. N. Goenka
277
Glossary of Pāli Terms
290
List of VRI Publications
298
List of Vipassana Meditation Centres
301
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Sayagyi U Ba Khin (6 March, 1899 - 19
January, 1971)
Jo guruvara milate nahiu
Dharama Gauga ke
tira,
to basa Gauga pujata,
pi pata na nira.
Had I not found my teacher
on the banks of the Ganges of Dhamma,
I would have kept worshipping the river,
but not have drunk its water.
-
Hindi doha of S.N. Goenka
ྪ_}ĚKWXěĚŮĆčĹtÉoďíČŠÁ˝ç
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Photo@S.N. Goenka (born 1924)
Introduction
Two decades have elapsed since the death of the great Burmese meditation teacher,
Sayagyi U Ba Khin, whose life spanned the first seventy years of this century.
U Ba Khin was one of the outstanding figures of his time. His accomplishments, in two usually incompatible fields, were singular: he was a master meditation student and teacher as well as a government official of tireless devotion and impeccable conduct. His service to the country of Burma is noteworthy, but his example to the citizens of the world is no less remarkable; for, in a time of increasingly complex global crises, his life demonstrates a simple, powerful truth-that an individual of pure mind exerts a positive, corrective influence on society. U Ba Khin's career was that of an ideal householder, combining unwavering dedication to Dhamma (the truth, the teaching) with unwearied commitment to public service.
Before he died on 19 January 1971, U Ba Khin was able to realize one of his most cherished dreams. He saw the ancient meditation technique of Vipassana, which had been preserved in his country for over two thousand years, returned to India, its land of origin. It was returned to its birthplace by U Ba Khin's devoted student, S.N. Goenka.
When his Teacher passed away in 1971, S.N. Goenka had been conducting ten-day Vipassana courses at scattered sites in India for less than two years, and the seedling of Dhamma was very young and fragile. In the intervening years, its growth has proceeded in leaps and bounds. For the past two millenia, the sublime practice of Vipassana-the heart of the teaching of the Buddha-has been the province of only a small number of meditator monks and householders in a few Asian countries. Today, thousands of seekers have had the opportunity to receive the teaching and experience its benefits. These people come from scores of different countries, Eastern and Western, representing all religions, creeds, castes and communities.
Because of the pressing demands on his time, Sayagyi confined his teaching to a relatively small number of students who came to his meditation centre in Rangoon. Now, in 1994, there are over twenty-five international centres-nine in India, the remainder in ten other countries-where the technique of Vipassana taught by Sayagyi U Ba Khin, and carried on by his student, S.N. Goenka, is being offered.
In his teaching, S.N. Goenka has always placed primary emphasis on the actual practice of Dhamma-what is called, in the language of the Buddha, paṭipatti. It is only through practice that one can have the direct experience which will take one to the final goal of freedom from all suffering. In this approach, Goenkaji follows the example of his Teacher, who always insisted that Dhamma must be applied if it is to have real meaning.
Nevertheless, there is another important aspect of Dhamma: pariyatti-understanding at the theoretical, intellectual level. This is helpful to inspire one to undertake the actual practice of meditation, and to elucidate questions that may arise while one is practising. Unfortunately, the amount of material in English which provides a suitable theoretical foundation for a student of Vipassana, has not kept pace with the growth in the availability of the practice of Dhamma. This journal of historical and theoretical research has been compiled to respond to this need, and to shed light on various aspects of Vipassana meditation.
This collection is a tribute to Sayagyi U Ba Khin and, indeed, its contents are an outgrowth of his life's work. The book begins with a section describing the contribution of Sayagyi and the chain of Burmese Vipassana teachers before him, who continued their country's noble tradition of preserving the teaching of the Buddha. This is the first time that biographical material and discourses of these teachers has appeared in one collection in English.
The Journal includes a selection of essays by the present Teacher, S.N. Goenka. Although his primary focus in twenty-two years of teaching Vipassana has always been to offer the actual practice (in over 390 ten-day courses worldwide), Goenkaji, like his teacher, has been highly productive in other areas as well. He has given a large number of public discourses in different countries, to audiences of meditators and non-meditators alike. He has written hundreds of inspirational articles about Dhamma, the majority of them for the monthly Hindi Vipassana Newsletter (which is sent to 15,000 students in India). He has written many articles in English as well.
Goenkaji is also a prolific poet. Over his years as a student and teacher, he has spontaneously composed thousands of rhymed couplets called dohas, some of which are included here. This traditional form of inspirational poetry is derived from the ancient anuṭṭhuba chandas, the poetic form most frequently used by the Buddha. To the basic couplet form, the doha adds a rhyme at the end of each line. Many Indian spiritual teachers have used this form as a medium for their teachings. Dohas have penetrated so deeply into the Indian psyche that even illiterate villagers recite them.
The Journal goes on to feature articles by some of the many assistant teachers whom Goenkaji has appointed in recent years to meet the increased demand for Vipassana courses, as well as accounts of personal experiences by Vipassana students.
A brief but important section highlights the significant textual research work of the Vipassana Research Institute.
The Journal concludes with a description of some of the tangible fruits of the seeds sown by Sayagyi in the tiny country of Burma over two decades ago: facilities in different parts of the world where students can go to learn Vipassana.
This collection is offered primarily to inspire the practice of Dhamma, for those who have taken courses as well as those who have no experience in Vipassana meditation. It should not, however, be used as a teaching manual for the technique. Attending a ten- day course under the careful guidance of a qualified, authorized teacher is essential to properly establish oneself in the practice of Vipassana.
It is an indication of the need for this timeless teaching that Vipassana courses are much in demand, with over two hundred ten- day courses per year now being conducted. Moreover, every course is run solely on the basis of freely-offered donations. The Teacher and his assistants do not receive remuneration; they and the Dhamma workers serve on a volunteer basis. This is consistent with the tradition of pure Dhamma, a tradition adhered to by Sayagyi. Donations are accepted only from students who have completed a Vipassana course and wish to share the benefits they themselves have received by giving dāna (donation) for the students who come after them.
All of the work of Sayagyi and Goenkaji,
all the present worldwide Dhamma activity, have only one purpose: to help people find the way out of suffering. The technique which provided this path was lost in India, and unknown in most of the rest of the world, for many centuries. It is now available once again. Sayagyi believed in the ancient prophecy that 2,500 years after the time of the Buddha, Dhamma would arise anew and spread around the world. This belief is being verified. As he used to say, "The time clock of Vipassana has struck."
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A Note on the Use of Pāli
Pāli is the language in which the Buddha taught, and in which his teachings (the Dhamma) have been preserved. As with Sanskrit and Latin, Pāli is not a contemporary spoken language, but a so-called "dead language"-a medium, nevertheless, conveying and illuminating a living tradition.
Pāli is unique in many ways. One of the meanings of the word pāli is "that which protects, or preserves." Pāli exists to preserve the words of the enlightened person, Gotama Buddha. The tradition is that, by expressing the sublime teaching which allows beings to be liberated from the rounds of suffering, Pāli protects the people; it preserves the invaluable treasure of the Buddha's own words.
Adherence to the use of the Buddha's language has been a profoundly significant part of the living tradition handed down in the Theravāda Buddhist countries, which have preserved Pāli in its oldest form.
The question arises: if the Dhamma is universal and non-sectarian, relevant to people from different nationalities and backgrounds- why are words from Pāli used in its teaching? The answer lies in the nature of language itself.
No language, no matter how rich it is, can adequately express the highly sophisticated, technical terms used by the Buddha. There are no equivalents for these concepts in other languages; words that attempt to be equivalents will only be approximations.
For example, the word "Dhamma" is a term which encompasses a wide spectrum and depth of meaning. It means the truth, the teaching, the law of nature. It also refers to the characteristics, or nature, of everything manifest in the world; hence it means "phenomenon," and "object of mind." To attempt to render such a term into an equivalent would not do justice to the depth of its meaning. The same is true of many words used by the Buddha to explain extremely subtle concepts.
Faithfulness to the Pāli words of the Buddha has therefore been a central part of the teaching of S.N. Goenka, and the lineage which he represents. Goenkaji's understanding of the language stems from a deep grounding in the practice of Vipassana. Students of his courses are familiar with his use of Pāli in the daily discourses (in which he explains the theory of the meditation technique), as well as in his practice of chanting the Buddha's words.
Dhamma teachers have different modes of expression. For Goenkaji (who is a poet and orator in his native languages of Rajasthani and Hindi), his melodic use of Pāli is a medium through which his abundant mettā (feelings of goodwill towards all beings) is conveyed. When he chants in Pāli, or his other native tongues, along with the sounds of his resonant voice come waves of compassion and loving-kindness. This provides a congenial, supportive atmosphere in which the Dhamma can be received and practised.
Goenkaji has given much time and importance in recent years to Pāli studies. The Vipassana Research Institute was established under his guidance to conduct research into both the theory (pariyatti) and practice (paṭipatti) of the Buddha's teaching. (See "Vipassana Research Institute: An Introduction," p. 245)
The Vipassana Research Institute is pleased to publish this collection, hoping that this pariyatti will serve as inspiration to those wishing to practise and study the jewel of the Buddha's teaching, Vipassana.
We have attempted to make Pāli words in the journal accessible to the average reader, by giving a simple English definition of each Pāli word when it first appears in a given article. A glossary of Pāli terms is provided at the back for reference.
In a work of this scope, derived from many and varied sources in different languages, errors are inevitable, for which the Institute offers its apologies and hopes that these can be corrected in subsequent editions.
May this volume assist many to find the way to peace.
Vipassana Research Institute Dhammagiri, Igatpuri, India
May 1994
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Sayagyi U Ba Khin (1899-1971)
Gratitude to Sayagyi
by S.N.Goenka
Most Revered Dhamma Teacher!
It is now ten years since you passed away, but your inspirational presence is still being felt. Awareness of Dhamma is virtually awareness of you. May the awareness of Dhamma be continuous so that your all- embracing presence prevails. This is my joyful resolve.
The feeling of your presence is so inspiring. Every moment that Dhamma awareness arises, I am reminded of your infinite compassion and my heart fills with vibrations of joy.
Again my heart fills with gratitude towards the Exalted One, the Enlightened One, the Sakya-sage Gotama who, through innumerable lives, accumulated to perfection all the virtues, thus attaining for himself the true happiness of liberation. He discovered such a beneficial technique and distributed it with compassion throughout the remaining years of his life: a teaching that became the source of well-being for numerous people, enabling them to reach the final goal of full liberation.
And my heart fills with gratitude towards those liberated saintly ones who, having obtained this wonderful technique from the Exalted One further abided by his instructions:
"Go forth, monks, on your journey! For the good of many, for the happiness of many, full of compassion for the people!" They spent their lives going from village to village, from town to town, from dwelling to dwelling, distributing this technique of self-liberation.
My heart fills with gratitude to the venerable Sona and Uttara who, having borne all the hardships of the arduous journey from India to Burma, carried this fountain of Dhamma to the golden land of Burma and thereby quenched the thirst of innumerable beings.
My heart fills with gratitude to the traditional Dhamma teachers of Burma who, through an unbroken chain of teachers to disciples, kept this teaching in its pristine purity from generation to generation, not permitting its adulteration by the use of any words, colours, forms or imagination. This path, leading from the apparent gross truth and penetrating on to the subtlest truth, leads like a royal highway to the ultimate truth. They did not digress from this path of truth by taking detours which only lead from one apparent truth to another. Instead, they continued straight on the path and preserved the teaching in its essential purity; thus we could receive it.
My heart fills with gratitude towards you, my magnanimous teacher, who most compassionately, most lovingly and affectionately bestowed upon me this invaluable Dhamma-jewel. If I had not received this Dhamma-jewel, what would my plight have been? I would have wasted this life in the pursuit of earning and hoarding wealth, and in the rat race for status. You nurtured the seed of Dhamma within me. If you had not, then I would have been content to remain bound in sectarian fetters, mistaking them for ornaments. I would have passed my life taking pride in the experiences of others rather than my own. Where would I have obtained this real and direct experience of the truth? I would have contented myself with the mental projections of imaginations. Where would I have had this yathābhūta ñāṇadassana (the wisdom of the direct experience of the truth as it is)? I would have wasted my life taking intellectual knowledge as true wisdom. I would have squandered this invaluable human life by performing rites, rituals and recitations, and in getting conditioned by non-experiential, sectarian philosophies. My peerless Dhamma teacher! You have made my human life truly successful and worthwhile by bestowing the gift of this unrivalled, incomparable Dhamma upon me.
Verily, unrivalled and incomparable is the practice of Dhamma. How easy! How clear! How scientific! How beneficial! Leading from bondage to freedom, from delusions and mirages to the reality, from the apparent truth to the ultimate truth-may this invaluable jewel remain in its unblemished purity!
I solemnly make these meritorious resolutions on this auspicious day, the anniversary of your demise:
May I not commit the monumental sin of adulterating the teaching. May this invaluable technique remain in its flawless purity. May its practice open the door of deathlessness and salvation for one and all. Fulfilling these resolutions is the only way to respect, honour and revere you.
Your humble Dhamma son,
S.N. Goenka 19 January 1981
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Sayagyi U Ba Khin (1899-1971)
by Vipassana Research Institute
@Sayagyi U Ba Khin was born in Rangoon, the capital of Burma, on 6 March 1899.
He was the younger of two children in a family of modest means living in a working class district. Burma was ruled by Britain at the time, as it was until after the Second World War. Learning English was therefore very important; in fact, job advancement depended on having a good speaking knowledge of English.
Fortunately, an elderly man from a nearby factory assisted U Ba Khin in entering the Methodist Middle School at the age of eight. He proved a gifted student. He had the ability to commit his lessons to memory, learning his English grammar book by heart from cover to cover. He was first in every class and earned a middle school scholarship. A Burmese teacher helped him gain entrance to St. Paul's Institution, where every year he was again at the head of his high school class.
In March of 1917, he passed the final high school examination, winning a gold medal as well as a college scholarship. But family pressures forced him to discontinue his formal education to start earning money.
His first job was with a Burmese newspaper called The Sun, but after some time he began working as an accounts clerk in the office of the Accountant General of Burma. Few other Burmese were employed in this office since most of the civil servants in Burma at the time were British or Indian. In 1926 he passed the Accounts Service examination, given by the provincial government of India. In 1937, when Burma was separated from India, he was appointed the first Special Office Superintendent.
It was on 1 January 1937, that Sayagyi tried meditation for the first time. A student of Saya Thetgyi-a wealthy farmer and meditation teacher-was visiting U Ba Khin and explained Ānāpāna meditation to him. When Sayagyi tried it, he experienced good concentration, which impressed him so much that he resolved to complete a full course. Accordingly, he applied for a ten-day leave of absence and set out for Saya Thetgyi's teaching centre.
It is a testament to U Ba Khin's determination to learn Vipassana that he left the headquarters on short notice. His desire to meditate was so strong that only one week after trying Ānāpāna, he was on his way to Saya Thetgyi's centre at Pyawbwegyi.
The small village of Pyawbwegyi is due south of Rangoon, across the Rangoon River and miles of rice paddies. Although it is only eight miles from the city, the muddy fields before harvest time make it seem longer; travellers must cross the equivalent of a shallow sea. When U Ba Khin crossed the Rangoon River, it was low tide, and the sampan boat he hired could only take him to Phyarsu village-about half the distance- along a tributary which connected to Pyawbwegyi. Sayagyi climbed the river bank, sinking in mud up to his knees. He covered the remaining distance on foot across the fields, arriving with his legs caked in mud.
That same night, U Ba Khin and another Burmese student, who was a disciple of Ledi Sayadaw, receivedanāpana instructions from Saya Thetgyi. The two students advanced rapidly, and were given Vipassana the next day. Sayagyi progressed well during this first ten-day course, and continued his work during frequent visits to his teacher's centre and meetings with Saya Thetgyi whenever he came to Rangoon.
When he returned to his office, Sayagyi found an envelope on his desk. He feared that it might be a dismissal note but found, to his surprise, that it was a promotion letter. He had been chosen for the post of Special Office Superintendent in the new office of the Auditor General of Burma.
In 1941, a seemingly happenstance incident occurred which was to be important in Sayagyi's life. While on government business in upper Burma, he met by chance Webu Sayadaw, a monk who had achieved high attainments in meditation. Webu Sayadaw was impressed with U Ba Khin's proficiency in meditation, and urged him to teach. He was the first person to exhort Sayagyi to start teaching. An account of this historic meeting, and subsequent contacts between these two important figures, is described in the article "Ven. Webu Sayadaw and Sayagyi U Ba Khin" (p.89).
U Ba Khin did not begin teaching in a formal way until about a decade after he first met Webu Sayadaw. Saya Thetgyi also encouraged him to teach Vipassana. On one occasion during the Japanese occupation of Burma, Saya Thetgyi came to Rangoon and stayed with one of his students who was a government official. When his host and other students expressed a wish to see Saya Thetgyi more often, he replied, "I am like the doctor who can only see you at certain times. But U Ba Khin is like the nurse who will see you any time."
Sayagyi's government service continued for another twenty-six years. He became Accountant General on 4 January 1948, the day Burma gained independence. For the next two decades, he was employed in various capacities in the government, most of the time holding two or more posts, each equivalent to the head of a department. At one time he served as head of three separate departments simultaneously for three years and, on another occasion, head of four departments for about one year. When he was appointed as the chairman of the State Agricultural Marketing Board in 1956, the Burmese government conferred on him the title of "Thray Sithu," a high honorary title. Only the last four years of Sayagyi's life were devoted exclusively to teaching meditation. The rest of the time he combined his skill in meditation with his devotion to government service and his responsibilities to his family. Sayagyi was a married householder with five daughters and one son.
In 1950 he founded the Vipassana Association of the Accountant General's Office where lay people, mainly employees of that office, could learn Vipassana. In 1952, the International Meditation Centre (I.M.C.) was opened in Rangoon, two miles north of the famous Shwedagon pagoda. Here many Burmese and foreign students had the good fortune to receive instruction in the Dhamma from Sayagyi.
Sayagyi was active in the planning for the Sixth Buddhist Council known as Chaṭṭha Saṅgāyana (Sixth Recitation) which was held in 1954-56 in Rangoon. Sayagyi was a founding member in 1950 of two organizations which were later merged to become the Union of Burma Buddha Sāsana Council (U.B.S.C.), the main planning body for the Great Council. U Ba Khin served as an executive member of the U.B.S.C. and as chairman of the committee for paṭipatti (practice of meditation).
He also served as honorary auditor of the Council and was therefore responsible for maintaining the accounts for all dāna (donation) receipts and expenditures. There was an extensive building programme spread over 170 acres to provide housing, dining areas and kitchen, a hospital, library, museum, four hostels and administrative buildings. The focal point of the entire enterprise was the Mahā Pasaṇaguha (Great Cave), a massive hall where approximately five thousand monks from Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, India, Cambodia and Laos gathered to recite, purify, edit and publish the Tipiṭaka (Buddhist scriptures). The monks, working in groups, prepared the Pāli texts for publication, comparing the Burmese, Sri Lankan Thai, and Cambodian editions and the Roman-script edition of the Pāli Text Society in London. The corrected and approved texts were recited in the Great Cave. Ten to fifteen thousand lay men and women came to listen to the recitations of the monks.
To efficiently handle the millions in donations that came for this undertaking, U Ba Khin created a system of printing receipt books on different coloured paper for different amounts of dāna, ranging from the humblest donation up to very large amounts. Only selected people were allowed to handle the larger contributions, and every donation was scrupulously accounted for, avoiding any hint of misappropriation.
Sayagyi remained active with the U.B.S.C. in various capacities until 1967. In this way he combined his responsibilities and talents as a layman and government official with his strong Dhamma volition to spread the teaching of Buddha. In addition to the prominent public service he gave to that cause, he continued to teach Vipassana regularly at his centre. Some of the Westerners who came to the Sixth Council were referred to Sayagyi for instruction in meditation since at that time there was no other teacher of Vipassana who was fluent in English.
Because of his highly demanding government duties, Sayagyi was only able to teach a small number of students. Many of his Burmese students were connected with his government work. Many Indian students were introduced by Goenkaji. Sayagyi's students from abroad were small in number but diverse, including leading Western Buddhists, academicians, and members of the diplomatic community in Rangoon.
From time to time, Sayagyi was invited to address foreign audiences in Burma on the subject of Dhamma. On one occasion, for example, he was asked to deliver a series of lectures at the Methodist Church in Rangoon. These lectures were published as a booklet titled "What Buddhism Is." Copies were distributed to Burmese embassies and various Buddhist organisations around the world. This booklet attracted a number of Westeners to attend courses with Sayagyi. On another occasion he delivered a lecture to a group of press representatives from Israel, who were in Burma on the occasion of the visit of Israel's prime minister, David Ben Gurion. This lecture was later published under the title "The Real Values of True Buddhist Meditation."
Sayagyi finally retired from his outstanding career in government service in 1967. From that time, until his death in 1971, he stayed at I.M.C., teaching Vipassana. Shortly before his death he thought back to all those who had helped him-the old man who had helped him start school, the Burmese teacher who helped him join St. Paul's and, among many others, one friend whom he had lost sight of over forty years earlier and now found mentioned in the local newspaper. He dictated letters addressed to this old friend and to some foreign students and disciples, including Goenkaji. On the 18th of January, Sayagyi suddenly became ill. When his newly rediscovered friend received Sayagyi's letter on the 20th, he was shocked to read Sayagyi's death announcement in the same post.
Goenkaji was in India conducting a course when news of his teacher's death reached him. He sent a telegram back to I.M.C. which contained the famous Pāli verse:
Anicca vata saṅkhāra, uppadavaya-dhammino.
Uppajjitvā nirujjhanti, tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho.
Impermanent truly are compounded things,
by nature arising and passing away. If they arise and are extinguished, their eradication brings happiness.
One year later, in a tribute to his teacher, Goenkaji wrote: "Even after his passing away one year ago, observing the continued success of the courses, I get more and more convinced that it is his mettā (loving-kindness) force which is giving me all the inspiration and strength to serve so many people...Obviously the force of Dhamma is immeasurable."
Sayagyi's aspirations are being accomplished. The Buddha's teachings, carefully preserved all these centuries, are still being practised, and are still bringing results here and now.
Dhamma eradicates suffering and gives
happiness. Who gives this happiness? It is not the Buddha but the Dhamma, the
knowledge of anicca within the body, which gives this happiness. That is why
you must meditate and be aware of anicca continually.
-Sayagyi U Ba Khin
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Anicca vata saṅkhāra, uppadavaya-dhammino.
Uppajjitvā nirujjhanti, tesaṃ vūpasamo sukho.
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Sayagyi U Ba Khin:A
Shining Star of Dhamma
by S.N. Goenka
Sayagyi U Ba Khin was one of the foremost teachers of Vipassana of our time-a source of inspiration to many, including myself. One of his unique contributions was that he gave much attention to foreigners and non-Buddhists in his teaching. Sayagyi's predecessors were Saya Thetgyi and Ledi Sayadaw. The other disciples of these teachers who were teaching Vipassana in this tradition used only the Burmese language for the most part and so had only Burmese students. Sayagyi, however, spoke fluent English and was able to explain Dhamma in English in a way that Buddhists and non-Buddhists, Burmese and non- Burmese alike could grasp and appreciate.
Sayagyi's way was not the way of scholars. Every word that he spoke came from his own experience. Therefore his teachings have the life of experience within them, and this is why every word said by him was very powerful and encouraging to his students. He wrote little, and he spoke little, but still, many students were benefited by his teaching.
He was engaged in government responsibilities until the age of sixty-seven and had very little time to spare for the teaching of Dhamma. Therefore, he took a vow: "May only ripened people with very good pāramis (virtues) from the past come to me to take Dhamma, and may these people later take the torch of Dhamma, and spread it 'round the world." He could not work with the masses; he was working to serve a few individuals for whom he could spare more time.
He used to recite a Pāli gāthā (verse):
Iminā puññā-kammena mā
me bāla samāgamo;
sataṃ samāgamo hotu yāva nibbāna pattiyā.
By virtue of this meritorious action may I not come into contact with the ignorant.
May I encounter only wise, saintly people until I attain nibbāna.
One time when he came to my home, I was chanting and at the end recited this gāthā. Sayagyi smilingly admonished me, saying, "This gāthā is not for you! You are to give seeds of Dhamma to a very large number of people. If you take this vow, how will Dhamma spread? This vow is for me because I have little time, and I am just on the border of 2,500 years after Buddha when Dhamma has to start spreading. You are getting Dhamma at the time when the new era has started. So you have to work vigorously. You have to spread the seeds of Dhamma to large numbers of people. So don't recite this!" Of course I bowed to him and to his wishes.
Besides being an ideal government executive with outstanding ability and integrity, he was a very human teacher of the noble path. He taught with immeasurable love and compassion in spite of his insistence on strict discipline. He gave equally compassionate attention to the ex-president of Burma and a peasant, to a judge of the Supreme Court and a criminal.
Such was U Ba Khin, a jewel amongst men.Such was my noble teacher who taught me the art of a sane life.
He has chosen me to plant seeds of Dhamma around the world. Comparing my capacity with his, I feel very humble. And this makes me all the more confident that it is Dhamma that is working-not simply some individual. I have been chosen by my teacher as a vehicle for the Dhamma. And by helping to carry out his mission, I receive the benefits of developing my own pāramis. With this understanding, I continue to work. And in the same way, you of the next generation have the responsibility-the wonderful opportunity-of carrying on the work.
It is his mission. It is Dhamma's work. He will keep on shining as a brilliant star in the galaxy of teachers from Buddha to the present and into the future.
Sayagyi was looking forward to the second sāsana (era of the Buddha's teaching), when the Dhamma would help people throughout the world. May his wishes be fulfilled.
May more and more suffering people around the world come into contact with Dhamma, especially now, when throughout the world there is so much misery, so much conflict, so many tensions. May more and more people come into contact with Vipassana.
TWEEEoELF_}ĚPŻéŻ
S.N.SGJ
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Reminiscences
by S. N. Goenka
In War-time, as in Peace-time, a Man of
Integrity
During the month of February, 1942, the invading Japanese Imperial Army had occupied Rangoon and were advancing towards Mandalay in central Burma. The Japanese Air Force started an aerial bombardment of the city, in which the railway station was destroyed.
At this time Sayagyi was stationed in Mandalay as Accounts Officer of the railways, with responsibility for whatever funds were kept in cash. After the bombardment was over, he went to the ruined station, searched through the debris, and found still intact the iron safe in which the cash was kept. Having the key with him, he opened the safe and removed the cash contents-a substantial sum of money.
Now what to do with this money? U Ba Khin was at a loss. The British authorities had already fled in retreat from the fast- approaching Japanese. Mandalay at that moment was a "no man's land" between the two armies-a city without any government. It would have been very easy for Sayagyi to take the money for himself, without anyone's being the wiser. After all, what right did the defeated, fleeing British colonial government have to this money? It could be construed as a patriotic action to deprive them of it. At the same time, Sayagyi had great need of money at that time, since his young daughter was seriously ill, and his expenses were therefore unusually heavy, severely taxing his means.
U Ba Khin, however, could not even conceive of misappropriating government funds for his own use. It was his duty, he decided, to hand over the cash to his superior officers even though they were fleeing from the country.
From Mandalay, the British had fled helter-skelter, in every direction. The railways officers had retreated first to Maymyo, in hopes of making their way from there to Nationalist China and thence by plane to India. Sayagyi did not know whether he would be able to catch up with them in their flight. Nevertheless, he had to make the attempt. He hired a jeep taxi and made the three-hour journey to Maymyo.
On his arrival, he found that the British were still in that city. He sought out his superior officer and handed over the cash to him, breathing a sigh of relief at having been able to discharge his duty.
Only then did Sayagyi ask, "And now, sir, may I receive my salary for this month, and my travelling expenses to here?"
This was U Ba Khin, a man of perfect integrity, of unbreakable sīla (morality), of Dhamma.
Dhamma Transforms a Government
Department
By introducing the practice of Vipassana meditation to the officers and staff of the Burmese Accountant General's office, Sayagyi U Ba Khin had brought about remarkable improvements in that government department. The then Prime Minister, U Nu, was an honest man and wished the entire administration of the country to be similarly freed from corruption and inefficiency. At that time, one of the most important government offices, the State Agricultural Marketing Board, was in poor shape. This organization was responsible for purchasing paddy (a type of rice)-as well as other produce-from the farmers, and arranging for milling the rice and exporting the bulk of it.
In colonial times, the entire rice export business had been in the hands of British and Indian traders. After Burma's independence, the Board had taken over this function. Most of its officers and staff had little prior experience. Although the margin of profit in the trade was huge, somehow the Board suffered a chronic deficit. There was no proper system of accounting; inefficiency and corruption were rampant. The Board officials, in collusion with the rice millers and foreign buyers, were embezzling huge amounts of money from the state. Additionally, great losses occurred due to poor storage practices and inefficient loading and transport.
The Prime Minister set up a committee of inquiry headed by Sayagyi to thoroughly investigate the affairs of the Board. The report of this committee unflinchingly exposed the entire net of corruption and inefficiency. Determined to take strong action-even though it meant overriding the opposition of traders and some of the politicians of his own party who were involved in the corruption-the Prime Minister requested Sayagyi to take the post of Deputy Chairman of the Board. U Ba Khin, however, was hesitant to undertake the responsibility of reforming the Board unless he could have clear authority to undertake any necessary measures. Understanding the problem, the Prime Minister instead appointed Sayagyi to chairmanship of the Marketing Board, a cabinet-level position normally held by the Minister of Commerce. It was generally known that this position afforded great political leverage-and now it was being given to an honest civil servant!
When the intended appointment was announced, the officers of the department became nervous that the man who had exposed their malpractices and inefficiencies was now to become their superior. They declared that they would go on strike if the appointment was confirmed. The Prime Minister replied that he would not reconsider, since he knew that only U Ba Khin could undertake the job. In retaliation, the officers carried out their threat. So it was that Sayagyi took up his appointment in an office where the executive staff was striking while the clerical and blue collar workers continued to work as usual.
Sayagyi remained firm despite the unreasonable demands of the strikers. He continued the work of administration with just the clerical staff. After several weeks, the strikers, realizing that Sayagyi was not going to submit to their pressure, capitulated unconditionally and returned to their posts.
Having established his authority, Sayagyi now began, with great love and compassion, to change the entire atmosphere of the Board and its workings. Many of the officers actually joined courses of Vipassana under his guidance. In the two years that Sayagyi held the Chairmanship, the Board attained record levels in export and profit; efficiency in minimizing losses reached an all-time high.
It was common practice for the officers and even the Chairman of the Marketing Board to amass fortunes in various illegal ways during their terms of office. But U Ba Khin could never indulge in such practices. To forestall attempts to influence him, he refused to meet any traders or millers except on official business, and that too only in his office and not his residence.
On one occasion, a certain trader had submitted to the Board a tender for the supply of a huge quantity of gunny bags. According to the usual custom, he was prepared to supplement his tender with a private "contribution" to an important Board member. Wanting to assure his success, he decided to approach the Chairman himself. He arrived at Sayagyi's house, carrying with him a substantial sum of money as an offer. During the course of their conversation, when the first hint of bribery arose, Sayagyi was visibly shocked and did not hide his contempt for such proceedings. Caught in the act, the businessman hastened to emphasize that the money was not for Sayagyi himself but rather for his meditation centre. Making it clear that the meditation centre never accepted donations from non-meditators, Sayagyi ordered him out of the house, and told him he should be thankful that the police were not called into this.
As a matter of fact, already that very day the tender of this man, the lowest one submitted, had been accepted by the Board; but this decision had not yet been announced to the trader. Since all official requirements for this transaction had already been met, a bribe could be harmlessly accepted with no need to interfere with the interests of the state. In such circumstances, it would be commonplace for an official to just accept the gratuity "in the flow of the tide" (as such a situation was popularly referred to). Sayagyi might have easily accrued these material benefits, but doing so would have been totally against the moral integrity, sīla, of such a Dhamma person.
In fact, to thoroughly discourage any attempt to influence him, Sayagyi let it be known that he would not accept even small personal gifts, despite the common practice of such exchanges. Once on his birthday, a subordinate left a gift at Sayagyi's house when he was not at home: a silk longyi (article of clothing). Next day, Sayagyi brought the present to the office. At the end of the working day, he called a staff meeting. To the mortification of the staff member who had left it for him, Sayagyi berated him publicly for so blatantly disregarding his explicit orders. He then put the longyi up for auction, and gave the proceeds to the staff welfare fund. On another occasion, he took similar action on being given a basket of fruit, so careful was he not to allow anyone to try to influence him by bribes whether large or small.
Such was U Ba Khin, a man of principles so strong that nothing could cause him to waver. His determination to establish an example of how an honest official works brought him up against many of the practices common at the time in the administration. Yet for him the perfection of sīla and his commitment to Dhamma were surpassed by no other consideration.
Soft as a Rose Petal, Hard as a Diamond
A saintly person, who is full of love and compassion, has a heart that is soft, like the petal of a rose. But when it comes to his duty, he becomes hard like a diamond. Both of these qualities manifested in Sayagyi's life from time to time. A few of the many incidents illustrating this are included here.
On 4 January, 1948, Burma became independent. Unfortunately, the newly-formed national government had to face an immediate crisis. Throughout the country, followers of different ideologies were challenging the government. The insurgents had no scarcity of arms and ammunition, because during the Second World War not only the Japanese, but the Allies also had freely distributed arms and ammunition to attract the Burmese youth towards their fold.
The rebels started fighting on so many fronts that it became impossible for the newly- formed national army to handle the crisis. The situation threatened the ability of the new government to peacefully administer the country. Soon the insurgents gained the upper hand, and were masters of the situation. They had different causes and slogans: some were communists, some socialists, some provincial secessionist groups. A chaotic situation prevailed throughout Burma, as the different groups with their different causes each occupied and ruled a different territory.
A time came when the federal government of Burma was in fact only the government of the city of Rangoon. Soon even this nucleus of control was imperiled when one group of rebels started knocking at the door of Rangoon itself. The insurgents occupied a village ten to twelve miles from the city. There was no rule of law anywhere in the country; the continued existence of the federal government was hanging in the balance. If the government of Rangoon fell, then the existence of the Union of Burma would also disintegrate, as the whole country became divided up into competing factions.
The government was distressed, the army was distressed-but what could be done? There seemed to be no hope of a way out.
Sayagyi was deeply devoted to his country, and wished peace, harmony and prosperity for Burma, but what could he do? His strength was only Dhamma strength. So, at times he would go to the residence of the Prime Minister and give mettā (meditation of goodwill and compassion for all). At other times in his own home, he would generate deep mettā for the security of his country.
In a situation such as this, his heart was very soft, like the petal of a rose. But it became, on occasion, hard as a diamond. It so happened that during the same crisis, the government appealed to a neighboring country for assistance. This friendly country agreed to come to Burma's aid in this emergency. But whatever items were to be given had to be transported by air. The government of Burma did not have adequate air transport. The airplanes required for the purpose would have to be procured outside the country. To succeed in this plan, the government made a hurried decision which did not fall within the framework of the country's laws.
At that time U Ba Khin was the Accountant General, and he declared the decision to be illegal. The government was now in a dilemma. The Prime Minister knew very well that Sayagyi was a man of principle, that he would not compromise where principles were concerned. (Sayagyi always asserted: "I get my pay for one purpose only: to see that not a single penny of government funds should be used in a way which is contrary to the law. I am paid for this!")
The Prime Minister had great respect for Sayagyi's integrity, his adherence to duty. But the situation was very delicate. He therefore called Sayagyi for a private discussion, and told him: "We have to bring these provisions, and we must make an expenditure for the air transportation. Now, tell us how to do this in a legal way."
Sayagyi found a suitable solution, and the government followed his advice to save itself from using a wrong means for a right action.
The situation of national crisis continued, but one after another the rebels were overpowered by the national army. In most of the country except the remote mountainous areas, the rebels were defeated. The government then started giving more importance to social programmes for the improvement of the country. Thanks to the diligence of the Bhikkhu Saṅgha in bringing reading and writing to the villages throughout Burma, there was never a problem of illiteracy in the country, except for a few hill tribes. Though there was a high rate of basic literacy, higher education was lacking in Burma.
The Prime Minister undertook to address this situation. In a large public gathering, he announced a scheme to implement adult education throughout the country. He authorized a large sum of money for this purpose to be given immediately to the ministry concerned.
Sayagyi was fully sympathetic to the virtues of the plan, but he determined that the amount specified did not fit into any section of the national budget. He therefore objected. The Prime Minister was placed in a very embarrassing situation, but U Ba Khin's objection was valid: according to law, the announced amount could not be directed to its proposed purpose.
Sayagyi's determination was accepted, but the announcement had already been made, and something had to be done. So the Prime Minister sought another solution. He called the officers of the Rangoon Racing Club and requested their cooperation in helping to implement the adult education programme. He suggested that they sponsor a special horse race with high entry fees; whatever money earned would be given as a donation to the noble cause. Who could refuse the Prime Minister's request? The Racing Club agreed, and all went according to plan. The Racing Club earned a huge amount from the special race.
Once again, a large public meeting was organized, and with great pomp and ceremony, a cheque containing a large amount was presented to the Prime Minister by the officials of the Racing Club. The Prime Minister, in turn, handed the cheque over to the minister concerned.
After this event, however, the case came before Sayagyi, and again he raised objections. The Prime Minister was nonplussed. It was, after all, a question of his prestige. Why was Sayagyi now stopping the payment of the cheque?-this is not the government's money; what right has he got to stop it? But Sayagyi pointed out that the income of the race course included a tax for the government. If the government tax was taken out, the rest could go towards supporting the adult education programme. The Prime Minister was speechless, but he smiled and accepted U Ba Khin's decision.
Just as Sayagyi was fearless in disposing his official responsibilities, so he was free from favouritism. The following incident is one amongst many incidents illustrating this trait.
In the Accountant General's department, one of the junior clerks was also one of Sayagyi's Vipassana students. This man was very humble, always willing to lend a helping hand. He was always very happy to serve Sayagyi, and Sayagyi had great paternal love for him. Even paternal love, however, could not become an obstacle to Sayagyi in his fulfilling his appointed duty.
It happened that at the end of the year it was time for staff promotions. The name at the top of the list prepared by the staff was the name of this junior assistant. He was next in line for rightful promotion because he had the greatest seniority in the department. If Sayagyi had wanted, he could easily have recommended this promotion, but he did not do so. For him, promotion should not depend only on seniority. It should also take into consideration one's ability to work efficiently. The assistant, who had many other good qualities, was unfortunately lacking in this area. Sayagyi called him and lovingly explained that if he was able to pass a certain accountancy examination, he would get the promotion. The disciple accepted the advice of his teacher, and it took him two years to study and pass the examination. It was only then that Sayagyi granted the promotion.
As with fearlessness, lack of favour was one of Sayagyi's rare qualities. There are very few people who are free from fear or favour, or who have a love which is paternal, yet detached.
Soft as a rose petal, hard as a diamond. I feel fortunate to have learned Dhamma from such a teacher. I pay my respects, remembering these shining qualities of his.
Teacher of a Non-sectarian Path
One of the things which kept attracting me closer and closer to my teacher was his non-sectarian interpretation of Dhamma. The teaching of Buddha is so universal that people from different sects and communities can follow it and experience its benefits. I never found Sayagyi interested in converting people to the formal, organized Buddhist religion. Of course he himself was Buddhist by birth, and proud to be so. But for him the essence of Buddhism was Dhamma, and a true Buddhist was one who practised Dhamma. He was interested in helping people to establish themselves in Dhamma-that is, in sīla (morality), samādhi (concentration) and paññā (wisdom); to show people how to convert themselves from misery to happiness. If someone who had undergone this conversion from impurity to purity then wished to call himself a Buddhist, Sayagyi was pleased; but the important point was the change which had come in the person's life, not merely the change in the name he called himself.
Sayagyi would even admonish enthusiasts who were eager to convert others to Buddhism, saying to them, "The only way to convert people is to become established oneself in Dhamma-in sīla, samādhi, paññā-and to help others similarly to get established. When you yourselves are not established in sīla, samādhi, paññā, what is the sense in your trying to convert others? You may call yourselves Buddhists but unless you practise sīla, samādhi, paññā, to me you are not Buddhists. But if someone practises sīla, samādhi, paññā, then even though he may not call himself a Buddhist, nevertheless he is a true follower of the teachings of the Buddha, whatever he may label himself."
One incident, illustrating this non-sectarian attitude, occurred when a staunch Christian came to take a course under Sayagyi. While the opening formalities were being explained, this man became frightened that he was being asked to convert from Christianity to Buddhism; and out of this groundless fear, he refused to take refuge in Buddha. "I can take refuge in Jesus Christ, but not in Buddha," he said. "Very well," replied Sayagyi smilingly, "Take refuge in Jesus Christ-but with the understanding that you are actually taking refuge in the qualities of Christ, in order to develop these very qualities in yourself." In this way the person began to work; and by the end of the course he realized that his initial objection had been unnecessary, that his fears of conversion had been without cause.
In the Midst of Power, a Man of Virtue
and Simplicity
In Burma of Sayagyi's day, certain high government posts ensured comfort for the remainder of an appointee's life-not particularly due to the level of salary, but rather to the pervasive practice of padding all transactions with bribery. No one came out of these offices as a poor person. Sayagyi, however, entered his retirement with meagre life savings and no home of his own for his family, since they had lived in government housing all his career. Even though he had worked in as many as four government departments simultaneously, he had accepted only one salary-and, of course, avoided all illegal gains.
Wanting to build a house for his children, he asked me to help him arrange for the construction. As work on the house proceeded, we found that 10,000 rupees were lacking for completion. Where was Sayagyi to get this money? He would, of course, not ask for it. Since such a sum was so easy for me to give, I suggested this to him. But he refused, insisting that any money from a student is dāna (donation) and therefore to be put to proper Dhamma uses. Trying a different angle, I offered to lend him the money, thinking that later I could just tell him to disregard payment. He accepted my offer, and the house was completed.
However, each and every month thereafter, when his pension cheque arrived, he took not one paisa (penny) of it, but immediately passed the whole thing to me. This was so painful for me to accept. These 10,000 rupees meant so little to me, and here each month I had to receive my teacher's only income. Eventually 5,000 rupees remained to be paid.
During this time, my aunt (who had adopted me as her son and who had been a longtime student of Sayagyi's) was dying. She had made great progress in her seven years of meditation with Sayagyi, and he was quite fond of her. Now, it is a custom in the Eastern countries not only to care for one's parents during their lifetime, but also to remember them by making contributions in their name after death. So as I passed the last days with my adoptive mother, I asked her to tell me where she wished to give this dāna. She said, "Wherever you want," and I named several hospitals, charitable organizations, and so on. "And where else would you like to donate?" I asked. When she said that she wanted 5,000 rupees to go to Sayagyi himself, I was delighted. Here was the chance to be relieved of this terrible position of having to receive money from my teacher. Surely, I thought, Sayagyi would accept the dāna as a last wish of a devoted dying student and then be able to use it for repayment of the loan.
As it happened, a few days later Sayagyi was present at the time of her death; he knew that she had died peacefully and consciously, with awareness of anicca (impermanence) at the top of her head. He went around the centre telling everyone how her final minutes were filled with paññā, with anicca. When I informed him of her volition to give him the 5,000 rupees he was delighted. "Look," he said, "she has given these 5,000 rupees as dāna"-and he began distributing it to this Dhamma cause and that Dhamma cause! I was so surprised to see my hopes ended.
Each month thereafter, as I received my teacher's pension cheque until, at last, the final payment, I was reminded of the high principles of this person who was such an example of moral rectitude in public office.
Having passed through the corridors of power, which were rampant with corruption, where fortunes were often easily amassed, here was a singular man of modest means who died with the wealth of his integrity fully intact.
My Teacher's Boundless Mettā
Sayagyi was the epitome of compassion and loving-kindness. Although deeply engrossed in official duties, he was full of enthusiasm for giving Dhamma service to the maximum number of people. He taught Dhamma to any person who approached him, even if it caused him much inconvenience. Sometimes he would hold a course for even one or two students, and would exert as much effort for them as for a larger number. His mind remained suffused in love for every student. They seemed like sons and daughters to him. Only three days before he passed away, he completed a course. And until the day before his demise, he was still teaching Dhamma.
He had immense love and compassion for all creatures. All creatures at his centre, even snakes and scorpions, were affected by his boundless mettā (loving-kindness). Every particle of the centre radiated with his love.
He tended the trees and plants there with great compassion. It was because of his strong mettā that the fruits growing in that sacred piece of land came to have an exceptional sweetness and flavour. The flowers also had a distinctive hue and fragrance.
One year something unusual happened in Burma. A situation bordering on famine developed. This was a shock for a country like Burma, which had always produced an abundant harvest. Food production was diminished and the government had to introduce rice rationing. The people were deeply affected by this. At that time Sayagyi's compassion for his afflicted countrymen knew no bounds. Not only from his lips, but from every pore of his body seemed to resound the sentiment: "May the people be prosperous, may the ruler be virtuous!"
Sometime later a famine also occurred in India, continuing for two years. Sayagyi's compassion was enlivened once again. In one corner of his centre he had arranged to have erected a model of the lofty peaks of the Himalayas. He was very fond of this reminder. He would meditate beside it every day, sending his goodwill to India with the wishes: "I cannot recall how many times I was born in India and remained in that snow-clad region for such a long time, developing my meditation. Today the people of that country are in distress. May peace and tranquillity come to them. May all abide in Dhamma!"
Sayagyi had a strong belief in the prophecy that the Vipassana-Dhamma would arise once again 2,500 years after the time of Buddha, that it would appear again in India, and would spread from there around the world. He often used to say, "The time clock of Vipassana has struck! Now it will go forth from Burma and spread afar." He himself was very eager to undertake the task of spreading Dhamma-that is, to come to India and start giving courses here, and then to travel to other countries in order to serve suffering people throughout the world. He often used to say, "Burma owes a great debt to India which must be repaid; from there has come the jewel of the Dhamma. Today this jewel has been lost in India and is sorely needed. A large number of people in India with good pāramis (virtues) from the past would willingly accept the jewel of Vipassana." But despite his eagerness to go to teach Dhamma in India, he was unable to do so, since at that time it was extremely difficult for a Burmese citizen to get a passport for foreign travel.
During this period, an invitation came from Mahāthera Nandeshwar, head of the Mahā Bodhi Society in Madras, inviting Sayagyi and his assistants to come to India and give a few Vipassana courses. This seemed to Sayagyi to be his hoped-for opportunity to go abroad for Dhamma service. Accordingly, he applied to the Burmese authorities for a passport.
The minister in charge was faced with a dilemma. The government policy was to issue passports to its citizens for only a limited number of reasons: if someone was planning to leave Burma and not return, or going to take up employment abroad; or, in case of extreme illness, if someone had to leave for medical treatment. Therefore he sent word through a high government official (who was also a disciple of Sayagyi) advising that, to satisfy government requirements Sayagyi should state one of these reasons. Further, it was advised that Sayagyi obtain a pro forma letter offering him such employment or else claiming that he needed medical care.
All this was merely to satisfy government formalities. Had he complied, Sayagyi would have been able to realize his long-standing dream of repaying Burma's debt to India and helping miserable people around the world. But my teacher could never compromise his sīla in such a way. He adamantly refused the proposal, saying that he could not teach Dhamma from a base which was false. He preferred to give up his much-cherished dream, rather than to abandon the fundamental principles by which he lived-the principles of Dhamma.
The Statue of Buddha
The traditional pagoda in Burma is a solid structure, used by devotees for paying respect and making offerings. But Sayagyi had no use for such a structure at his centre. His idea was to build a hollow pagoda, with cells inside built for meditation. In spite of some objections from traditional Buddhists, he had this done. He also felt no use for a statue of Buddha in the pagoda, as the meditators were not supposed to use the shape or form of Buddha as their object of meditation. The technique he taught was universal-observing the respiration and body sensations. Hence, for two years he ran the centre without a statue. But it was against the conventional practice to have a pagoda without a statue of Buddha, and opposition started mounting from traditional Buddhists, including some of his own companions in the Accountant General's office. Finally, he agreed to establish a Buddha-rūpa (statue of the Buddha) in one of the eight cells of the pagoda. However, the teaching was always kept universal. When anyone paid respect to the Buddha statue, he was asked to remember the qualities of Buddha for inspiration and to remember the Dhamma of anicca, dukkha (unsatisfactoriness) and anattā (egolessness) while doing so. Dhamma always remained the main object of his teachings.
His Loving-kindness Supports Me
For a number of years Sayagyi was training me to undertake the great responsibility of a Dhamma Teacher, but I remained unaware of his true intention. I assumed that he requested my assistance merely as an interpreter to help with Indian students who might not clearly understand the meditation instructions given in Burmese. In fact, however, my teacher was preparing me for future responsibilities.
As part of this preparation, I accompanied him to Mandalay and Maymyo in Upper Burma, to give courses at temporary sites outside an established, sanctified meditation centre. In the future, for the courses in India, where there were no centres for Vipassana, such temporary sites would have to be used: schools, dharāmsālas (rest houses), hotels, hostels and so forth-places without any Dhamma vibrations. Thus in this tour to Upper Burma, I was being given a preview of what I should soon have to face and deal with.
During these courses, Sayagyi suddenly asked me to give discourses to the Indian students in Hindi. This again was part of my training for the future task. Though well accustomed to giving public speeches, I felt rather hesitant to speak on Dhamma, especially in the presence of my teacher. Nevertheless, I did as requested.
Some time after this teaching tour to Upper Burma, a course started at the meditation centre in Rangoon, in which three young Indian students were participating. When Ānāpāna was to be given, I went into the central room from which Dhamma was taught, and found my teacher lying down. To my surprise, he told me to give the Triple Refuge, Five Precepts, and Ānāpāna to these students. And to encourage me and allay my feelings of nervousness, he said that I should not worry, as he would be present at the time. Despite my initial hesitation, I performed the duty assigned to me and my teacher was very pleased.
On the fourth day it was time for the giving of Vipassana, but to my great surprise, Sayagyi went to his room and told me to go ahead without him, as he could not be present. I felt quite nervous about giving Vipassana without the presence of my teacher. But again he encouraged me, saying that although he would not be there, his mettā would be present to help me and protect me. Strengthened and encouraged by his words, I gave Vipassana independently for the first time to these three students.
In the middle of the giving of Vipassana, suddenly one of the students started shaking violently. I was shocked to the depths for a few moments, and my first thought was to call for help from my teacher. But to do so would totally disrupt the atmosphere of giving Vipassana. I was in a quandary until I remembered the words of Sayagyi, his smiling face full of mettā, and the presence of Dhamma all around me. I understood that there was no need to call for his help; it was with me all the time. With the support of mettā, my mind became tranquil and composed; and in a few minutes the student calmed down. The first course in which I gave Vipassana proved successful.
Since then, whenever I give Dhamma to anyone, I feel the presence of my Dhamma father and his mettā vibrations, and I feel that I am just a humble representative of him, assisting to spread Dhamma to suffering beings everywhere, in fulfillment of his very wishes.
Do You Share Your Merits
The practice of Vipassana should not become a mechanical process, a rite or a ritual. One has to apply it in day-to-day life, keeping a balanced mind amidst all the vicissitudes. This was always strongly emphasized by my teacher and hence had a very strong impact on my mind.
When all my business concerns were suddenly nationalized and my industrial establishments were taken over by the Burmese government, Vipassana was of great help to me in maintaining equanimity. My teacher was pleased to see this.
One day he asked whether I was regularly sharing my merits with others after meditation. I replied in the affirmative. Then he asked me with whom I shared my merits. I replied that I shared them with my elders, and then with all those who have been responsible for helping to strengthen me in Dhamma directly or indirectly-including the ministers of Trade and Industry and the officials in the government, and all the others. He was extremely pleased to hear this.
I explained by saying, "I am very intimate with some of the members of the Cabinet, and through them I am fully convinced that the government has not nationalized the trade and industry with malice towards anyone. They have done so as a policy which they feel will be good and beneficial for the whole nation. Hence, I too have no malice towards them. On the contrary, I am extremely grateful to them because they have relieved me from all the responsibilities of my trade and industries which kept me so busy all the time. Now I can devote most of my time to practising pariyatti (theoretical study) and paṭipatti (practice) Dhamma which would otherwise have been impossible for me." My teacher said, "Sādhu, Sādhu, Sādhu (well said, well said)," and encouraged me to continue to share my merits with them, which I continue to do even today.
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Sayagyi U Ba Khin
Remembering
Sayagyi
The following comments are condensed from recollections of students of U Ba Khin.
On a little knoll, two hundred yards off Inya Myaing Road in one of the fashionable residential areas of Rangoon, stands a small stupa built in 1952 under the auspices of the Vipassana Association of the Office of the Accountant General, Burma. The president and guide of the association was Sayagyi U Ba Khin, from its inception until 19 January 1971, when he passed away. The golden stupa, named Dhamma Yaung Chi Zedi (the light of Dhamma pagoda), standing on the top of the knoll in the centre of the surrounding meditation cells, has served as the headquarters of the International Meditation Centre (I.M.C.), and became a beacon of light for wayfarers in search of peace and Truth.
The story of this pagoda and I.M.C. is the story of the selfless devotion on the part of Sayagyi U Ba Khin to the cause of Buddha- Dhamma. His understanding of Dhamma, as taught by the Buddha, was profound and penetrating; his approach to it modern and scientific. His was not mere conventional acceptance of the teaching of the Buddha; his was a whole-hearted embrace of Dhamma with firm conviction and faith as a result of personal realization through actual practice.
He learned Vipassana meditation at the feet of the great meditation master Saya Thetgyi. When he reached a certain stage of proficiency, Saya Thetgyi felt certain that Guruji U Ba Khin was destined to play the role of the torch-bearer after he had passed away.
But it was only in 1941, after he had met and paid homage to Webu Sayadaw, believed by many to be an arahant (a liberated being), that he finally decided to help people find the path laid down by the Buddha. In his technique, he did not make the slightest deviation from the Buddha's teaching but, after ceaseless practical research and experimentation, he developed instructions of his own, more suited to the demands of modern times.
He felt the need of a course of instructions particularly for householders, rather than strictly for bhikkhus (monks) and recluses who had given up worldly life. A discipline for bhikkhus could not ideally be suitable for laymen. The Vipassana Research Association, initiated by Sayagyi while he was the Accountant General of Burma, undertook research and experiments in Vipassana meditation. Results and findings from these studies carried out in a special shrine room at the A.G.'s office enabled Sayagyi to present the Buddha's Dhamma to laymen in a systematic, scientific manner, thus appealing to the modern mind. His regimen of Vipassana exercises encompasses completely the three requisites laid down by the Buddha (namely sīla, samādhi and paññā), but is so streamlined and disciplined that satisfactory results could be expected within a short period of endeavour.
Foreign intellectuals and organizations first became acquainted with Sayagyi when he gave a series of lectures to a religious study group composed of members of a special technical and economic mission from America, in 1952. The lectures, rendered in booklet form, soon found their way to various Burmese embassies abroad and Buddhist organizations the world over.
Sayagyi made a few more expositions of the life and teachings of the Buddha, but mere interpretation of the Dhamma had never been his main object. He applied himself solely to the task of helping sincere workers to experience a state of purity of mind and realize the truth of suffering resulting in "the peace within" through practising Vipassana meditation. He achieved astounding results with the presentation he developed to explain the technique. To his last breath Guruji remained a preceptor rather than a preacher of Vipassana meditation.
-U Ko Lay, former Vice Chancellor of
Mandalay University
Ever since I read a booklet containing lectures on Buddhism delivered in 1952, I had admired Sayagyi U Ba Khin. In 1956 or thereabouts I was able to visit the annual meeting of the Vipassana Association of the A. G.'s office held at I.M.C., to present a magazine published by the Rangoon University Pāli Association and to speak with Sayagyi for awhile.
Sayagyi seemed to notice my interest in his lectures on Buddhism. He said, "You are a writer and a theoretician and I am a practical man. So it is very difficult for me to explain the practice of meditation. Come and practise it yourself and you will get a better understanding than my explanation."
Sayagyi served concurrently as officer on special duty, trade development minister, chairman of the state agricultural marketing board, and member of the advisory board of the national planning commission. Foreigners hearing of these splendid achievements often raise the question: "Where do you get such energy from?" The following was Sayagyi's reply: "Because I practise Buddhist meditation, I can handle many important tasks simultaneously. If you want to purify your mind and be happy, healthy and energetic like me, why don't you make an attempt to take a course in Buddhist meditation?"
-by Maung Ye Lwin, excerpted from an
article appearing in the Burmese magazine Thint Bawa, December 1960
I once considered Sayagyi U Ba Khin an old, dry and uninteresting person who taught something which was fit only for aged people who had little interest and activity in the things the outside world offered. I regarded him with awe and fear, for I had heard much about his outbursts of anger. I visited him at the centre with the elders of my family very seldom, and only when I had to.
All these feelings evaporated, one by one, when I stayed with him for ten days and learned meditation under his guidance.
I found Sayagyi to be a very affectionate person. He was like a father to me. I could freely discuss with him any problem that faced me, and be sure not only of a sympathetic ear but also of good advice. All his anger which was talked about was only surface-deep; the core was filled with unbounded love. It was as though a hard crust had formed upon a liquid material. The hard crust was necessary- rather, very important for the work he was doing.
It was this hardness which enabled him to maintain strict discipline at the centre. Sometimes people took undue advantage of his loving nature and neglected the purpose for which they were there. They would walk around the place and talk with other students, thus wasting not only their own time, but disturbing others as well. Sayagyi's hard nature was required to set them on the right track. Even when he got angry, it was loving anger. He wanted his students to learn as much as possible in the short time available. He felt such negligent students were wasting a precious opportunity which might never come again, an opportunity of which every second was so precious.
He was very generous. He wanted to teach all he knew. He was so keen upon giving away his knowledge and experience that he made untiring efforts to teach a student. He gave freely. It was only the student's capacity to absorb his instructions which was the limiting factor.
He was very patient in his teaching too. If a person found difficulty in understanding the process, he would explain thoroughly with examples and illustrations. But he never believed in too much talking. He loved practical work, and was of the opinion that experience in the training itself will take care of all the theoretical doubts. Discussing only theories will not land us anywhere. The practical aspect was most important. How right he was! Not only in Dhamma but even in our day-to-day affairs, practical work gives better results than mere discussion.
He himself had a great zeal for work. He held six or seven highly important executive posts in the government with grave responsibilities and also conducted the classes of meditation in his free time. In fact he had no free time at all! He was always busy. He had such a large capacity for work at an age when other people think of resting and leading a quiet life. He found peace and calmness in his work.
Even with so much work to do he devoted some time to gardening. It was his favourite hobby. He loved to grow flowers and plants. The centre had such a pleasing colorful look with all the greenery around.
The beauty and peace he created at the centre will always linger in my heart. He taught a rare thing which is of great value to old and young alike. He was a great teacher and a very affectionate man indeed.
-Mrs. Vimala Goenka, senior assistant teacher to S.N. Goenka
His was a fine personality: majestic, sober, noble and impressive. He always bore a faint smile and the look of a calm, satisfied mind.
When with him, you felt as if he cared for you and loved you more than anybody else. His attention, love, mettā was the same for all, big or small, rich or poor; in return he did not want anything but sincerity of purpose and a truthful nature.
He tolerated all religions. He never criticized or ridiculed any faith or belief. But he preached Buddhism, as he understood it, and he understood it well above many others. He never asserted anything, never forced any idea on you. He followed what he preached or taught and left it to you to think over and accept his view, in part or in full as you wished.
He did not smoke or take alcohol or any narcotics. He took tea and coffee in moderation; liked milk, ovaltine, etc., especially towards the later part of his life. His love of "life" was extreme. He would not allow even mosquitoes to be killed at the centre. Even the use of pesticides and insecticides was prohibited there.
He had a great aesthetic and artistic sense, loved flowers very much, and took special care about getting rare varieties. He had a nice and beautiful collection of flower plants, which were all over the garden around the pagoda. He knew all his plants well and would talk about them at length with the centre's visitors.
He had a good sense of humor and was witty. He was fond of making little jokes, and laughing, laughing very loudly. Just as he would shout loudly, he would laugh loudly!
He kept himself well-informed about world politics and the modern advances in science and technology, and was a regular listener to radio and a reader of foreign periodicals. He was especially fond of Life and Time magazines.
He had a great desire (a desire which was never fulfilled) to go abroad, especially to the U.S.A. He wanted to teach his method of meditation which he believed-and very correctly so-to be the easiest and most logical way to practise meditation. He had the means to go, had many invitations from foreign disciples, but some technical formalities in obtaining passports and so on always stood in his way. Excepting this one desire, he had all his desires and wishes in the world fulfilled. He led a full life.
He bore disease and illness bravely and well, and was a very intelligent and cooperative patient. He never took a pessimistic view of life; he was always optimistic and took a hopeful view. He took suffering and disease as a result of past karma and said it is the lot of one born into the world. Even his last illness which came and took him away from us suddenly, he treated very lightly.
He was a very pious and great soul; pure of mind and body, and lovable to everyone.
-Dr. Om Prakash, former consulting physician, United Nations Organization,Burma;
senior assistant to S.N. Goenka.
My wife and I first met U Ba Khin in 1959. In all his Buddhist devotion there was none of that searing intensity or dry, brittle hardness that sometimes accompanies strong religious conviction. For U Ba Khin was genuinely and delightfully human. He loved the roses about the centre and watched the growth of a special tree with pride and joy. It was a wonderful experience to hear him tell various of the Buddhist stories. He told them with hearty and humorous enjoyment, but there was no mistaking the depth of his feeling for them and his devotion to their truth. His experience was profound enough that it could afford the reverent joke without fear of offense. And his genuine authority as a meditation master came from this same depth of experience. There was no need for a superficial "cracking of the whip."
Thus when I think of him now, it is as a man who was eminently sane and finely human in a universal sense; who could be completely Burmese, thoroughly Buddhist, and intensely human all at once, without confusion, pretense or strain.
-Dr. Winston King, former professor of
history and philosophy of religion,
Grinnell College and Vanderbilt University, U.S.A.
Before the ten-day course was over, I knew that my most deep-lying fear was that my own body would perish and rot away, forever gone. I could not face death with equanimity. Sayagyi's help was essential in this crisis. Then, instead of being through with the whole thing and regarding it as an "interesting Burmese experience," I found myself coming back for another course while my husband had to be away on business, and then later for still another before we left Burma to return to the U.S. I did not decide that Sayagyi should be my teacher. Rather, I discovered that he was my teacher.
Since that time I have not ever been out of touch with him. He has never failed to help me. And even with his death I cannot feel out of touch when I remember so well what he taught and was. His healing generosity and compassionate interest in all human beings, he learned only from the Enlightened One. He embodied that which he constantly taught to others-the calm center in the midst of anicca.
-Jocelyn B. King, U.S.A.
I doubt whether an ordinary being can point to so many periods in his lifetime that further his inner development as much as these ten brief days under your guidance. No doubt due to my insufficient pāramis [virtues from the past], my achievements here may have fallen somewhat short of what they could have been. By perseverance I hope, however, to improve. And I already take back with me considerable added strength and composure.
You yourself are the finest example of what you set out to obtain in your pupils. Your wisdom, your tolerance and patience, and your deep, loving devotion leave a profound impact on the personalities of those who come and sit at your feet. To yourself and to your dedicated helpers goes my true gratefulness.
-From a letter to Sayagyi from Mr. Eliashiv Ben-Horin, former Israeli ambassador to Burma
On May first 1954, the Venerable Webu Sayadaw honoured the International Meditation Centre with a visit. In his simple,
gentle way he expounded the Dhamma and then told us that Sayagyi had put us on the right path; it was left to us to walk along it steadfastly and diligently toward the goal. If we stood and stared at the scenery or strange objects on the way or tried to follow by- paths, of course it would take a long, long time. We were so elated by the Sayadaw's approval of our practice, and our gratitude and respect for Sayagyi knew no bounds. He was a true ācariya-a Teacher of Dhamma and Vipassana meditation, ready to advise and help all those who came to the centre. He had a clear understanding of the many types of students, their different approaches to the practice of meditation and the latent forces within each one of them. Now and again, he invited learned Sayadaws and submitted to them his findings in Vipassana research and accepted their advice and suggestions.
It was in early 1954 that I began to feel the need for training in spiritual development. No sooner had I heard about U Ba Khin and the International Meditation Centre than I met him for the first time at a tea party given by the Sāsana Council in honour of Western scholars of Pāli. I had been impressed by his lectures at the Methodist Church. Now his presence filled me with confidence and I asked him for permission to visit the centre the following Sunday. There I learnt that the next ten-day course would begin on Friday; it coincided with the private study period at the university. So I requested U Ba Khin to accept me as a trainee. Not only did he accede to my request but he also gave me the Ānāpānakammaṭṭhāna (the meditation object of Ānāpāna) on that very day and told me to practise at home before coming to the centre.
The eight trainees in the February 1954 course came from different walks of life, yet Sayagyi was able to guide and help each one of us. He was still an active government servant and although he stayed at the centre for the ten days, he had to attend to his office and meetings during the day. On his return, he would sit in the centre room and speak to us individually about our experiences, our difficulties, our progress or otherwise. At about 6:00 p.m. after we had had cold drinks and stretched our legs, he would explain the Dhamma or tell appropriate stories from the Suttas to all of us in the main hall. We returned to our cubicles and meditated till 9:00 p.m. Sayagyi was patient and painstaking, but very strict and stern when he found sloth and torpor in the trainee. Unlike foreign seekers after truth, the Burmese trainees felt that they could always go back for another ten- day course. A few felt it was a pleasant and peaceful interlude from their daily cares and worries. The vegetarian food was delicious and wholesome and, in spite of the eight precepts, one tended to put on weight. Sayagyi then told us to eat less, keep the vow of silence and remain in the cubicle as much as possible till he returned.
Although I had made frequent stays at the centre in the early days, my journeys abroad and my work and domestic involvements had left little time for more than short visits to pay my respects to Sayagyi. Nearly seventeen years had passed since my first course, when I again became a constant visitor to the centre.
On Tuesday, 19 January 1971, Sayagyi left us. He appeared to be so strong and healthy yet, "Decay is inherent in all component things, but the truth will remain forever." As instructed by him, our duty now is to be vigilant and diligent in our search for truth and become worthy disciples of Sayagyi U Ba Khin and true followers of the Buddha.
-Daw Mya Sein, M.A., B.Lit
(Oxon),Rangoon, Burma
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Discourses of
Sayagyi U Ba Khin
The Essentials of Buddha-Dhamma in
Meditative Practice
by Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin
Several years before he died, Sayagyi composed the following discourse in English particularly for his Western students. He read it to students on a number of occasions. After his death, the discourse was transcribed from an audio recording, and published under the above title.
Anicca, dukkha and anattā-
impermanence, suffering and egolessness- are the three essential characteristics of things in the teaching of the Buddha. If you know anicca correctly, you know dukkha as its corollary and anattā as ultimate truth. It takes time to understand the three together.
Impermanence (anicca) is, of course, the essential fact which must be first experienced and understood by practice. Mere book- knowledge of the Buddha-Dhamma will not be enough for the correct understanding of anicca because the experiential aspect will be missing. It is only through experiential understanding of the nature of anicca as an ever-changing process within yourself that you can understand anicca in the way the Buddha would like you to understand it. As in the days of the Buddha, so too now, this understanding of anicca can be developed by persons who have no book-knowledge whatsoever of Buddhism.
To understand impermanence (anicca), one must follow strictly and diligently the Eightfold Noble Path, which is divided into the three groups of sīla, samādhi and paññā-morality, concentration and wisdom. Sīla or virtuous living is the basis for samādhi (control of the mind, leading to one-pointedness). It is only when samādhi is good that one can develop paññā. Therefore, sīla and samādhi are the prerequisites for paññā. By paññā is meant the understanding of anicca, dukkha and anattā through the practice of Vipassana, i.e., insight meditation.
Whether a Buddha has arisen or not, the practice of sīla and samādhi may be present in the human world. They are, in fact, the common denominators of all religious faiths. They are not, however, sufficient means for the goal of Buddhism-the complete end of suffering. In his search for the end of suffering, Prince Siddhārtha, the future Buddha, found this out and worked his way through to find the path which would lead to the end of suffering. After solid work for six years, he found the way out, became completely enlightened, and then taught men and gods to follow the path which would lead them to the end of suffering.
In this connection, we should understand that each action-whether by deed, word or thought-leaves behind an active force called saṅkhāra (or kamma in popular terminology), which goes to the credit or debit account of the individual, according to whether the action is good or bad. There is, therefore, an accumulation of saṅkhāras (or kamma) with everyone, which functions as the supply- source of energy to sustain life, which is inevitably followed by suffering and death. It is by the development of the power inherent in the understanding of anicca, dukkha and anattā that one is able to rid oneself of the saṅkhāras accumulated in one's own personal account. This process begins with the correct understanding of anicca while further accumulations of fresh actions and the reduction of the supply of energy to sustain life are taking place simultaneously, from moment to moment and from day to day. It is, therefore, a matter of a whole lifetime or more to get rid of all one's saṅkhāras. He who has rid himself of all saṅkhāras comes to the end of suffering, for then no saṅkhāra remains to give the necessary energy to sustain him in any form of life. On the termination of their lives the perfected saints,
i.e. the Buddhas and the arahants, pass into parinibbāna, reaching the end of suffering. For us today who take to Vipassana meditation it would suffice if we can understand anicca well enough to reach the first stage of an ariya (a noble person), that is, a sotāpanna or stream-enterer, who will not take more than seven lives to come to the end of suffering.
The real meaning of anicca is that impermanence or decay is the inherent nature of everything that exists in the universe- whether animate or inanimate.
The fact of anicca, which opens the door to the understanding of dukkha and anattā and eventually to the end of suffering, can be encountered in its full significance only through the teaching of a Buddha for as long as that teaching relating to the Eightfold Noble Path and the thirty-seven factors of enlightenment (bodhipakkhiya dhammā) remains intact and available to the aspirant.
For progress in Vipassana meditation, a student must keep knowing anicca as continuously as possible. The Buddha's advice to monks is that they should try to maintain the awareness of anicca, dukkha or anattā in all postures, whether sitting, standing, walking or lying down. Continuous awareness of anicca, and so of dukkha and anattā, is the secret of success. The last words of the Buddha just before he breathed his last and passed away into mahāparinibbāna were: "Decay (or anicca) is inherent in all component things. Work out your own salvation with diligence." This is in fact the essence of all his teachings during the forty-five years of his ministry. If you will keep up the awareness of the anicca that is inherent in all component things, you are sure to reach the goal in the course of time.
As you develop in the understanding of anicca, your insight into "what is true of nature" will become greater and greater, so that eventually you will have no doubt whatsoever of the three characteristics of anicca, dukkha and anattā. It is then only that you will be in a position to go ahead for the goal in view. Now that you know anicca as the first essential factor, you should try to understand what anicca is with real clarity, as extensively as possible, so as not to get confused in the course of practice or discussion.
The real meaning of anicca is that impermanence or decay is the inherent nature of everything that exists in the universe- whether animate or inanimate. The Buddha taught his disciples that everything that exists at the material level is composed of kalāpas. Kalāpas are material units very much smaller than atoms, which die out almost immediately after they come into being. Each kalāpa is a mass formed of the eight basic constituents of matter: the solid, liquid, calorific and oscillatory, together with colour, smell, taste, and nutriment. The first four are called primary qualities, and are predominant in a kalāpa. The other four are subsidiaries dependent upon and springing from the former. A kalāpa is the minutest particle in the physical plane-still beyond the range of science today. It is only when the eight basic material constituents unite together that the kalāpa is formed. In other words, the momentary collocation of these eight basic elements of behaviour, which makes a mass just for that moment, is known in Buddhism as a kalāpa. The life-span of a kalāpa is termed a "moment," and a trillion such moments are said to elapse during the wink of a man's eye. These kalāpas are all in a state of perpetual change or flux. To a developed student in Vipassana meditation they can be felt as a stream of energy.
The human body is not, as it may appear, a solid stable entity, but a continuum of matter (rūpa) coexisting with mentality (nāma). To know that our body is tiny kalāpas all in a state of change is to know the true nature of change or decay. This change or decay (anicca) occasioned by the continual breakdown and replacement of kalāpas, all in a state of combustion, must necessarily be identified as dukkha, the truth of suffering. It is only when you experience impermanence (anicca) as suffering (dukkha) that you come to the realization of the truth of suffering, the first of the Four Noble Truths basic to the doctrine of the Buddha.
Why? Because when you realize the subtle nature of dukkha from which you cannot escape for a moment, you become truly afraid of, disgusted with, and disinclined towards your very existence as mentality-materiality (nāma-rūpa), and look for a way of escape to a state beyond dukkha, and so to nibbāna, the end of suffering. What that end of suffering is like, you will be able to taste, even as a human being, when you reach the level of a sotāpanna, a stream-enterer, and develop well enough by practice to attain the unconditioned state of nibbāna, the peace within. But even in terms of everyday, ordinary life, no sooner than you are able to keep up the awareness of anicca in practice will you know for yourself that a change is taking place in you for the better, both physically and mentally.
Before entering upon the practice of Vipassana meditation (that is, after samādhi has been developed to a proper level), a student should acquaint himself with the theoretical knowledge of material and mental properties, i.e., of rūpa and nāma. For in Vipassana meditation one contemplates not only the changing nature of matter, but also the changing nature of mentality, of the thought- elements of attention directed towards the process of change going on within matter. At times the attention will be focused on the impermanence of the material side of existence, i.e., upon anicca in regard to rūpa; and at other times on the impermanence of the thought-elements or mental side, i.e., upon anicca in regard to nāma. When one is contemplating the impermanence of matter, one realizes also that the thought-elements simultaneous with that awareness are also in a state of transition or change. In this case one will be knowing anicca in regard to both rūpa and nāma together.
All I have said so far relates to the understanding of anicca through bodily feeling of the process of change of rūpa (or matter) and also of thought-elements depending upon such changing processes. You should know that anicca can also be understood through other types of feeling as well. Anicca can be contemplated through feeling:
1. by contact of visible form with the sense organ of the eye;
2. by contact of sound with the sense organ of the ear;
3. by contact of smell with the sense organ of the nose;
4. by contact of taste with the sense organ of the tongue;
5. by contact of touch with the sense organ of the body;
6. and by contact of mental objects with the sense organ of the mind.
One can thus develop the understanding of anicca through any of the six sense organs. In practice, however, we have found that of all types of feeling, the feeling by contact of touch with the component parts of the body in a process of change, covers the widest area for introspective meditation. Not only that, the feeling by contact of touch (by way of friction, radiation and vibration of the kalāpas within) with the component parts of the body is more evident than other types of feeling. Therefore a beginner in Vipassana meditation can come to the understanding of anicca more easily through bodily feeling of the change of rūpa, or matter. This is the main reason why we have chosen bodily feeling as a medium for quick understanding of anicca. It is open to anyone to try other means, but my suggestion is that one should be well-established in the understanding of anicca through bodily feeling before any attempt is made through other types of feeling.
There are ten levels of knowledge in Vipassana, namely:
1. sammāsana: theoretical appreciation of anicca, dukkha and anattā by close observation and analysis.
2. udayabbaya: knowledge of the arising and dissolution of rūpa and nāma by direct observation.
3. bhaṅga: knowledge of the rapidly changing nature of rūpa and nāma as a swift current or stream of energy; in particular, clear awareness of the phase of dissolution.
4. bhaya: knowledge that this very existence is dreadful.
5. ādinava: knowledge that this very existence is full of evils.
6. nibbidā: knowledge that this very existence is disgusting.
7. muñcitakamyatā: knowledge of the urgent need and wish to escape from this very existence.
8. paṭisaṅkhā: knowledge that the time has come to work for full realization of deliverance with anicca as the base.
9. saṅkhārupekkhā: knowledge that the stage is now set to get detached from all conditioned phenomena (saṅkhāra) and to break away from egocentricity.
10. anuloma: knowledge that would accelerate the attempt to reach the goal.
These are the levels of attainment which one goes through during the course of Vipassana meditation. In the case of those who reach the goal in a short time, they can be known only in retrospect. Along with one's progress in understanding anicca, one may reach these levels of attainment-subject, however, to adjustments or help at certain levels by a competent teacher. One should avoid looking forward to such attainments in anticipation, as this will distract from the continuity of awareness of anicca which alone can and will give the desired reward.
Let me now deal with Vipassana meditation from the point of view of a householder in everyday life and explain the benefit one can derive from it-here and now-in this very lifetime.
The initial object of Vipassana meditation is to activate the experience of anicca in oneself and eventually to reach a state of inner and outer calmness and balance. This is achieved when one becomes engrossed in the feeling of anicca within. The world is now facing serious problems which threaten all mankind. It is just the right time for everyone to take to Vipassana meditation and learn how to find a deep pool of quiet in the midst of all that is happening today. Anicca is inside of everybody. It is within reach of everybody. Just a look into oneself and there it is-anicca to be experienced. When one can feel anicca, when one can experience anicca, and when one can become engrossed in anicca, one can and will cut oneself off from the world of ideation outside. Anicca is, for the householder, the gem of life which he will treasure to create a reservoir of calm and balanced energy for his own wellbeing and for the welfare of the society.
The experience of anicca, when properly developed, strikes at the root of one's physical and mental ills and removes gradually whatever is bad in him, i.e., the causes of such physical and mental ills. This experience is not reserved for men who have renounced the world for the homeless life. It is for the householder as well. In spite of drawbacks which make a householder restless in these days, a competent teacher or guide can help a student to get the experience of anicca activated in a comparatively short time. Once he has got it activated, all that is necessary for is him to try to preserve it; but he must make it a point, as soon as time or opportunity presents itself for further progress, to work for the stage of bhaṅgañāṇa (knowledge of bhaṅga).
However, there is likely to be some difficulty for one who has not reached the stage of bhaṅga. It will be just like a tug- of-war for him between anicca within, and physical and mental activities outside. So it would be wise for him to follow the motto of "Work while you work, play while you play." There is no need for him to be activating the experience of anicca all the time. It should suffice if this could be confined to a regular period, or periods, set apart in the day or night for the purpose. During this time, at least, an attempt must be made to keep the attention focused inside the body, with awareness devoted exclusively to anicca. That is to say, his awareness of anicca should go on from moment to moment so continuously as not to allow for the interpolation of any discursive or distracting thoughts, which are definitely detrimental to progress. In case this is not possible, he will have to go back to respiration-mindfulness, because samādhi is the key to the contemplation of anicca. To get good samādhi, sīla (morality) has to be perfect, since samādhi is built upon sīla. For a good experience of anicca, samādhi must be good. If samādhi is excellent, awareness of anicca will also become excellent.
There is no special technique for activating the experience of anicca other than the use of the mind adjusted to a perfect state of balance and attention projected upon the object of meditation. In Vipassana the object of meditation is anicca, and therefore in the case of those used to focusing their attention on bodily feelings, they can feel anicca directly. In experiencing anicca in relation to the body, it should first be in the area where one can easily get his attention engrossed, changing the area of attention from place to place, from head to feet and from feet to head, at times probing into the interior. At this stage it must clearly be understood that no attention is to be paid to the anatomy of the body, but to the formations of matter-the kalāpas-and the nature of their constant change.
If these instructions are observed, there will surely be progress, but the progress depends also on pārami (i.e., one's disposition for certain spiritual qualities) and devotion of the individual to the work of meditation. If he attains high levels of knowledge, his power to understand the three characteristics of anicca, dukkha and anattā will increase and he will accordingly come nearer and nearer to the goal of the ariya or noble saint-which every householder should keep in view.
This is the age of science. Man of today has no utopia. He will not accept anything unless the results are good, concrete, vivid, personal, and here-and-now.
When the Buddha was alive, he said to the people of Kāḷāma:
"Now look, you Kāḷāmas. Be not misled by report or tradition or hearsay. Be not misled by proficiency in the scriptural collections, or by reasoning or logic, or reflection on and approval of some theory, or because some view conforms with one's inclinations, or out of respect for the prestige of a teacher. But when you know for yourselves: these things are unwholesome, these things are blameworthy, these things are censured by the wise; these things, when practised and observed, conduce to loss and sorrow-then do ye reject them. But if at any time you know for yourselves: these things are wholesome, these things are blameless, these things are praised by the intelligent; these things, when practised and observed, conduce to welfare and happiness-then, Kālāmas, do ye, having practised them, abide."
The time clock of Vipassana has now struck-that is, for the revival of Buddha- Dhamma Vipassana in practice. We have no doubt whatsoever that definite results would accrue to those who would with an open mind sincerely undergo a course of training under a competent teacher-I mean results which will be accepted as good, concrete, vivid, personal, here-and-now-results which will keep them in good stead and in a state of well-being and happiness for the rest of their lives.
May all beings be happy and may peace prevail in the world.
The word "Buddha" means a
person who is fully enlightened. "Dhamma" means nature. Hence,
"Buddha-Dhamma" means the nature of an enlightened person. All
persons-whoever they may be, if they are really and fully enlightened-must have
the same nature: that is, total freedom from craving, aversion, delusion. When
we practise Buddha-Dhamma, we are not getting involved in a particular sect.
Rather we are actually working to develop in ourselves the nature of a Buddha-to
attain freedom from craving, aversion, delusion. And the means by which we
develop this nature is the practise of sīla, samādhi, paññā, which is
universally acceptable to all.
-S.N. Goenka
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SĚęu cittakkhaṇaimomentjĚÔ |
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Ar_}´TiAbhidhammattha-saṅgaha / Visuddhimagga ´j |
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ă˘Ě}j
AâßiáFAlin-Kyan, Manual of Lightj |
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vridhamma.org
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-S.N. SGJ
What Buddhism Is
by Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin
In 1951, when Sayagyi was the Accountant General of Burma, he was requested by a religious study group to lecture on Buddhism. The study group was headed by the information officer and the economic and finance officer of the Special Technical and Economic Division of the U.S. government. Sayagyi presented a series of three lectures in Rangoon (at the Methodist Church, Signal Pagoda Road) which were later published as a booklet entitled "What Buddhism Is." The following is abridged.
Lecture No. 1 (23 September 1951)
consider it a great privilege to be in your midst today and to have this opportunity
of addressing you on the subject of "What Buddhism Is." At the outset, I must be very frank with you. I have not been to a university, and I have no knowledge of science except as a man on the street. Nor am I a scholar in the theory of Buddhism with any knowledge of the Pāli language in which the Tipiṭakas (known as, literally, the "Three Baskets" of Buddha Dhamma) are maintained. I must say, however, that I have read in Burmese to some extent the treatises of Buddhism by well-known and learned Buddhist monks. As my approach to Buddhism is more by practical than by theoretical means, I hope to be able to give you something of Buddhism which is not easily available elsewhere. I must admit, however, that for the time being I am just a student of practical Buddhism and also an experimentalist trying to learn through Buddhism the truth of the nature of forces. As this has to be done as a householder and within a limited time available amidst the multifarious duties of a responsible officer of government, the progress is rather slow, and I do not claim for a moment that what I am going to say is absolutely correct. I may be right or wrong. But when I say a thing, I assure you that it is with sincerity of purpose, with the best of intentions and with conviction.
Lord Buddha said in the Kāḷāma Sutta:
Do not believe in what ye have heard;
do not believe in the traditions, because they had been handed down for generations;
do not believe in anything because it is rumoured and spoken by many;
do not believe merely because a written statement of some old sage is produced;
do not believe in conjectures;
do not believe in that as truth to which you have become attached by habit;
do not believe merely the authority of your teachers and elders.
After observation and analysis, when it agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and gain of one and all, then accept it and live up to it.
Pray do not, therefore, believe me when I come to the philosophical issues until and unless you are convinced of what I say, either as a sequel to proper reasoning or by means of a practical approach.
To abstain from evil; To do good;
To purify the mind:
These are the teachings of all the Buddhas.
This extract taken from the Dhammapada gives in brief the essence of Buddhism. It sounds simple but is so difficult to practise. One cannot be a true Buddhist unless he puts the doctrine of Buddha into practice. Buddha said:
Ye, to whom the truths I have perceived have been made known by me, make them surely your own; practise them, meditate upon them, spread them abroad; in order that the pure religion may last long and be perpetuated for the good and the gain and the weal of gods and men.
Before I take up the teachings of Buddha, which form the basic foundation of Buddhism, I propose to acquaint you, first of all, with the life story of Gotama Buddha. For this purpose, I feel it my duty to give you a background of certain Buddhist concepts which may be foreign to most of you. I propose, therefore, to give you a short and descriptive explanation of such concepts in Buddhism, as to the universe, the world system, the planes of existence, etc. These will, no doubt give you some food for thought. I would however, appeal to you to give a patient hearing and to pass over these matters for the time being, i.e., until we come to the question time for discussion.
Universe
The Buddhist concept of the universe may be summed up as follows:
There is the Okāsa Loka (the universe of space) which accommodates nāma and rūpa (mind and matter). In this mundane world it is nāma and rūpa which predominate under the influence of the law of cause and effect. The next is the Saṅkhāra Loka (the universe of mental forces), creative or created. This is a mental plane arising out of the creative energies of mind through the medium of bodily actions, words and thoughts. The third and the last is the Satta Loka (the universe of sentient beings). These beings are the products of mental forces. We may rather call these three as a "three-in-one" universe, because one is inseparable from another. They are, so to say, interwoven and interpenetrating.
What will interest you most are the cakkavālas or world systems, each with its thirty-one planes of existence. Each world system corresponds to the human world with its solar system and other planes of existence. There are millions and millions of such world systems, simply innumerable. Ten thousand such world systems closest to us are within the Jāti-Khetta (or the field of origin) of a Buddha. In fact when the renowned sutta (or sermon) Mahā Samaya (meaning the "Great Occasion") was preached by Buddha in the Mahāvana (forest) near the town of Kapilavatthu, not only the brahmās and devas of our world system, but of all of the ten thousand world systems were present to listen to the teachings of Buddha. Lord Buddha can also send his thought-waves charged with boundless love and compassion to the sentient beings of a hundred crores (thousand million) of such world systems within the Anākhetta (or the field of influence). The remainder of the world systems are in the Visaya Khetta (or infinite space) beyond the reach of Buddha's effective thought waves. You can very well imagine from these concepts of Buddhism the size of the universe as a whole. The material insignificance of our world in the Okāsa loka (universe of space) is simply terrifying. The human world, as a whole, must be just a speck in space.
Now I will give you an idea of the thirty-one planes of existence in our world system which, of course, is the same as in any of the other world systems. Broadly they are:
(i) Arūpa Loka-immaterial world of brahmās;
(ii) Rūpa Loka-fine material world of brahmās;
(iii) Kama Loka-sensuous world of devas, mankind and lower beings.
The Arūpa Loka is comprised of four Brahmā worlds of immaterial state, i.e., without rūpa or matter. The Rūpa Loka is comprised of sixteen Brahmā worlds of fine material state. The Kama loka is comprised of:
(a) Six deva lokas (or celestial worlds), viz.:
(i) Catumahārājika
(ii) Tavatiṃsa
(iii) Yāmā
(iv) Tusita
(v) Nimmaṇarati
(vi) Paranimmita-vasavatti
(b) The human world
(c) The four lower worlds, viz:
(i) Niraya (hell)
(ii) Tiricchāna (animal world)
(iii) Peta@@ (ghost world)
(iv) Asura (demon world)
These planes of existence are pure or impure, cool or hot, luminous or dark, light or heavy, pleasant or wretched-according to the character of the mental forces generated by the mind or the volition (cetanā) of a series of actions, words and thoughts. For example, take the case of a religious man who suffuses the whole universe of beings with boundless love and compassion. He must be generating such mental forces as are pure, cooling, luminous, light and pleasant-forces which normally settle down in the Brahmā worlds. Let us now take the reverse case of a man who is dissatisfied or angry. As the saying goes, "Face is the indication of mind": the impurity, heat, darkness, heaviness and wretchedness of his mind are immediately reflected in the person, visible even to the naked eye. This is due, I may say, to the generation of the evil mental forces of dosa (anger) which go down to the lower world of existence. The same is the case with the mental forces arising out of lobha (greed) or moha (delusion). In the case of meritorious deeds such as devotion, morality and charity which have, at their base, attachment to future wellbeing, the mental forces generated are those that will normally be located in the sensuous planes of devas and of mankind. These, ladies and gentlemen, are some of the concepts in Buddhism relevant to the life story of Gotama Buddha which I will presently begin.
Preparation
Gotama Buddha is the fourth of the five Buddhas to rise in the world cycle which is known as bhadda-kappa. His predecessors were Buddhas Kakusandha, Koṇāgamana and Kassapa. There were also innumerable Buddhas who had arisen in earlier kappas (ages) and who had preached the self-same Dhamma which gives deliverance from suffering and death to all matured beings. Buddhas are all compassionate, glorious and enlightened.
A hermit by the name of Sumedha was inspired by Buddha Dipaṅkara; so much so, that he took the vow to make all the necessary preparations to become a Buddha in the course of time. Buddha Dipaṅkara gave him his blessings and prophesied that he would become a Buddha by the name of Gotama. From then onwards, existence after existence, the Bodhisatta, i.e., would-be Buddha, conserved mental energies of the highest order through the practice of ten pāramis, or virtues towards perfection, viz.:
1. dāna (virtue in alms-giving)
2. sīla (morality)
3. nekkhamma (renunciation)
4. paññā (wisdom)
5. viriya (perseverance)
6. khanti (forbearance)
7. sacca (truthfulness)
8. adhiṭṭhana (determination)
9. mettā (all-embracing love)
10. upekkhā (equanimity)
It is, therefore, a most enduring task to become a Buddha. Utmost strength of will- power is necessary to even think of it. The Bodhisatta's preparatory period came to an end with the life of King Vessantara who excelled any living being in alms-giving. He gave away his kingdom, his wife and his children and all his worldly possessions, for the consummation of his solemn vow taken before the Dipaṅkara Buddha. The next existence was in Tusita (one of the celestial planes) as glorious Setaketu Deva, until he got his release from that plane and took conception in the womb of Māyā Devi, the Queen of King Suddhodana of Kapilavatthu, a place near modern Nepal.
When the time was drawing nigh for her confinement, the Queen expressed her desire to go to the place of her own parents for the event. King Suddhodana accordingly sent her there with befitting retinues and guards. On the way, a halt was made at the Lumbini sala forest. She got down from the palanquin and enjoyed the cool breeze and fragrance of the sala flowers. While holding out her right hand to a branch of the nearby sala tree for a flower, all of a sudden and unexpectedly, she gave birth to a son who was to become the all-enlightened Buddha. Simultaneously, the natural order of things in the cosmos was revolutionized in many respects and thirty- two wonderful phenomena were vivified. All material worlds were shaken from the foundation. There were unusual illuminations in the solar system. All the beings of material planes could see each other. The deaf and dumb were cured. Celestial music was heard everywhere, and so on.
At that moment, Kāḷa Devala, the hermit teacher of King Suddhodana, was having a discourse with celestial beings of Tavatiṃsa.
He was a hermit of fame who had mastery of the eight samāpattis (attainments) which gave him supernormal powers. Knowing of the birth of a son to the King due to the rejoicing in all the rūpa and kāma worlds, he hurried back to the palace and desired the baby to be brought before him for blessings. When the King placed the baby before his teacher for the occasion, Devala at once understood that the baby was no other than the embryo Buddha. He smiled at this knowledge but cried almost immediately thereafter, because he foresaw that he would not live to hear his teachings, and that even after his death he would be in the arūpa Brahmā loka (immaterial plane of brahmās) whence he would have no relationship with any of the material planes. He missed the Buddha and his teachings miserably.
On the fifth day, the child was named Siddhattha in the presence of renowned astrologer-palmists who agreed that the child had all the characteristics of a Buddha to come. The mother Queen, however, died a week after confinement and the child was taken care of by his maternal aunt, Pajāpati Gotami.
Siddhattha spent his early years of life in ease, luxury and culture. He was acclaimed to be a prodigy both in intellect and strength. The King spared no pains to make the course of his life smooth. Three separate palaces were built to suit three seasons with all the necessities that would make the Prince sink in sensuality. That was because the King, out of paternal affection, desired his son to remain in worldly life as a king rather than as an enlightened Buddha. The King Suddhodana was overly watchful that his son be in such environments as would give him no chance of higher philosophical ideas. In order to make sure that the thought of the Prince never turned in this direction, he ordered that nobody serving him or in his association was ever to speak a single word about such things as old age, sickness or death. They were to act as if there were no unpleasant things in this world. Servants and attendants who showed the least sign of becoming old, weak or sickly were replaced. On the other hand, dancing, music and enjoyable parties were held right through, to keep him under a complete shade of sensuality.
The Great Renunciation
As days, months and years passed, however, the monotony of the sensual surroundings gradually lost hold of the mind of Prince Siddhattha. The mental energies of virtue conserved in all his innumerable earlier lives for the great goal of Buddhahood were automatically aroused. At times, when the world of sensuality lost control over his mind, his inner self worked its way up and raised his mind to a state of purity and tranquillity with the strength of samādhi. The war of nerves began.
An escape from sensuality and passion was his first consideration. He wanted to know what existed outside the walls of the palace beyond which he had not even once visited. He wished to see nature as it is, and not as man has made it. Accordingly he decided to see the royal park, oustide the palace walls. On the way to the park, in spite of precautions taken by the King to clear the roads of unpleasant sights, he saw in the very first visit an old man bent with age. Next he saw a sick person in the agony of a fatal malady. Thereafter he encountered a human corpse. On the last trip he came across a monk.
All these set his mind to serious thinking. His mental attitude was changed. His mind became clear of impurities and tuned up with the forces of his own virtues conserved in the saṅkhāra loka (plane of mental forces). By then his mind had become freed from hindrances, and was tranquil, pure and strong. It all happened on the night when a son had been born to his queen, a new fetter to bind him down. He was, however, immune from anything which would tend to upset the equilibrium of his mind. The virtues of determination worked their way towards a strong resolve, and he made up his mind to seek the way of escape from birth, old age, suffering and death. It was midnight when the solemn determination was made. He asked his attendant Channa to keep his stallion Kanthaka ready. After a parting look at his wife and the newly-born babe, Prince Siddhattha broke away from all the ties of family and of the world and made the Great Renunciation. He rode across the town to the river Anomā which he crossed, never to return until his mission had been achieved.
The Search for Truth
After this Great Renunciation, Prince Siddhattha went around in the garb of a wandering ascetic with a begging bowl in his hand in search of possible teachers. He placed himself under the spiritual guidance of two renowned brahmin teachers, Āḷāra and Uddaka. Āḷāra laid stress on the belief in atman (soul) and taught that the soul attained perfect release when freed from material limitations. This did not satisfy the Prince. He next went to Uddaka who placed too much emphasis on the effect of kamma and the transmigration of soul. Both could not get out of the conception of "soul," and the Prince ascetic felt that there was something else to learn. He therefore left both of them to work out the way to emancipation on his own. By that time, of course, he had learned the eight samāpattis and had become an adept in the exercise of all supernormal powers, including the ability to read events of many kappas to come, as well as a similar period from the past. These were all in the mundane field and they did not much concern the Prince ascetic, whose ambition was an escape from this mundane field of birth, suffering and death.
He was later joined by five ascetics, one of whom (Koṇḍañña by name) was the astrologer-palmist who had foretold on the fifth day of his birth that Siddhattha would surely become a Buddha. These ascetics served him well throughout the six years, during which he was engaged in fasting and meditation, subjecting himself to various forms of rigorous austerities and discipline until he was reduced to almost a skeleton. One day, in fact, he fell down in a swoon through exhaustion. When he survived this condition, he changed his method, followed a middle course and found that the way for his enlightenment was clearer.
Attainment of Buddhahood
It was on the eve of the full moon of Vesākha [equivalent to the month of May] just 2,562 years ago, that Prince Siddhattha, wandering ascetic, sat cross-legged beneath a bodhi tree on the bank of the river Nerañjarā in the forest of Uruvelā (near present- day Bodh Gayā), with the strongest of determinations not to rise from that posture on any account until he gained the truth and enlightenment, the Buddhahood, even if the attempt might mean the loss of his very life.
The great event was approaching. The Prince ascetic mustered up all his strength of mind to secure that one-pointedness of mind which is so essential for the discovery of truth. The balancing of the mind, the Prince found on this occasion, was not so easy as hitherto. There was not only the combination of the mental forces of the lower planes with those of the higher planes all around him, but also interferences strong enough to upset, off and on, the equilibrium of his mind. The resistance of the impenetrable masses of forces against the radiation of the light normally secured by him was unusual (perhaps because it was a final bid for Buddhahood and Māra, the supreme controller of evil forces, was behind the scene). The Prince, however, worked his way through slowly but surely, backed up by the mental forces of virtues which must inevitably have come back to him at the right moment.
He made a vow and called upon all the brahmās and devas who had witnessed the fulfillment of his ten great perfections to join hands with him in the struggle for supremacy. This done, the association with the transcendingly pure mental forces of the brahmās and devas had a salutary effect. The thick masses of forces, which seemed impenetrable, broke away; and with a steady improvement in the control over the mind, they were wiped out once and for all. All the hindrances having been overcome, the Prince was able to raise his power of concentration and put the mind into a state of complete purity, tranquillity and equanimity. Gradually, the consciousness of true insight possessed him. The solution to the vital problems which confronted him made its appearance in his consciousness as an inspiration. By introspective meditation on the realities of nature in his own self, it came vividly to him that there is no substantiality, as there seems to be, in the human body, and that it is nothing but the sum total of innumerable millions of kalāpas (subatomic particles), each about 1/46,656th part of a particle of dust from the wheel of a chariot in summer. On further investigation, he realized that this kalāpa also is matter in constant change or flux; and, similarly, that the mind is a representation of the mental forces (creative) going out and the mental forces (created) coming into the system of an individual continually and throughout eternity.
Buddha then proclaimed that his eye of wisdom had arisen when he got over the substantiality of his "own self." He saw by means of the lens of samādhi the kalāpas on which he next applied the law of anicca (impermanence), and reduced them to non- entity or habitual behaviour patterns-doing away with what we in Buddhism call paññātti (apparent truth); and coming to a state of paramattha (nature of forces) or, in other words, "ultimate reality."
Accordingly, he came to a realization of the perpetual change of mind and matter in himself (anicca) and as a sequel thereto, the truth of suffering (dukkha). It was then that the egocentrism in him broke down into the void and he got over to a stage beyond "suffering," i.e., dukkha-nirodha (the extinction of suffering) with no more traces of atta (attachment to self) left behind. "Mind and matter" were to him but empty phenomena which roll on forever, within the range of the law of cause and effect and the law of dependent origination. The truth was realized. The inherent qualities of embryo Buddha then developed, and complete enlightenment came to him by the dawn of the Vesākha day.
"Verily, Prince Siddhattha attained sammā sambodhi and became the Buddha, the Awakened One, the Enlightened One, the All-knowing One. He was awake in a way compared with which all others were asleep and dreaming. He was enlightened in a way compared with which all other men were stumbling and groping in the dark. His knowing was with the knowledge compared with which, what all other men know is but a kind of ignorance."
Ladies and gentlemen, I have taken so much of your time today. I thank you all for the patient listening. I must also thank the clergy of the church for their kind permission given to me for this address.
Pleasure born of sensuality is nothing
compared with the pīti (rapture) born of the inner peace of mind which can be
secured through a process of Buddhist meditation.
§łĆÍ˝Š
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Lecture No. 2 (30 September 1951)
Last Sunday, I gave you a brief outline-a very brief one, too-of the life of our Lord Buddha up to the moment of his attainment of Buddhahood. I am going to tell you today what his teachings are.
Buddhist teachings are preserved in what we call the Tipiṭakas, consisting of Suttas (discourses), Vinaya (laws of discipline for the Sangha (monks) and Abhidhamma (philosophical teachings). We have the Tipiṭakas in Pāli in several volumes which will require an intelligent Pāli scholar some months just to read through. I propose, therefore, to confine myself today only to essentials, i.e., the fundamental truths of Buddhism.
Before Lord Buddha took upon himself the task of spreading the Dhamma, he remained in silent meditation for a continuous period of forty-nine days-seven days under the bodhi tree, and seven days each in six other spots nearby, enjoying from time to time the peace of supreme nibbāna and at other times going deeper, in investigation, into the most delicate problems of paramattha dhamma (ultimate realities). On the complete mastery of the law of paṭṭhana (the law of relations) in which infinite modes of relations between thought-moments are dealt with, there emerged from his body brilliant rays in six colours, which eventually settled down as a halo of six coloured rays around his head. He passed these seven-times-seven days of meditation without food. It is beyond us all to be without food for forty-nine days. The fact remains that throughout the period he was on a mental plane, as distinct from the physical plane wherein mankind normally resides. It is not the material food that maintains the fine material and life continuum of beings in the fine material worlds of brahmās, but the jhānic pīti (rapture arising from deep meditation), which in itself is a nutriment. This was the case with the Buddha whose existence during this long period was on a mental rather than physical plane. Our experiments in this line of research have firmly convinced us that for a man of such high intellectual and mental development as the Buddha, this is a possibility.
It was at daybreak on the fiftieth day of his Buddhahood when he arose from this long spell of meditation. Not that he was tired or exhausted, but, as he was no longer in the mental plane, he felt a longing for food. At that time, two traders from a foreign land were travelling in several carts loaded with merchandise through the Uruvelā forest. A deva of the forest who was their relative in one of the previous existences advised them to take the opportunity of paying homage to the all- enlightened Buddha who had just arisen from his meditation. They accordingly went to the place where the Buddha was seated, illumined by the halo of six coloured rays. They could not resist their feelings. They lay prostrate in worship and adoration before Buddha and later offered preserved rice cakes with honey for the first meal of the Buddha. They were accepted as his lay disciples. Upon requesting that they might be given some tokens for their worship, Buddha presented them with eight strands of hair from his head.
You will be surprised to know that these two traders were Tapussa and Bhallika of Okkalāpa, which today is known as Rangoon where you are at this moment. And the renowned Shwedagon, which you have all probably visited, is the pagoda in which was enshrined all the eight hair relics of Buddha under the personal direction of the then ruler of Okkalāpa, 2,540 years ago. It has been preserved and renovated until now by successive Buddhist kings and devotees. Unfortunately, however, these two traders of Okkalāpa, who had the privilege of becoming the first lay disciples of the Buddha, were disciples only by faith, without a taste of the Buddha Dhamma in actual practice which alone could give them deliverance from suffering and death. Faith is, no doubt, a preliminary requisite; but it is the practice of the teachings which really counts. The Buddha therefore said:
The path must be trodden by each
individual; Buddhas do but point the way.
Teachings of Buddha
Buddhism is not a religion according to its dictionary meaning because it has no centre in God, as is the case in all other religions. Strictly speaking, Buddhism is a system of philosophy coordinated with a code of morality, physical and mental. The goal in view is the extinction of suffering and death.
The Four Noble Truths taught by the Buddha in his first sermon known as Dhamma-cakka-pavattana Sutta (the discourse to set in motion the Wheel of Dhamma) form the basis on which is founded this system of philosophy. In fact, the first three of the Four Noble Truths expound the philosophy of Buddha while the fourth (the Eightfold Noble Path, which is a code of morality-cum-philosophy) serves as a means for the end. This first sermon was given to the five ascetics, led by Koṇḍañña, who were his early companions in search of truth. Koṇḍañña was the first disciple of the Buddha to practise to become an arahat (a holy one gone beyond the limitations of all fetters).
Now we come to the Four Noble Truths. They are as follows:
1. dukkha-sacca (truth of suffering)
2. samudaya-sacca (truth of the origin of suffering)
3. nirodha-sacca (truth of the extinction of suffering)
4. magga-sacca (truth of the path leading to the extinction of suffering).
To come to a complete understanding of the fundamental concepts in the philosophy of Buddha, emphasis is laid on the need for the realization of the truth of suffering. To bring home this point, Lord Buddha tackled the problem from two different angles.
First, by a process of reasoning, he made his disciples understand that life is a struggle. Life is suffering; birth is suffering; old age is suffering; illness is suffering; death is suffering. The influence of sensuality, however, is so strong in mankind that they are normally apt to forget themselves, to forget what they will have to pay thereby. Just think for a moment how life exists in the prenatal period; how from the moment of birth the child has to struggle for existence; what preparations he has to make to face life; what he has to struggle with as a man until he breathes his last.
You can very well imagine what life is. Life is indeed suffering.
The more one is attached to self, the greater is the suffering. In fact, what pains and sufferings a man has to undergo are suppressed in favour of momentary sensual pleasures, which are but occasional spotlights in darkness. But for the moha (delusion), which keeps him away from the truth, he surely would have worked out his way for emancipation from the rounds of life, suffering and death.
Secondly, the Buddha made it known to his disciples that the human body is composed of kalāpas (subatomic units), each dying out simultaneously as it arises. Each kalāpa is a mass formed of the following nature-elements:
1. paṭhavi extension (lit., earth)
2. āpo cohesion (lit., water)
3. tejo @@radiation (lit., heat and cold)
4. vāyo motion (lit., air)
5. vaṇṇo colour
6. gandho smell
7. raso taste
8. ojā nutritive essence
The first four are called mahā-bhūtas, i.e., essential material qualities which are predominant in a kalāpa. The other four are merely subsidiaries which are dependent upon and born out of the former. A kalāpa is the minutest particle noticeable in the physical plane. It is only when the eight nature-elements (which have merely a characteristic of behaviour) are together that the entity of a kalāpa is formed. In other words, the coexistence of these eight nature elements of behaviour makes a mass, which in Buddhism is known as a kalāpa. These kalāpas, according to the Buddha, are in a state of perpetual change or flux. They are nothing but a stream of energies, just like the light of a candle or an electric bulb. The body (as we call it), is not an entity as it seems to be, but is a continuum of matter and life-force coexisting.
To a casual observer a piece of iron is motionless. The scientist knows that it is composed of electrons all in a state of perpetual change or flux. If this is so with a piece of iron, what will be the case with a living organism, say a human being? The changes taking place inside a human body must be more violent. Does man feel the rocking vibrations within himself? Does the scientist who knows that all the electrons are in a perpetual state of change or flux ever feel that his own body is but energy and vibration? What will be the repercussion on the mental attitude of the man who introspectively sees that his own body is mere energy and vibration?
To quench thirst one may easily just drink a glass of water from a village well. Supposing his eyes are as powerful as microscopes, he would surely hesitate to drink the very same water in which he must see the magnified microbes. Similarly, when one comes to the realization of perpetual change within himself (anicca-impermanence), he must come to the understanding, as a sequel thereto, of the truth of suffering as a consequence of the sharp sense of feeling the radiation, vibration and friction of the atomic units within. Indeed life is suffering, both within and without, to all appearances and in ultimate reality.
When I say "life is suffering," as the Buddha taught, please be so good as not to run away with the idea that, if it is so, life is miserable, life is not worth living and the Buddhist concept of suffering is a terrible concept which will give you no chance of a reasonably happy life. What is happiness? For all that science has achieved in the field of materialism, are the peoples of the world happy? They may find sensual pleasures off and on, but in their heart of hearts they are not happy when they realize what has happened, what is happening and what may happen next. Why? This is because, while man has mastery of matter, he is still lacking in mastery over his mind.
Pleasure born of sensuality is nothing compared with the pīti (rapture) born of the inner peace of mind which can be secured through a process of Buddhist meditation. Sense pleasures are preceded and followed by troubles and pains as in the case of a rustic who finds pleasure in cautiously scratching the itches over his body, whereas pīti is free from such troubles and pains either way. Looking from a sensual field, it will be difficult for you to appreciate what that pīti is like. But, I know, you can also enjoy and have a taste of it for comparative valuation. There is therefore nothing to suppose that Buddhism teaches something which will make you feel miserable with the nightmare of suffering. But please take it from me that it will give you an escape from the normal conditions of life, a lotus as it were, in a pond of crystal water, immune from its fiery surroundings. It will give you that "peace within" which will satisfy you that you are getting beyond not only the day-to-day troubles of life, but slowly and surely beyond the limitation of life, suffering and death.
What, then, is the origin of suffering? The origin of it, the Buddha said, is taṇhā (craving). Once the seed of desire is sown, it grows into greed and multiplies into craving or lust, either for power or material gains. The man in whom this seed is sown becomes a slave to these cravings; and he is automatically driven to strenuous labours of mind and body to keep pace with them until the end comes. The final result must surely be the accumulation of the evil mental force generated by his own actions, words and thoughts which are motivated by the lobha (desire) and dosa (aversion) inherent in him.
Philosophically speaking again, it is the mental forces of actions (saṅkhāra) which react in the course of time on the person originating them, which are responsible for the stream of mind and matter, the origin of suffering within.
Path Leading to the Extinction of
Suffering
What, then, is the path leading to the extinction of suffering? The path is none other than the Noble Eightfold Path taught by the Buddha in his first sermon. This Eightfold Path is divided into three main stages, namely: sīla, samādhi and paññā.
Sīla (precept)
1. right speech
2. right action
3. right livelihood
Samādhi (concentration of mind)
4. right exertion
5. right attentiveness
6. right concentration
Paññā (wisdom-insight)
7. right aspiration
8. right understanding
It is our experience that under a proper guide, this inner peace and purity of mind can be secured by one and all, irrespective of their religion or creed.
Sīla
The three characteristic aspects of sīla are as follows:
1. sammā-vācā (right speech)
2. sammā-kammanta (right action)
3. sammā-ājiva (right livelihood)
By right speech is meant: speech which must be true, beneficial and neither foul nor malicious.
By right action is meant: fundamentals of morality which are opposed to killing, stealing, sexual misconduct and drunkenness.
By right livelihood is meant: ways of living by trades other than those which increase the suffering of all beings (such as slave trading, the manufacturing of weapons, and traffic in intoxicating drugs).
These represent generally the code of morality as initially pronounced by the Buddha in his very first sermon. Later, however, he amplified it and introduced separate codes for monks and lay disciples.
I need not worry you with what has been prescribed for monks. I will just let you know what the code of morality (the precepts for a Buddhist lay disciple) is. This is called the Pañca Sīla (Five Precepts). They are:
1. pāṇātipātā-abstention from killing any sentient beings. (Life is the most precious for all beings; and in prescribing this, Buddha's compassion extends to all beings.)
2. adinnādānā-abstention from taking what is not given. (This serves as a check against improper desire for possessions.)
3. kāmesu-micchācārā-abstention from sexual misconduct. (Sexual desire is dormant in man. It is irresistible to almost all. Unlawful sexual indulgence is therefore one which the Buddha prohibited.)
4. musāvādā-abstention from telling lies. (This precept is included to fulfil, by the way of speech, the essence of truth.)
5. surāmeraya-abstention from intoxication. (Intoxication causes a man to lose his steadfastness of mind and reasoning power so essential for the realization of truth.)
The Pañca Sīla are therefore intended to control actions and words and to serve as a foundation for samādhi (concentration of mind).
Samādhi
Ladies and gentlemen, we now come to the mental aspect of Buddhism which I'm sure will greatly interest you. In the second stage of the Eightfold Noble Path (that is, samādhi) are included:
1. sammā-vāyāma (right exertion)
2. sammā-sati (right attentiveness)
3. sammā-samādhi (right concentration)
Right exertion is of course the prerequisite for right attentiveness. Unless one makes a concerted effort to narrow down the range of thoughts of his wavering and unsteady mind, he cannot expect to secure that attentiveness of mind which in turn helps him bring the mind by right concentration to a state of one-pointedness and equanimity. It is here that the mind becomes freed from hindrances, pure and tranquil; illumined within and without. The mind in such a state becomes powerful and bright. Outside, it is represented by light which is just a mental reflex, with the light varying in degrees from that of a star to that of the sun. To be plain, this light which is reflected before the mind's eye in complete darkness is a manifestation of the purity, tranquillity and serenity of mind.
The Hindus work for it. To go from light into the void and come back to it, is truly Brahmānic. The New Testament, in Matthew, speaks of "body full of light." We also hear of Roman Catholic priests meditating regularly for this very miraculous light. The holy Qur'an, too, gives prominence to the "manifestation of divine light."
This mental reflex of light denotes the purity of mind within, and the purity of mind forms the essence of a religious life whether one be a Buddhist, Hindu, Christian or Muslim. Indeed the purity of mind is the greatest common denominator of all religions. Love, which alone is the means for the unity of mankind, must be supreme, and it cannot be so unless the mind is transcendently pure. A balanced mind is necessary to balance the unbalanced minds of others: "As a fletcher makes straight his arrow, a wise man makes straight his trembling and unsteady thought, which is difficult to guard, difficult to hold back." So said the Buddha. Exercise of mind is as necessary as exercise of the physical body. Why not, then, give exercise to mind and make it strong and pure so that you may enjoy the jhānic peace within? When inner peace begins to permeate the mind, you will surely progress in the knowledge of truth.
Believe it or not, it is our experience that under a proper guide, this inner peace and purity of mind can be secured by one and all, irrespective of their religion or creed, providing they have sincerity of purpose and are prepared to submit to the guide for the period of trial.
When by continued practice, one has complete mastery over his mind, he can enter into jhānic states (meditative states of deep absorption) and gradually develop himself to acquire samāpattis (attainments) which will give him supernormal powers the same as those exercised by Kāḷa-Devala, the hermit teacher of King Suddhodana. This, of course, must be tried in penance and away from human habitations, but is rather dangerous for those who still have traces of passion in them. Anyway, such a practice, which gives supernormal powers in this mundane field, was not encouraged by Buddha, whose sole object of developing samādhi was to have the purity and strength of mind essential for the realization of truth. We have in Buddhism forty different methods of concentration of which the most outstanding is Ānāpāna, i.e., concentration on the incoming and outgoing breath, the method followed by all Buddhas.
Paññā
Ladies and gentlemen, I will now take up the philosophical aspect of Buddhism in the third stage of the Noble Eightfold Path: paññā (insight).
The two characteristic aspects of paññā are:
1. sammā-saṅkappa (right aspiration)
2. sammā-diṭṭhi (right understanding)
Right understanding of the truth is the aim and object of Buddhism. Right aspiration is the analytical study of mind and matter, both within and without, in order to come to the realization of truth.
You have heard of nāma and rūpa (mind and matter) so many times, I owe you a further explanation.
Nāma is so called because of its tendency to incline towards an object of the senses. Rūpa is so called because of its impermanence due to perpetual change. The nearest terms in English to nāma and rūpa therefore are mind and matter. I say "nearest" because the meaning is not exact.
Nāma, strictly speaking, is the term applied to the following:
1. consciousness (viññāṇa)
2. feeling (vedanā)
3. perception (saññā)
4. volitional energies (saṅkhāra)
These together with rūpa in the material state make what we call the Pañca-khandhas (five aggregates). It is with the five aggregates that the Buddha summed up all the mental and physical phenomena of existence (which in reality is a continuum of mind and matter coexisting, but which to a layman is his personality or ego).
In sammā-saṅkappa (right aspiration), the disciple who, by then, has developed the powerful lens of samādhi, focuses his attention into his own self and by introspective meditation makes an analytical study of the nature: first, of rūpa (matter) and then of nāma (mind and mental properties). He feels (and at times he also sees) the kalāpas in their true state. He begins to realize that both rūpa and nāma are in a constant state of change- impermanent and fleeting. As his power of concentration increases, the nature of forces in him becomes more and more vivified. He can no longer get out of the impression that the Pañca khandhas (five aggregates) are suffering within the law of cause and effect. He is now convinced that, in reality, all is suffering within and without, and that there is nothing such as ego. He longs for a state beyond suffering. So eventually getting out of the bonds of suffering, he moves from the mundane to the supramundane state and enters the stream of sotāpanna, the first of the four stages of ariyas (noble ones). Then he becomes free from: (1) ego; (2) doubts;
(3) attachment to rules and rituals. The second stage is sakadāgāmi, on coming to which, sensuous craving and ill will become attenuated. He ceases to have any passion or anger when he reaches the third stage of anāgāmi. The stage of arahat is the final goal.
Each of the ariyas can feel what nibbāna is like, even as a human being, for any number of times as he may choose, by going into the fruition stage of sotāpanna, etc., which gives him the nibbānic peace within.
This peace within which is identified with nibbāna has no parallel because it is supramundane. Compared to this, the jhānic peace within (which I mentioned earlier in dealing with samādhi) is negligible because, while the nibbānic peace within takes one beyond the thirty-one planes of existence, the jhānic peace within will still keep him within these planes-for example, in the fine material world of the brahmās.
Ladies and gentlemen, just a word more. What I have said here are just some of the fundamental aspects of Buddhism. With the time at my disposal, I hope I have given you my best.
To come to a state of purity of mind with a light before you; to go to the jhānic state at will; to experience, for yourselves, nibbānic peace within: these are all within your reach.
Why not, then, try for the first two at least which are within the confines of your own religion? I am prepared to give any help that you may require.
May I again express my gratitude to you all for the patient listening.
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Sīla (úĽ)
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2. łsright action
3. łśright livelihood
Samādhi (^W)
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5. łOright attentiveness
6. łWright concentration
Paññā (qdE´@)
7. łvŇright aspiration
8. łŠright understanding
Sīla
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1. sammā-vācāiłęj (right speech)
2. sammā-kammantaiłsj (right action)
3. sammā-ājivaiłśj (right livelihood)
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1. sammā-vāyāma ł¸i (right exertion)
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3. sammā-samādhi łč (right concentration)
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pjĚÁĽIČńÂ̤ĘÍĚƨčšB
1. sammā-saṅkappa łvŇ@(right aspiration)
2. sammā-diṭṭhi łŠ@@(right understanding)
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hř¨đXŻÄžłÁ˝FlÉAüßÄ´Ó\ľă°ÜˇB
Lecture No. 3 (14 October 1951)
My talk on "What Buddhism Is" will not be complete without a reference, though in brief, to the law of paṭicca samuppāda (the Law of Dependent Origination) and the law of paṭṭhana (the law of relations, or cause and effect).
It will be recalled that in summing up my first lecture, I mentioned how Prince Siddhattha, the wandering ascetic, realized the truth and became Buddha. Lest you forget, I will repeat that portion again.
"Verily, Prince Siddhatta attained sammā sambodhi and became Buddha, the Awakened One, the Enlightened One, the All-knowing One. He was awake in a way compared with which all others were asleep and dreaming. He was enlightened in a way compared with which all other men were stumbling and groping in the dark. His knowing was with the knowledge compared with which, what all other men know is but a kind of ignorance."
All religions, no doubt, claim to show the way to truth. In Buddhism, as long as one has not realized the truth, i.e., the Four Noble Truths, he is in ignorance. It is this ignorance (avijjā) that is responsible for the generation of mental forces (saṅkhāra) which regulate the life continuum (viññāṇa) in all sentient beings. Just as the life continuum is established in a new existence, mind and matter (nāma and rūpa) appear automatically and correlatively. These, in turn, are developed into a vehicle or body with sense centres (saḷāyatanā).
These sense centres give rise to contact(phassa); and the contact of these sense centres with sense objects gives rise to sense impressions [sensations] (vedanā) which have the effect of arousing desire (taṇhā) followed closely by attachment or clinging to desire (upādāna). It is this attachment or clinging to desire which is the cause of becoming (bhava) or existence, with the attendant birth, old age, illness, death, anxiety, agony, pains, etc., all of which denote "suffering." In this way Buddha traced the origin of suffering to ignorance.
The Buddha said:
Ignorance is the origin of mental forces; mental forces, the origin of the life continuum; life continuum, the origin of mind and matter; mind and matter, the origin of sense centres; sense centres, the origin of contact; contact, the origin of impression [sensation]; impression [sensation], the origin of desire; desire, the origin of attachment; attachment, the origin of becoming (existence); becoming (existence), the origin of birth; birth, the origin of old age, illness, death, anxiety, agony, pains, etc. (which are all suffering).
This chain of origination is called the Law of Dependent Origination. The root cause for all these is therefore avijjā or ignorance, i.e., ignorance of the truth. It is true superficially that desire is the origin of suffering. This is so simple. When you want a thing, desire is aroused. You have to work for it or you suffer for it. But this is not enough. The Buddha said, "The five aggregates which are nothing but mind and matter also are suffering." The truth of suffering in Buddhism is complete only when one realizes the truth by seeing mind and matter as they really are (both within and without) and not as they seem to be.
The truth of suffering is therefore something which must be experienced before it can be understood. For example, we all know from science that everything that exists is nothing but vibration caused by the whirling movement of an infinite number of electrons. But how many of us can persuade ourselves to believe that our own bodies are subject to the same law? Why not then try to feel them as they really are, in so far as it relates to yourself? One must be above the mere physical condition for this purpose. He must develop mental energy powerful enough to see things in their true state. With developed mental power, one can see through-and- through, more than what one can see with the help of the latest scientific instruments. If that be so, why should one not see what is happening precisely in his own self- the atoms, the electrons and whatnot-all changing fast and yet never ending. It is, of course, by no means easy.
In reality our "suffering within" is a sequel to the keen sense of feeling the vibration, radiation and friction of the atomic units experienced through the process of introspective meditation called Vipassana, with the aid of the powerful lens of samādhi. Not knowing this truth is indeed ignorance. Knowing this truth in its ultimate reality means destruction of the root cause of suffering: that is, ignorance, with all the links in the chain of causation ending with what we call "life," with its characteristics of old age, illness, anxiety, agony, pains, and so on.
So much for the Law of Dependent Origination and the root cause of suffering.
Let us now turn our attention to the causal law of relations as expounded by the Buddha in the law of Paṭṭhana of the Abhidhamma Piṭaka. This is the law, in the course of the analytical study of which, six coloured rays emerged from the person of Buddha during his uninterrupted meditation for forty-nine days (soon after the attainment of Buddhahood). We have five volumes of about five hundred pages of Pāli text on this very delicate subject. I will give here only just an idea of the law.
There are twenty-four types of relations on which the fundamental principles of cause and effect in Buddhism are based. These are as follows:
1. condition @@@@(hetu)
2. object (ārammaṇa)
3. dominance @@@@(adhipati)
4. contiguity @@@@(anantara)
5. immediate contiguity (samanantara)
6. coexistence (sahajāta)
7. reciprocity @@@@ (aññamañña)
8. dependence (nissaya)
9. sufficing condition (upanissaya)
10. antecedence (purejāta)
11. consequence (pacchājāta)
12. succession (āsevana)
13. action (kamma)
14. effect (vipāka)
15. support (āhāra)
16. control (indriya)
17. ecstasy (jhāna)
18. means (magga)
19. association (sampayutta)
20. dissociation (vippayutta)
21. presence (atthi)
22. absence (natthi)
23. abeyance (vigata)
24. continuance (avigata)
I will explain to you now about the correlation of hetu (condition) and kamma (action) and the effect produced by their causes as I understand them.
Hetu is the condition of the mind at one conscious moment of each kamma action, whether physical, vocal or mental. Each kamma therefore produces a condition of mind which is either moral, immoral or neutral. This is what in Buddhism we call kusala dhamma, akusala dhamma and abyākata dhamma. These dhammas are mere forces (i.e., mental forces), which collectively create the universe of mental forces.
Moral (kusala) forces are positive forces generated from kammas (actions, words and thoughts) motivated by such good deeds as alms-giving, welfare work, devotion, purification of mind, and so on.
Immoral (akusala) forces are negative forces generated from kammas (actions, words and thoughts) motivated by desire, greed, lust, anger, hatred, dissatisfaction, delusion, and so on.
Neutral (abyākata) forces are neither moral nor immoral, as in the case of an arahat who has got rid of all traces of ignorance (avijjā). In the case of an arahat, contact (phassa) of sense objects with sense centres produces no sense impressions (vedanā) whatsoever, just as no impression is possible on flowing water which is ever-changing. To him, the whole framework of the body is but an ever- changing mass and any impression thereon automatically breaks away with the mass.
Let us now address the moral and immoral forces generated by conditioned actions with the planes of existence. For this purpose, I will classify the planes of existence roughly as follows:
Arūpa and Rūpa Brahmā Planes
These are beyond the range of sensuality. Supreme love, supreme compassion, supreme joy at the success and greatness of others, and supreme equanimity of mind are the four qualities of mind which generate transcendently pure, brilliant and extremely pleasing, cool and light mental forces which find their location in the highest of the planes of existence. This is the reason why in these planes matter is superfine and there is nothing but radiance. The vehicles or bodies of the brahmās cannot be identified with matter, but
with radiation or light.
Sensuous Planes
These consist of:
1. planes of celestial beings
2. human world
3. planes of lower forms of existence
Planes of Celestial Beings
All good or meritorious deeds, words or thoughts which have a taint of desire for future well-being create moral mental forces which are considerably pure, luminous, pleasant and light. These find their location in the higher planes of celestial beings where matter is fine, luminous, pleasant and light. These celestial beings therefore have astral bodies varying in fineness, luminosity and colour according to the planes to which they belong. Ordinarily they live in heavenly bliss until their own moral mental forces are consumed; then they revert to the lower planes of existence.
Planes of the Lower Forms of Existence
(I will come to the human world last.)
All malicious, evil, demeritorious actions, words and thoughts create mental forces which are by nature impure, dark, fiery, heavy and hard. The most impure, dark, fiery, heavy and hard mental forces should therefore find their place in hell, the lowest of the four planes of existence.
The matter in these planes must therefore be hard, crude, unpleasant and hot. The human world is just above the concentration of these forces, which are meant for consumption (to be experienced) by those beings destined for the lower forms of existence. These beings, with the exception of those in the animal world, are invisible to the ordinary human eye but visible to those who have developed the higher powers of samādhi and secured the divine eye. Here suffering-both physical and mental-predominates. This is just the reverse of what happens in the planes of celestial beings.
Human World
Now I come to the human world, this half- way house between heaven and hell. We experience pleasure and pain mixed together in degrees, as determined by our own past kamma. From here, we can, by developing our mental attitude, draw in our own mental forces from the higher planes. It is also from here that we can go down to the depths of depravity and tune up with the forces of the lower order.
There is no such constancy as in the other planes of existence. One may be a saint today, but he can be a rogue thereafter. He may be rich today, but he may soon become poor. The vicissitudes of life here are very conspicuous. There is no man who is stable, no family which is stable, no community which is stable, no nation which is stable.
All are subject to the law of kamma. As this kamma comes out of "mind" which is ever-changing, the effects of kamma must necessarily also be changing.
As long as man has inherent impurities in him and dies with the mental attitude tuned up with the mental forces of a plane of lower existence; then, at the last moment of his death, the next existence is automatically in that lower plane (to clear, one might say, his debit account of mental forces there).
On the other hand if, at the moment of death, his mental attitude is associated with the forces in the human world, the next existence can be in the human world again. If, however, his mental attitude at the last moment of death is associated with the reminiscence of his good deeds, the next existence will normally be in the celestial world (where one enjoys the credit balance of his own mental forces in that plane). One goes to the Brahmā world, if at the moment of death his mind is not sensual, but is pure and tranquil.
This is how kamma plays its role in Buddhism with mathematical precision.
These, ladies and gentlemen, are the essential teachings of Buddha. How these teachings affect the individual depends on how one takes them.
The same applies to the family, the community or the people in general. We have Buddhists in faith and Buddhists in practice. Yet there is another class of Buddhists who are simply labelled "Buddhists" at birth. Only Buddhists in actual practice can secure the change in mental attitude and outlook. Let them only observe the five precepts; they are the followers of the teachings of Buddha. If this were followed by all the Buddhists in Burma, there would be no internecine strife such as we are having here in Burma. But there is another disturbing factor: that is, the bodily requirements. One must have the bare necessities of life. Life is more precious to him than anything else. The tendency therefore is to break the laws of discipline, whether religious or governmental, for one's self- preservation and for the preservation of others depending on him.
What is most essential is the generation of pure and good mental forces to combat the evil mental forces which dominate mankind. This is by no means easy. One cannot rise to the level of pure mental attitude without the help of a teacher. If we want effective power to combat these forces, we must work for it according to Dhamma. Modern science has given us, for what it is worth, the atomic bomb, the most wonderful and yet at the same time the most dreadful product of man's intelligence. Is man using his intelligence in the right direction? Is he creating good or bad mental forces, according to the spirit of Buddhism? It is our will that decides how and upon what subject we shall use intelligence.Instead of using intelligence only for the conquest of atomic energy in matter without, why not use it also for the conquest of atomic energy within?
This will give us the "peace within" and enable us to share it with all others. We will then radiate such powerful and purified mental forces as will successfully counteract the evil forces which are all around us. Just as the light of a single candle has the power to dispel darkness in a room, so also the light developed in one man can help dispel the darkness in several others.
To imagine that good can be done by the means of evil is an illusion, a nightmare. The case in point is that of Korea. For all the loss of lives on both sides, now over one million, are we nearer to, or further away, from peace? These are the lessons which we have learned. Change of mankind's mental attitude through religion alone is the solution. What is necessary at the moment is mastery over the mind and not only mastery over matter.
In Buddhism we differentiate between loka dhātu and dhamma dhātu. By dhātu is meant the nature-elements or forces. Loka dhātu is therefore matter (with its nature- elements) within the range of the physical plane. Dhamma dhātu, however, comprises mind, mental properties and some aspects of nature-elements which are not in the physical but in the mental plane. Modern science deals with what we call loka dhātu. It is just a base for dhamma dhātu in the mental plane. A step further and we come to the mental plane; not with the knowledge of modern science, but with the knowledge of Buddha-Dhamma in practice.
At least Mr. H. Overstreet, author of The Mature Mind (W.W. Norton & Co., Inc., New York) is optimistic about what is in store for mature minds. He writes:
The characteristic knowledge of our century is psychological. Even the most dramatic advances in physics and chemistry are chiefly applications of known methods of research. But the attitude toward human nature and human experience that has come in our time is new.
This attitude could not have come earlier. Before it came, there had to be long preparation. Physiology had to be a developed science; for the psychological person is also physiological. His makeup, among other things, is a matter of brain tissue, of nerves, of glands, of organs of touch, smell and sight. It was not until about seventy years ago that physiology was sufficiently developed to make psycho-physical research possible, as in the laboratories of the distinguished German psychologist, William Wundt. But before physiology there had to be a developed science of biology. Since brain, nerves, glands and the rest depend upon all processes, the science of the living cell had to have its maturing before a competent physiology could emerge.
But before biology, there had to be chemistry; and before chemistry, physics; and before physics, mathematics. So the long preparation goes back into the centuries.
There is, in short, a time clock of science. Each science has to wait until its hour strikes. Today, at least, the time clock of science strikes the hours of psychology, and a new enlightenment begins.
To be sure, the interests explored by this latest of the sciences are themselves old; but the accuracy of research is new. There is, in brief, a kind of iron logic that is in control. Each science has to wait for its peculiar accuracy until its predecessor has supplied the data and tools out of which its accuracy can be made.
The time clock of science has struck a new hour: a new insight begins to be at our service.
May I say that it is the Buddha Dhamma which should be studied by one and all for a new insight into the realities of human nature. In Buddhism we have the cure for all the mental ills that affect mankind. It is the evil forces of the mind, past and present, that are responsible for the present state of affairs all over the world.
Nowadays, there is dissatisfaction almost everywhere. Dissatisfaction creates ill feeling. Ill feeling creates hatred. Hatred creates enmity. Enmity creates war. War creates enemies. Enemies create war. War creates enemies, and so on. It is now getting into a vicious cycle. Why? Certainly because there is lack of proper control over the mind.
What is man? Man is after all mental forces personified. What is matter? Matter is nothing but mental forces materialized, a result of the reaction of the moral (positive) and immoral (negative) forces.
Buddha said: Cittena niyate loko (the world is mind-made). Mind therefore predominates everything. Let us then study the mind and its peculiar characteristics and solve the problem that is now facing the world.
There is a great field for practical research in Buddhism. Buddhists in Burma will always welcome whoever is anxious to have the benefit of their experience.
Ladies and gentlemen, I have made an attempt to give you the best of what I know about Buddhism. I shall be glad to give any interested person further explanation on any point that he may wish to discuss. I am grateful to you for the kind attendance and the interest taken in my lectures. May I again thank the clergy of the church for the permission so kindly given for this series of lectures.
Peace to all beings.
The depth of my profound respect and
feeling of gratitude towards Gotama Buddha, the master teacher, the Dhamma, his
teaching universal, and the Saṅgha, who have preserved the
teachings and followed them, is unfathomable.
-S.N. Goenka
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2. ÎŰ (ārammaṇa)
3. DĘŤ (adhipati)
4. ×ÚŤ (anantara)
5. źÚĚ×ÚŤ (samanantara)
6. ¤ś (sahajāta)
7. ÝŤ (aññamañña)
8. Ëś (nissaya)
9. [Ťđ (upanissaya)
10. ćsŤ (purejāta)
11. Ę (pacchājāta)
12. pł (āsevana)
13. s× (kamma)
14. Ę (vipāka)
15. xŚ (āhāra)
16. §ä (indriya)
17. (jhāna)
18. či (magga)
19. ŃÂŤ(sampayutta)
20. đŁ (vippayutta)
21. śÝ (atthi)
22. sÝ (natthi)
23. â~ (vigata)
24. pą (avigata)
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Hetu are the root
causes such as greed, hatred, and delusion (or their opposites) which condition
the volitional intention (cetanā) in a given moment
of consciousness, thereby determining whether a kamma is kusala,
akusala, or abyākata.
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-S.N. SGJ
The Real Values of True Buddhist
Meditation
by Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin
In December 1961, the Prime Minister of the State of Israel, David Ben Gurion, visited Burma. A delegation of Israeli press representatives also came to Burma to report on this event. Sayagyi was invited to address a gathering of these journalists, who were invited to tea at the International Meditation Centre. Those who attended the talk were already acquainted with the booklet "What Buddhism Is" by Sayagyi.
From discussions with one of the journalists prior to the talk, Sayagyi concluded that the Israelis were more interested in the present values of Buddhist meditation than in what would be gained in an afterlife. Accordingly, he named his paper "The Real Values of True Buddhist Meditation," and drew from the wealth of his own personal experiences, and those of his students, to illustrate this point. Included was an extensive set of charts, graphs and examples drawn from Sayagyi's active career in government service, demonstrating the productive potential of a calm and balanced mind.
Presented here is the slightly abridged introductory portion of the paper, which was published by the Buddha Sāsana Council Press, Rangoon, in 1962.
Preface
Man needs rest and peace of mind, which means and includes living a full life. The best means of attaining the real peace of mind is meditation.
The main object of Buddhist meditation is the realization of the ultimate goal of life leading to nirvana. Experience, however, proves that the process of meditation inevitably involves the importance of the two aspects of present-day life, namely, acquisition of mental equilibrium and of physical fitness.
A man who has undergone courses of Buddhist meditation is able to make quick decisions, correct and sound judgment and concerted effort-mental capabilities which definitely contribute to success in life. And at the same time, by the same process of purification of mind, the physical body becomes cleansed and physical fitness is ensured. To attain these objectives, the correct method or technique of meditation is essential.
Herein lies the simple and yet efficient technique of U Ba Khin, who is the founder of the International Meditation Centre, which is, so far as experience goes, one of the best of all meditation centres.
Those who are willing to enjoy a full life involving mental bliss of peace and physical wellbeing without, of course, dedicating themselves to self [importance], are well- advised to visit the centre and take a course under his guidance.
-Lun Baw (Chairman,
Public Service Commission, Burma)
The Foundation of a Buddhist
A Buddhist is a person who takes refuge in the Buddha, the Dhamma and the Saṅgha.
We have four categories of Buddhists, namely:
1. bhaya (a Buddhist because of danger);
2. labha (a Buddhist because of need for gratification);
3. kula (a Buddhist because of birth);
4. saddhā (a Buddhist because of faith).
Buddhists may be further divided into two classes, namely:
1. those who intend to make a bid for release in this very life;
2. those who are just accumulating the virtues(pārami) with a view to becoming:
a) Buddha (enlightened person; one who has discovered the way to liberation, has practised it, and has reached the goal by his own efforts);
b) Pacceka Buddha ("lone" or "silent" Buddha, who is unable to teach the way he has found to others);
c) agga sāvaka (chief disciples);
d) mahā sāvaka (leading disciples);
e) arahat (liberated being; one who has destroyed all his mental impurities)
For the consummation of the vow to become a Buddha, pacceka Buddha, and so on, the length of time that is required for the accumulation of virtues is roughly:
1. For
(a) Viriyādhika Buddha: sixteen asaṅkheyyas and one hundred thou- sand kappas (world cycles).
(b) Saddhādhika Buddha: eight asaṅkheyyas and one hundred thou- sand kappas.
(c) Paññādhika Buddha: four asaṅkheyyas and one hundred thou- sand kappas.
2. For a Pacceka Buddha: two asaṅkheyyas and one hundred thousand kappas.
3. For an agga sāvaka: one asaṅkheyya and one hundred thousand kappas.
4. For a mahā sāvaka: one hundred thousand kappas.
5. For an arahat: one hundred to one thousand kappas or thereabouts.
The predominating factor of Viriyādhika, is effort; of saddhādhika, faith; of paññādhika, wisdom.
Once a person becomes a Buddhist, he acquires the seed of Buddha-Dhamma which he is to develop according to his capacity. Every Buddhist is expected to walk on the Noble Eightfold Path to attain the goal of nibbāna in his capacity as a Buddha or a pacceka Buddha, or agga sāvaka, etc.
Amongst those who intend to make a bid for release in the same lifetime, there are four types of individuals, namely:
1. ugghatitaññu
2. vipañcitaññu
3. neyya
4. padaparama
An ugghatitaññu is an individual who encounters a Buddha in person and who is capable of attaining the holy path and holy truth through the mere hearing of a short discourse.
A vipañcitaññu is an individual who canattāin the Path and the Fruits only when a discourse is expounded to him at some considerable length.
A neyya is an individual who has not the capability of attaining the Path and the Fruits through the hearing of either a short or long discourse, but who must make a study of the teachings and practise the provisions contained therein for days, months and years in order that he may attain the Path and the Fruits.
In this connection, to a question raised by Bodhi Rājakumāra, Buddha said:
"I cannot say what exactly should be the time for the complete realization of the truth. Even assuming that you renounce the world and join the order of my Saṅgha, it might take you seven years or six years or five years or four years or three years or two years or one year as the case may be. Nay, it can be six months or three months or two months or one month. One the other hand, I do not also discount the possibility of attainment of arahat-ship in a fortnight or seven days or in one day or even in a fraction of a day. It depends upon so many factors."
A padaparama is an individual who, though he encounters a Buddha sāsana (era when Buddha's teachings are available), and puts forth the utmost possible effort in both the study and practice of the Dhamma, cannot attain the Paths and the Fruits within this lifetime. All that he can do is to accumulate habits and potentials. Such a person cannot obtain release from saṃsāra (the cycle of rebirth) within his lifetime. If he dies while practising samatha for samādhi (calm), or Vipassana for paññā (insight), and secures rebirth either as a human being or a deva in his next existence, he canattāin the Path and the Fruits in that existence within the present Buddha sāsana, which is to last for five thousand years from the date of the passing away of the Buddha into mahā parinibbāna (final great extinction, freedom from suffering).
It is therefore to be assumed that only those quite matured in the accumulation of virtues (pārami), such as those of the four types of individuals referred to above, will be inclined to make that bid for release and take seriously to courses of Buddhist meditation. As a corollary, we have no doubt that whoever is determined to follow strictly and diligently the Noble Eightfold Path through a course of Buddhist meditation under the guidance of a qualified teacher, is an individual of either a neyya or padaparama type.
The Essence of Buddha-Dhamma
The Buddha-Dhamma is subtle, deep, and difficult to understand. It is by strictly and diligently following the Noble Eightfold Path that one can:
1. come to the realization of the truth of suffering or ill,
2. annihilate the cause of suffering and then
3. come to the end of it.
Only the accomplished saint, only the arahat, can fully understand the truth of suffering or ill. As the truth of suffering is realized, the causes of suffering become automatically destroyed, and so, one eventually comes to the end of suffering or ill. What is most important in the understanding of the Buddha-Dhamma is the realization of the truth of suffering or ill through a process of meditation in accordance with the three steps of sīla, samādhi and paññā of the Noble Eightfold Path. As the Buddha put it:
"It is difficult to shoot from a distance, arrow after arrow, through a narrow keyhole and miss not once. It is more difficult to shoot and penetrate with the tip of a hair, split a hundred times, a piece of hair similarly split. It is still more difficult to penetrate to the fact that 'all this is suffering or ill.' "
He, who has by the practice of Buddha- Dhamma passed into the four streams of sanctity and enjoyed the four fruitions, can appreciate the six attributes of the Dhamma, namely:
1. The Dhamma is not the result of conjecture or speculation, but the result of personal attainments, and it is precise in every respect.
2. The Dhamma produces beneficial results here and now for those who practise it in accordance with the techniques evolved by the Buddha.
3. The effect of Dhamma on the person practising it is immediate in that it has the quality of simultaneously removing the causes of suffering with the understanding of the truth of suffering.
4. The Dhamma can stand the test of those who are anxious to do so. They can know for themselves what the benefits are.
5. The Dhamma is part of one's own self, and is therefore susceptible of ready investigation.
6. The fruits of Dhamma can be fully experienced by the eight types of noble disciples, namely:
a) one who has attained the first path of sanctity, called sotāpatti magga;
b) one who has attained the first fruition of sanctity, called sotāpatti phala;
c) one who has attained the second path of sanctity, called sakadāgāmi magga;
d) one who has attained the second frui- tion of sanctity, called sakadāgāmi phala;
e) one who has attained the third path of sanctity, called anāgāmi magga;
f) one who has attained the third fruition of sanctity, called anāgāmi phala;
g) one who has attained the fourth path of sanctity called arahatta magga;
h) one who has attained the fourth fruition of sanctity and thus becomes an arahat.
On The Path (Training at the Meditation
Centre)
Whoever is desirous of undergoing a course of training in Buddhist meditation must go along the Noble Eightfold Path. This Noble Eightfold Path was laid down by Buddha in his first sermon to the five ascetics (Pañca vaggiya) as a means to the end, and all that is necessary for the student is to follow strictly and diligently the three steps of sīla, samādhi, and paññā, which form the essence of the said Noble Eightfold Path.
Sīla (precepts)
1. right speech
2. right action
3. right livelihood
Samādhi (concentration of mind)
4. right exertion
5. right attentiveness
6. right concentration
Paññā (wisdom-insight)
7. right contemplation
8. right understanding
Sīla
For the first step, i.e., sīla, the student will have to maintain a minimum standard of morality by way of a promise to refrain from killing sentient beings, stealing others' property, committing sexual misconduct, telling lies and taking intoxicating drinks. This promise is not, I believe, detrimental to any religious faith. As a matter of fact, we have noticed good moral qualities in foreigners who come to the centre for courses of meditation, and a promise of this kind was of no moment to them.
Samādhi
This is the second step for the development of the power of concentration to one- pointedness of mind. It is a way of training the mind to become tranquil, pure, and strong, and therefore forms the essence of religious life, whether one be a Buddhist, a Jew, a Christian, a Hindu, a Muslim, or a Sikh. It is, in fact, the greatest common denominator of all religions. Unless one can get the mind freed from the impurities (nivaraṇa) and develop it to a state of purity, he can hardly identify himself with the Brahmā or God. Although different methods are used by people of different religions, the goal for the development of mind is the same, i.e., a perfect state of physical and mental calm. The student at the centre is helped to develop the power of concentration to one- pointedness by being encouraged to focus his attention to a spot on the upper lip at the base of the nose,synchronizing the inward and outward motion of respiration with silent awareness of in-breath and out-breath.
Whether the induction of life is from the mental forces (saṅkhāra) of one's own actions as in Buddhism, or from God as in Christianity, the symbol of life is all the same. It is the rhythm, pulsation, or vibration latent in man. Respiration is, in fact, a reflection of this symbol of life. In the Ānāpāna meditation technique (i.e, that of respiration mindfulness) which is followed at the centre, one great advantage is that the respiration is not only natural, but also available at all times for the purpose of anchoring one's attention to it, to the exclusion of all other thoughts. With a determined effort to narrow down the range of thought waves firstly to the area around the nose with respiration mindfulness and gradually with the wavelength of respiration becoming shorter and shorter to a spot on the upper lip with just the warmth of the breath, there is no reason why a good student in meditation should not be able to secure the one-pointedness of mind in a few days of training.
There are always pointers to the progress of this meditation when steered in the right direction, by way of symbols which take the form of something "white" as opposed to anything "black." Rather, they are in the form of clouds or cotton wool, and sometimes in shapes of white as of smoke or cobwebs or a flower or disc; but when the attention becomes more concentrated, they appear as flashes or points of light or as a tiny star or moon or sun. If these pointers appear in meditation (of course with eyes closed), then it should be taken for granted that samādhi is being established.
What is essential, then, for the student is to try after each short spell of relaxation to get back to samādhi with the pointer of "light" as quickly as possible. If he can do this, he is quite ready to be switched on to Vipassana meditation to gain insight into the ultimate truth and enjoy the great peace of nibbāna. If he is able to focus his attention to one point at the base of the nose with a minute point of light remaining stationary for some time, it is all the better, because at that time he reaches the upacāra samādhi or "neighbourhood concentration."
"Mind is intrinsically pure," said the Buddha. "It becomes polluted, however, by the absorption of impurities (akusala forces)." In the same way as salt water can be distilled into pure water, so also a student in Ānāpāna meditation can eventually get his mind distilled of impurities and brought to a perfect state of purity.
Paññā
Paññā means insight into what is true of nature and is realized only when one has attained the Paths of sanctity (magga) and enjoyed the Fruits (phala) of his endeavours in Buddhist meditation. Meditation is inseparable from the development of the power of mind towards samādhi and the intimate study of what is true of nature towards the realization of the truth.
When the student has reached a certain level of samādhi, preferably the upacāra samādhi, the course of training is changed to Vipassana or insight. This requires the use of the powerful lens of samādhi already developed and involves an examination of the inherent tendencies of all that exists within one's own self. He is taught to become sensitive to the ongoing processes of his own organism, which in other words are atomic reactions ever taking place in all living beings. When the student becomes engrossed with such sensations, which are the products of nature, he comes to the realization, physically and mentally, of the truth that his whole physical being is after all a changing mass. This is the fundamental concept of anicca in Buddhism- the nature of change that is ever taking place in everything, whether animate or inanimate, that exists in this universe. The corollary is the concept of dukkha-the innate nature of suffering or ill-which becomes identified with life. This is true because of the fact that the whole structure of a being is made up of atoms (kalāpas in Buddhism) all in a state of perpetual combustion.
The last concept is that of anattā. You call a "substance" what appears to you to be a substance. In reality there is no substance as such. As the course of meditation progresses, the student comes to the realization that there is no substantiality in his so-called self, and there is no such thing as the core of a being. Eventually he breaks away the egocentrism in him-both in respect to mind and body. He then emerges out of meditation with a new outlook-ego-less and self-less-alive to the fact that whatever happens in this universe is subject to the fundamental law of cause and effect. He knows with his inward eye the illusory nature of the separate self.
The Fruits of Meditation
The fruits of meditation are innumerable. They are embodied in the discourse on the advantages of a samaṇa's life (Sāmaññaphala Sutta). The very object of becoming a samaṇa or monk is to follow strictly and diligently the Noble Eightfold Path and enjoy not only the Fruits (phala) of sotāpatti, sagadāgāmi, anāgāmi and arahata, but also to develop many kinds of faculties. A layman who takes to meditation to gain insight into the ultimate truth, also has to work in the same way; and if his potentials are good, he may also enjoy a share of those fruits and faculties.
Only those who take to meditation with good intentions can be assured of success. With the development of the purity and the power of the mind backed by the insight into the ultimate truth of nature, one might be able to do a lot of things in the right direction for the benefit of mankind.
Buddha said:"O monks, develop the power of concentration. He who is developed in the power of concentration sees things in their true perspective."
This is true of a person who is developed in samādhi. It must be all the more so in the case of a person who is developed not only in samādhi but also in paññā (insight).
It is a common belief that a man, whose power of concentration is good and can secure a perfect balance of mind at will, can achieve better results than a person who is not so developed. There are, therefore, definitely many advantages that accrue to a person who undergoes a successful course of training in meditation, whether he be a religious man, an administrator, a politician, a businessman or a student.
My own case may be cited as an example. If I have to say something here about myself, it is with a sincere desire and with no other motive whatsoever, to illustrate just what practical benefits can accrue to a person practising Buddhist meditation. The events are factual and, of course, one cannot deny the facts.
These are as follows:
I took up Buddhist meditation seriously from January 1937. My life sketch in "Who is Who" of the Guardian Magazine, December 1961 gives an account of the duties and responsibilities of government, which I have been discharging from time to time. I retired from the service of government from 26 March 1953 on attaining the age of fifty- five years, but was re-employed as from that date until now in various capacities, most of the time holding two or more separate posts equivalent to those of heads of departments. At a time I was holding three separate sanctioned appointments of the status of head of a department for nearly three years, and on another occasion four such sanctioned posts simultaneously for about a year.
In addition, there were also a good number of special assignments either as member of standing committees in the departments of Prime Minister and National Planning or as chairman or member of ad hoc committees.
Dr. Elizabeth K. Nottingham in her paper entitled "Buddhist Meditation in Burma" asked,
"May it (meditation) not possibly help to create a reservoir of calm and balanced energy to be used for the building of a 'welfare state' and as a bulwark against corruption in public life?"
To this question, my answer would definitely be "Yes." I can say this with conviction, because the achievements in all spheres of work happened to be most outstanding in spite of the fact that each of the posts (viz., Director of Commercial Audit, Chairman of the State Agricultural Marketing Board, and Principal, Government Institute for Accounts and Audit) is a challenge to any senior officer of government.
I was appointed Director of Commercial Audit (i.e., as head of the Directorate of Commercial Audit with effect from 11-6-56 to reorganize the Directorate which was formed on 4-10-55) with a staff of just fifty men including only three qualified accountants. The problem was to reorganize the Directorate and raise the standard of its efficiency to cope with the work of audit of transactions of the developing Boards and Corporations of Burma, the annual receipts and payments of which were roughly 150 and 180 crores (ten millions) of kyats (Burmese currency) respectively in 1955-56.
Next, I was appointed as Chairman of the State Agricultural Marketing Board on 21-6- 56 (just ten days after appointment as Director of Commercial Audit) to take charge of the affairs of the Board, which were found to be deteriorating with the accounts in arrears for five years, the surplus stock at the end of the preceding year at 1.7 million tons and the market price of rice fallen from 60 pounds per ton in 1953 to Ā pounds per ton in 1956. There was also the problem of disunity between the officers and members of the subordinate ranks.
In 1958, acting upon the recommendation of Boards Enquiry Commission (headed by the Prime Minister) of which I was a member, the establishment of a Government Institute for Accounts and Audit was mooted. Burma was extremely short of accountants and account clerks. The result was that with the exception of two organizations of pre-war origin, the accounts of boards and corporations were badly in arrears, i.e., for two to four years, apart from a large number of irregularities which came to notice. I was accordingly charged, in addition to my own existing duties, with the responsibility of establishing a State Institute of Government Accounts and Audit for the purpose of giving training to the officers and staff of all the boards and corporations in Burma. I assumed charge of the post of Principal of this institute with effect from 1-4-58 for spade work, and the Institute was formally opened by the Prime Minister on eleventh of July 1958.
The results of these undertakings will surely illustrate what "a reservoir of calm and energy" one can create with Buddhist meditation to be used for the building of a "welfare state."
Human Relations
The attitude towards life of a Buddhist who makes a bid for release during this lifetime differs from the attitude of one who is in the process of accumulation of virtues for consummation of his vow to become a Buddha. For example, Rājagaha and Sāvatthi were the chief seats of the Buddha during his lifetime. Rājagaha was the kingdom of Bimbisāra, who had made a bid for release during the same lifetime and had attained the first Path of sanctity and become an ariya. He was very devoted to the Lord Buddha and built a stupendous monastery known as the Veḷuvana Monastery for the Buddha and his disciples. He accorded pardon to all the citizens who had committed crimes, if they joined the order of the Buddha's Sangha (order of monks). He was known as King Abhaya (the Harmless King). He would not himself harm anybody and would avoid encouraging others to harm anybody. His power in administration was his love for humanity.
On the other hand, Sāvatthi was the kingdom of Pasenadi Kosala, who was a king also very much devoted to the Lord Buddha. In fact, Buddha stayed at Sāvatthi longer than elsewhere. This king was in the process of accumulation of virtues to become a Buddha and although he would by all possible means try to avoid doing harm to others, where occasion demanded, he would be prepared to suffer himself the consequences of saving those depending upon him. Once he stopped at the Buddha's monastery on his way back to the palace after his conquest of the enemy in a battle which took place at the border of his kingdom. He led the army to fight the enemies to save his country and his people from the invaders, failing which, his countrymen would have suffered their maltreatment and tortures. When he mentioned to the Buddha his conquest over the enemies the Buddha smiled and told him, "You have made more enemies than you had before the incident."
It can therefore, be understood that those who are in the process of accumulation of virtues cannot, at times, avoid committing an offence which would take them to the subhuman planes of existence, and in consequence are prepared to suffer themselves for the offence for the sake of humanity. As to how loving-kindness reinforced with the power of truth could do something tangible in the matter of human relations, let me cite a few of my own experiences.
I was required by the Prime Minister to investigate into the many irregularities suspected in the State Agricultural Marketing Board, and was accordingly appointed on 15-8-55 as chairman of the S.A.M.B. Special Enquiry Committee. The reports made by me led to further enquiries by the Bureau of Special Investigations, and their enquiries led to the arrest of four officers of the Board (including the General Manager) during the time of the annual conference of the Board's officers.
This was so much resented by the officers in conference that they submitted resignations en masse from their appointments under the Board. This action by the officers created an impasse, and the situation became aggravated when the Union of Employees of the Board gave support to their cause through the medium of their all-Burma annual conference being held at Pegu. The government decided to accept their resignations, and this decision upset most of the officers, who half-heartedly had taken that course of action. Eventually, after some negotiations by third parties, they withdrew their resignations and surrendered themselves to the government for a token penalty.
It was in this atmosphere that I had to join the State Agricultural Marketing Board as its chairman, before I could forget their slogans denouncing the Special Enquiry Committee and the Bureau of Special Investigations. However, I had no grudge against anybody, because I had worked for the best interests of the country and was sure that I could prevail upon them my point of view that my acceptance of the offer of the post of Chairman of the Board was to save the situation of the Board and the country at that critical juncture, and to work for the efficiency and welfare of the employees, as well as other people connected with the business of the Board.
In point of fact, after a few meetings with the representatives of these bodies, I should say I had really turned the tide. There was a reunion between the officers and the staff, and coordination between the Board and the millers and other traders. New plans were drawn up and improved techniques introduced. The results happened to be what nobody would have dared even to think of. I recommended very strongly two officers of the Board for their wholehearted cooperation and unrelenting efforts which made for the success of the undertaking. The government was very kind to grant the title of Wunna Kyawhtin (a title given to acknowledge meritorious government service) to them, one of whom was the Deputy General Manager (administration) and the other, President of the State Agricultural Marketing Board Employees' Union. Employees' unions normally run counter to government, and I presume such a case in which the president of an employees' union was awarded a title, must be rare.
For the Directorate of Commercial Audit, the case is not at all difficult. There is a Buddhist Society, many of the members of which are my disciples in meditation, and there is also a social club, where there is brotherly feeling between all the officers and staff of the Directorate. Religious functions are held annually where one and all join hands for the common objective, and twice a year they pay homage to the Directorate, both as teacher and as the head of the organization. The social club arranges annual trips in a chartered launch or other means to out-stations for relaxation where members of the employees' families also join, and a pleasant atmosphere is created for all. All these help to promote understanding with each other and pave the way for efficiency in the Directorate.
For the Institute of Accounts and Audit where teachers with extraordinary patience and goodwill are required, apart from their qualifications and teaching experience, the vice-principal and the lecturers are mostly those who have taken courses of meditation at the centre. To whatever types the students may belong, the good intentions of the teachers prevail upon them and the response of the students in all the classes has been consistently excellent. From the date of the inception of the Institute, there was not a single complaint from the students. On the other hand, at the close of each course of study there are parties held by the students in honour of the principal and the teachers, where they invariably express their gratitude for the kindness shown to them and the pains taken to help them understand their lessons thoroughly.
I have no doubt, therefore, that meditation plays a very important role in the development of the mind to enable one to have the best in human relations.
By-products
In the section "Fruits of Meditation," I have explained what the advantages of meditation can be. Particularly, I would refer to the advantages of meditation as mentioned in the Sāmaññaphala Sutta (Discourse on the Advantages of a Samaṇa's Life), and the records of appreciation by foreigners who have come to the International Meditation Centre. What I am going to state here is about the very minor by-products of meditation relating to physical and mental ills. This is not the age for showing miracles, such as rising into the air, or walking on the surface of water, which would be of no direct benefit to the people in general. But if the physical and mental ills of men could be removed through meditation, it should be something for one to ponder.
According to the Buddhist way of thinking, each action, whether by deed, word or thought, produces and leaves behind a force of action (saṅkhāra) which goes to the credit or debit account of the individual according to its good or bad objective. This invisible something which we call saṅkhāra is the product of the mind with which each action is related. It has no element of extension. The whole universe is permeated with the forces of action of all living beings. The inductive theory of life has the origin, we believe, in these forces, each individual absorbing continually the forces of his own actions, at the same time releasing new forces of actions by deeds, words and thoughts; creating, so to say, an unending cycle of life with pulsation, rhythm and vibration as its symbol.
Let us take the forces of good actions as positive and the forces of bad actions as negative. Then we get what we may call the positive and negative reaction, which is ever taking place everywhere in the universe. It is taking place in all animate and inanimate objects, in my body, in your body and in the bodies of all living beings. When one can understand these concepts through a proper course of meditation, he knows nature as it truly is. With the awareness of the truth of anicca and or dukkha and or anattā, he develops in him what we may call the sparkling illumination of nibbāna dhātu, a power that dispels all impurities or poisons- the products of bad actions, which are the sources of his physical and mental ills. In the same way as fuel is burnt away by ignition, the negative forces (impurities or poisons) within are eliminated by the nibbāna dhātu, which he generates with the true awareness of anicca in the course of meditation. This process of elimination should go on until such time as both the mind and body are completely cleansed of such impurities or poisons.
Among those who have taken courses of meditation at the centre are some who were suffering from complaints such as hypertension, T.B., migraine, thrombosis, etc. They became relieved of these even in the course of ten days. If they maintain the awareness of anicca and take longer courses at the centre, there is every likelihood of the diseases being rooted out in course of time. Since anything which is the root cause of one's own physical and mental ills is samudaya (an arisen phenomenon), and this samudaya can be removed by the nibbāna dhātu which one generates in true Budddhist meditation, we make no distinction between this or that disease. One aspect of meditation is samudaya pahātabba, which literally means "for the removal of the causes of suffering."
A note of caution is necessary here. When one develops nibbāna dhātu, the impact of this nibbāna dhātu upon the impurities and poisons within his own system will create a sort of upheaval, which must be endured. This upheaval tends to increase the sensitivity of the radiation, friction, and vibration of the atomic units within. This will grow in intensity, so much so that one might feel as though his body were just electricity and a mass of suffering. In the case of those who have diseases such as those mentioned above, the impact will be all the stronger and, at times, almost explosive. Nevertheless, enduring it, he becomes alive to the fact that a change is taking place within himself for the better, and that the impurities are gradually diminishing, and that he is slowly but surely getting rid of the disease.
Mankind, today, is facing the danger of radioactive poisons. If such poisons absorbed by a man exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (m.p.c.), he enters the danger zone.
I have a firm belief that the nibbāna dhātu which a person develops in true Buddhist Meditation, is power, which will be strong enough to eradicate the radioactive poisons, if any, in him.
The Buddha is the Teacher who shows the
way. I am an individual who continues to show the way, having received the
inheritance of Dhamma from the Buddha.
The Buddha is not a person who can give
nibbāna but only one who shows the way. Do not come and ask
me to get the results for you; I cannot
do that.
How can U Ba Khin do what even the
Buddha cannot?
You have to practise yourself.
-Sayagyi U Ba Khin
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1.
(a) Viriyādhika Buddha: 16 asaṅkheyyasĆ10 kappas (˘ETCN).
(b) Saddhādhika Buddha: 8 asaṅkheyyas Ć10 kappas.
(c) Paññādhika Buddha: 4 asaṅkheyyas Ć10 kappas.
2. Pacceka BuddhaĚę: 2 asaṅkheyyas Ć10 kappas.
3. agga sāvakaĚę:1 asaṅkheyya Ć10 kappas.
4. mahā sāvakaĚę: 10 kappas.
5. arahatĚę: 100Šç10 kappas ܽ͝Ěöx.
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1. ugghatitaññu
2. vipañcitaññu
3. neyya
4. padaparama
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6. DhammaĚĘŔÍAČşĚW^CvĚMČíqÉćÁÄŽSÉĚąłęܡB
a) šŤĚćęĚšisotāpatti maggajđBŹľ˝ŇB
b) šŤĚćęĘisotāpatti phalajđBŹľ˝ŇB
c) šŤĚćńĚšisakadāgāmi maggajđBŹľ˝ŇB
d) šŤĚćńĚĘisakadāgāmi phalajđBŹľ˝ŇB
e) šŤĚćOĚšianāgāmi phalajđBŹľ˝ŇB
f) šŤĚćOĚšianāgāmi maggajđBŹľ˝ŇB
g) šŤĚćlĚšiarahatta maggajđBŹľ˝Ň
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SīlaiúĽj
1. łę@@right speech
2. łĆ@@right action
3. ł˝@ right livelihood
Samādhii^Wj
4. ł¸i right exertion
5. łO@ right attentiveness
6. łč right concentration
PaññāiqdE´@j
7. łvŇ right contemplation
8. łŠ right understanding
Sīla
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Among those who have taken courses of meditation at the centre are some who were suffering from complaints such as hypertension, T.B., migraine, thrombosis, etc. They became relieved of these even in the course of ten days. If they maintain the awareness of anicca and take longer courses at the centre, there is every likelihood of the diseases being rooted out in course of time. Since anything which is the root cause of one's own physical and mental ills is samudaya (an arisen phenomenon), and this samudaya can be removed by the nibbāna dhātu which one generates in true Budddhist meditation, we make no distinction between this or that disease. One aspect of meditation is samudaya pahātabba, which literally means "for the removal of the causes of suffering."
A note of caution is necessary here. When one develops nibbāna dhātu, the impact of this nibbāna dhātu upon the impurities and poisons within his own system will create a sort of upheaval, which must be endured. This upheaval tends to increase the sensitivity of the radiation, friction, and vibration of the atomic units within. This will grow in intensity, so much so that one might feel as though his body were just electricity and a mass of suffering. In the case of those who have diseases such as those mentioned above, the impact will be all the stronger and, at times, almost explosive. Nevertheless, enduring it, he becomes alive to the fact that a change is taking place within himself for the better, and that the impurities are gradually diminishing, and that he is slowly but surely getting rid of the disease.
Mankind, today, is facing the danger of radioactive poisons. If such poisons absorbed by a man exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (m.p.c.), he enters the danger zone.
I have a firm belief that the nibbāna dhātu which a person develops in true Buddhist Meditation, is power, which will be strong enough to eradicate the radioactive poisons, if any, in him.
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The Ten Soldiers of Māra
by Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin
The following is condensed from a translation of a discourse by Sayagyi U Ba Khin. The discourse, in Burmese, was addressed to Vipassana students during a course.
You have to be very careful. You have to stand firm and face many difficulties, so that you can know true anicca (impermanence) with your own experience. You must work very hard-that is why we repeatedly remind you. Difficulties come at this stage of the course. During the time of our great benefactor, Saya Thetgyi, students would@experience@various@difficulties@in meditation, such as not being able to feel the object of meditation at all. When asked to focus their attention on the top of their heads, they couldn't feel anything. During Ānāpāna they couldn't feel the area around the nostrils. Some could not feel their breath while they were breathing. Some said that they could not feel their bodies. While you are here, you too will find these things happening. Sometimes you will not be able feel sensations and you@won't be able to maintain your attention.
Some think that they have attained nibbāna (the ultimate reality) when they cannot feel their bodies. If you cannot feel the presence of your body, just hit it with your hand, or punch yourself and see. There is no need to ask the Teacher. You will know if your body is there or not. These uncertainties are rather disconcerting, aren't they?
The nature of vipallāsa (mental distortion, corruption) makes fools of you. These are undesirable defilements hidden inside people. They are present in every one of us. When there is understanding of anicca the defilements have to leave; but they don't want to-they want this understanding to leave instead. The nibbāna nature of anicca is very potent, so Māra (the negative forces) fights against it. The Padhāna Sutta describes the ten soldiers of Māra. We have to be careful of these ten soldiers, as they are the destroyers of meditation.
The first soldier of Māra is the desire to enjoy sense pleasures. Some people have come to meditate but not to attain nibbāna at all. They come with ulterior motives such as, "If I become close to Sayagyi, who knows so many people in high positions, I may get a promotion in my job." There are some persons like that. They come with greed in their hearts. They cannot be successful in their meditation. There must be no greed. When you asked for the technique of Vipassana you said, "Nibbānassa sacchikaraṇatthāya me bhante"-in order to realize nibbāna... I will teach you to understand the Four Noble Truths, but if you are not interested, and intend to take your time about it, what can I do?
The second soldier of Māra is unwillingness to reside or be happy in a quiet place such as a forest dwelling.
Yesterday somebody planned to run away. He got up early and packed his belongings. He planned to sit at half past seven with you all, and then leave while I was checking the students at eight. He was planning to run like mad, catch a bus, and get home. He thought he would collect his bags at some later date. Luckily, I don't know why, I gave the one hour adhiṭṭhana (strong determination) sitting earlier, and he had to sit that one hour. There he was-trapped! After the adhiṭṭhana sitting, Māra left him, and he doesn't want to leave anymore.
When unwillingness to reside in a quiet place arises, the person wants to leave and run away. He may inform us that he wishes to leave, or he may just quietly leave. The second soldier does not want to stay in a quiet secluded place because of the turmoil inside.
The third soldier of Māra is hunger-not being satisfied with food. Are you all hungry now? Sao Shwe Theik was one of the very hungry ones. He came with boxes full of food. He said that he could not stay without eating, so I said, "In that case you may eat, but try one, two or three days and see for yourself." I had to go easy and cajole him; however, he was not hungry at all during the ten days.
Myanma Alin U Tin said that after about three days of eating only twice a day, he would become shaky, and that in all his life, he had never done that for more than three days at a time. He asked for permission to eat and I said, "Of course, if needed." When he got here, he meditated the first day, the second day, and so on, and was not hungry at all. One does not feel hungry if the meditation is progressing, but only when the meditation is not going well. Something inside is making one hungry. One cannot control the hunger then. Once the meditator is established in meditation, he does not feel hunger anymore.
The fourth soldier of Māra is the craving for various tastes and foods. You haven't eaten chicken curry for sometime, you want to eat a kebab? Can't stay! Chicken is not served here, but we provide the best food we can. That is why they work so hard to prepare the food here, so that everyone will enjoy it and eat well.
What happens when very tasty, delicious food is eaten? Doesn't this stimulate more craving for food? Is it possible to eat without any appreciation of the taste of the food? ... Only the arahant (fully liberated person) can do this. Wasn't the purpose of your coming here for this course to get rid of the kilesa (mental impurities), to get rid of the taṇhā (craving)? If you keep your eyes closed nothing can be seen, so you will not be craving and clinging for visual objects. The same goes for hearing. There is no one here with a tape recorder or radio playing songs by May Shin. You don't have to listen to them. It is the same with smell. Nobody here goes around wearing perfume, so there need not be any craving and clinging for any sense of smell. There is nothing here for you to feel that will give you pleasant bodily sensations. But the tongue- can it avoid taste? Only if you don't eat, and in that case a doctor would have to give you glucose injections for sustenance. Taste will occur when food comes in contact with the tongue. If you eat less tasty food, then craving and clinging for taste will be reduced.
Since you have come here to get rid of your defilements of craving, we should help you by providing the best environment so that they don't increase, shouldn't we? You are trying to annihilate them. We don't want to eradicate craving on the one hand, and increase it by food on the other. We do not provide an evening meal. By not providing it we have so much less to do. It is better for us and better for you too, because you are sure to become drowsy if you eat an evening meal. So you can do without it. If you eat well in the morning and at lunchtime the two meals will provide enough for your body's requirements.
The fifth soldier of Māra is drowsiness, sloth and torpor. You can understand this. Even Mahā Moggallāna (one of Buddha's chief disciples) suffered from it. Some of you can fall asleep while sitting. When I used to go for my meditation retreats, there was an old man who accompanied me. We sat in Saya Thetgyi's meditation centre in the meditation room and he sat behind me wearing a big yogi shawl. A little while later, he started snoring aloud. Normally there are not many people who can sit and snore, but there are many meditators who can do this-sit and snore, then wake up! This is called thina- middha (sloth and torpor). Thina-middha cannot be avoided. When insight and wisdom become sharpened, the peaceful nature of nibbāna is felt; and when the wholesome and unwholesome natures clash, a reaction occurs and produces heat. Then the person becomes drowsy and sleepy.
If you feel drowsy at times, just breathe a bit harder; you've lost your samādhi (concentration). This is a kick from within. Your samādhi has gone. If you lose your samādhi, focus your attention on the nostrils again, breathe harder and try to calm down. Sometimes when the aniccavijjā (the wisdom of impermanence) becomes stronger, you experience the meeting of physical and mental experience in your body and your insight- intuition becomes very sharp and very strong. Then there's a very strong kick from within and you lose your understanding of anicca and become disoriented. You can't understand what happened and you ask the Teacher. If such a thing happens suddenly, there are two ways to cope with it. One method is to try and work to get re-established in samādhi, as I have told you. Or, you can go outside and wake yourself up and the reaction will pass away. Do not go and sleep when this reaction happens. I am giving you methods to cope. They are important from the practical aspect. Drowsiness always occurs when saṅkhāras (impurities) come up. Then we have to apply anicca firmly. It should not be just paying lip service to anicca, not just from the mouth. It should be the actual knowledge of the changing nature of the body with the awareness of sensations. If you practise in this way, you will overcome and win.
The sixth soldier of Māra is not wishing to be alone and being afraid of solitude. Some cannot sit in one room but keep changing rooms, looking for company and feel frightened when alone. Win Min Tham was among those who were afraid of solitude. Her house is very big but she dared not stay by herself in any room; she needed a companion at all times. She came here to meditate and brought a maid with her. She asked my permission to keep the lights on when she meditated in her room, so I allowed her to do so. Not only that, but somebody had to sit quite close to her when she meditated. She did not dare to stay alone. When she was by herself she felt flushes all over her body. After staying for a course, she got a little better. After the next course she was in the little cell by herself in the dark. She came regularly for ten days every month and benefited quite well from it. She was first class in being afraid but her fear is gone now. Isn't that nice?
The seventh soldier of Māra is doubt about whether one can be successful in meditation. I suppose this is true of everybody-wondering if his or her meditation will be successful or not. (That girl is laughing.) You can succeed. The important thing is to wash away the akusala (unwholesome conditioning), and kilesa (mental defilements) embedded in us. That is important.
The eighth soldier of Māra is becoming proud and arrogant when the meditation is successful. When the meditation improves, one can feel it inside. The defilements become lighter and one tends to get conceited and arrogant, and think, "That fellow does not seem to be doing too well. I'd better help him." I am saying this from my personal experience. A long time ago when I started this meditation centre, for instance, we did not have a Dhamma hall then. There was a ten- foot square hut that was here when we bought the land. We used to sit in there and talk. One day U Hla Maung came out after the morning sitting and said, "Look." He hitched up his longyi and there were little lumps all over his thighs and legs just like the skin of a plucked duck. The kick from within was so strong that all those lumps appeared. He hitched his longyi up and showed us saying, "Please look. See how strong the kick from within was. You too, please try hard, please try hard."
This is why I'm telling you all not to preach. If there is anything that you want to ask, ask me. If there is anything that you want to say, tell me. When he preached, there was ego in it, the "I" was in it, "I am doing well. These people don't seem to be getting anywhere." He played very good soccer, was very short-tempered, ready to hit, strike and punch. When a very bad-tempered person with a lot of heat has a kick from inside, it shows up on the body surface. The next day U Hla Maung could not meditate. He could not feel any sensations and had to approach Sayagyi for guidance.
I am talking about others because I want to talk about the nature of things. If you progress in your practice, just stay quiet and proceed with your own meditation.
The ninth soldier of Māra refers to the Teacher and concerns becoming well known, receiving many offerings, gaining much respect and homage. I receive a lot of homage and offerings. I have to control myself to not get conceited. Look here, isn't it likely to cause conceit? I have to guard myself. We started this work here for the people of the Accountant General's office so they could meditate in their free time, but there are so few of them here now. We started this not on the basis of money, but on the basis of Dhamma. Any office worker who meditates for ten days becomes a member. The admission fee is ten days of meditation. Isn't it good? No need to pay a cent of subscription. Just meditate steadily, guard your practice, do not lose it. We started from that and have come to this. Money can't do it. It was Dhamma that did it. We believe in this, and we do not have any money either.
This centre does not belong to me. U Ba Khin should not get conceited, saying this is U Ba Khin's centre. I do not own it. It belongs to the Vipassana Association of the Accountant General's office. I will have to leave if they drive me out. See, how nice! I do not own it. I have to be re-elected each year. Only if they re-elect me will I be here. If they say that they have found someone better than me, and elect that person, it's over for me. Or some members from the committee may not like me, they may say I talk too much and elect someone else. Then I would have to leave. I do not own the place.
The tenth soldier of Māra is following a false Dhamma, creating a new and special Dhamma, in order to acquire abundant offerings, praising oneself and looking down on others. This is why I do not want to say too much about others. Let others speak as they like about us, isn't that right? Some teachers get attached to receiving offerings, so as to get more students. They teach what the students would like-false teachings, teachings that are not Buddha's teachings-simply because they want the homage and offerings. They stop working with true Dhamma. That is the tenth soldier of Māra.
Dhamma dissolves sorrows and miseries and gives happiness. Who gives this happiness? The Buddha does not give it, it is the aniccavijjā (wisdom of impermanence) inside you that gives it. We should practise Vipassana so that the aniccavijjā will neither stop nor disappear. How do we practise? Focus your attention on the four elements, be calm, cultivate samādhi and do not let sīla (moral precepts) be broken. Telling lies is the one that I am afraid of among the precepts. I am not afraid of the others, because, by lying the basis of sīla is weakened. When sīla is weakened, samādhi will get weakened and paññā (wisdom) will also get weakened. Speak truthfully, work regularly, build up samādhi and pay attention to what is happening in your body; then the nature of anicca will come up naturally.
Our benefactor Saya Thetgyi said, "Very fast, vibrating incessantly, helter-skelter, broken up, burnt down, the destruction of the body-these are the signs of impermanence."
It is the body that is changing. The thought that knows that the rūpa (matter) is changing is the nāma (mind). When the rūpa changes and has gone, the nāma which knew about the changed-and-gone rūpa, also is changed and goes. Both rūpa and nāma are anicca. Keep this in your mind, be aware of it.
Focus your attention on the top of your head, and move down through the whole body, from the top of the head to the forehead and then the face, from the face to the neck, the neck to the shoulders, from the shoulders along to the hands. Wherever the mind goes it may be like touching with a small torch and feeling the heat wherever the torch touches, wherever the mind goes. Why? Because there is burning and annihilation taking place inside; it is the innate nature of combustion of atomic units within. This is certainly present. Learn to be sensitive to it so that you can feel it. Try it with an attentive mind and you will know.
Once the meditation is practised and once one becomes aware and observes with Vipassana knowledge, the defilements, the evil samudaya akusala (arisen unwholesomeness) cannot remain much longer. They have to leave gradually and when they are all gone, the person becomes controlled and stable, and able to live well.
How long will one have to work? Until all the immeasurable, uncountable old akusala kamma (unwholesome actions) accumulated along one's journey through the saṃsāra (cycle of rebirth) are eradicated by observing the nature of anicca. Then one becomes sotāpanna (one who has reached the first stage of saintliness, has experienced nibbāna), and ariyapuggala (noble person). This cannot be achieved easily.
To reach the final nibbāna where all the saṅkhāras are abolished is very far off, but wouldn't you like to try and see for yourself the minor nibbāna? If it could be tasted only after death, these foreigners would never practise this meditation. They have tasted a bit, liked it and have kept coming back from near and far. They send their friends and acquaintances who also come from afar. Why is this? Because they have experienced the taste of Dhamma.
It is important that there is a Teacher to help students to have a taste of Dhamma. But students have to work to experience the taste. What is this taste called? It is called the dhamma rasa. "Sabba rasa? dhamma rasa? jinati"-of all the tastes, the taste of Dhamma is the most noble, the best.
You have to try to work hard to get that taste. Just as the human monarch enjoys human pleasures, the deva (celestial being) monarch enjoys the deva pleasures and Brahmā (a higher celestial being) enjoys Brahmā pleasures; the noble ariyas (saintly persons) such as the Buddha and arahants can also enjoy the taste of the Dhamma that they have obtained. You must try hard until you too can enjoy this taste, but please do not work to the extreme, without moderation. Try to work according to the schedule we have given, work at the right time, to the fullest, with great care and effort.
Response from the students: "Sādhu. Sādhu. Sādhu."
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Revolution with a View to Nibbāna
by Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin
The following has been reproduced and abridged from the Burmese magazine The Light of the Dhamma. This discourse was given by Sayagyi in 1950 on the full moon day of July, the day known as Dhammacakka day. This day is celebrated because it was during this time of year that the Buddha gave his first discourse to his five companions: the Dhammacakka Pavattana Sutta (lit., revolving the wheel of Dhamma). In this discourse the Buddha outlines the Four Noble Truths explaining in detail the Eightfold Noble Path; in other words, the very core of his teaching.
The Discourse on the Revolution
The discourse I am going to deliver tonight is a discourse on revolution that is apt
and proper for the occasion of Dhammacakka day. Some may think that it is a discourse that supports the revolution of a group of persons to free themselves from being suppressed by another group of persons. It is not so. The discourse on revolution that I am going to deliver is a supramundane revolution against one's own polluted mind for the attainment of freedom from the rounds of birth and death, which leads to the realization of nibbāna (the ultimate reality).
It will not be taken wrongly if it is said that the Dhammacakka discourse was delivered by the Buddha who personally revolted against the bondage of the mundane world to gain enlightenment and reach the full extinction of defilements (sa-upādisesa nibbāna) so that all the beings-human, deva and brahmā-might be able to revolt against the bondage of their mundane worlds and reach nibbāna.
To Gain Freedom from the Three Types of
Mundane Worlds
The Buddha revolted against the three types of mundane worlds and gained enlightenment in the early hours of Vesākha day (the full moon of May). He was not satisfied with this achievement only, for because of the perfections (pāramis) that he had fulfilled for the benefit of all beings, he also had to impart the method of revolt for all beings to fight for the attainment of their freedom from the three worlds.
Nibbāna-Freedom in Reality
In this revolution with the view to nibbāna, there are so many obstructions which are on the side of ignorance (avijjā) that there seems to no way of escape for us. With the perfections accumulated the Buddha had to defend and fight against the five divisions of Māra's army, viz., the evil (devaputta māra), the defilements (kilesa māra), the aggregates (khandha māra), the death (maccu māra), and the kamma formations (abhisaṅkhāra māra). They suppress and imprison us, so that there is no outlet of escape for us.
Before the Buddha delivered the first sermon, during the seven weeks after the enlightenment, he took no nourishment. He was in deep contemplation on the profound details of the Dhamma. It is not an easy matter to save beings from the world entwined in ignorance (avijjā). When all the beings were viewed with the Buddha's eye, after the seventh week, he deliberated whether to deliver the profound Dhamma to beings enmeshed in the defilements. That is why the great brahma sahampati, accompanied by devas and brahmās, offered the jewelled garland and entreated the Buddha to deliver the Dhamma, beginning with the Pāli words: Desetu Bhagavā dhammaṃ, desetu sugato (O Lord, may the blessed one teach the Dhamma; may the supremely good one teach the Dhamma).
After promising the great brahmā sahampati that he would teach the Dhamma, he looked to see who among the living human beings had the ability to understand and benefit by the Dhamma. He saw the five ascetics who served him while he practised Dukkharacariya (the rigorous ascetic practices). So the Buddha went to the deer park near Vārānasi where the five ascetics were, and during the first watch of the night delivered the Dhammacakka discourse beginning with Dveme bhikkhave antā pabbajitena nasevitabbā (These two extremes, bhikkhus, should not be followed by one who has given up the world). This discourse is the way to the transformation of a new personality. In other words, the Noble Path revolts against the mundane path and leads to nibbāna. At the end of the discourse the leader of the five ascetics, Koṇḍañña, became a sotāpanna (stream-enterer), i.e., transformed into a new being as a noble person.
At that time the devas and brahmās who came from the ten thousand universes also became established in their lives as noble beings (ariyas). To become an ariya means to grasp the true essence of the elements of nibbāna and to be free from mental defilements. The realization of nibbāna is becoming a new being, changing from an ordinary worldling to a noble being. It is not possible to transform a person to such a new life by ordinary means of preparation. The Buddha achieved this by the fulfillment of the perfections (pāramis) developed through countless aeons. This culminated in the wisdom of omniscience and other wisdoms, and the turning of the wheel of Dhamma.
Why is it called Dhammacakka?
The reason why this very first discourse is called the Dhammacakka discourse is this, as mentioned in the Dhammacakka Katha of Paṭisambhidā-magga:
Dhammapavatanti kenatthena dhammacakkaṃ, dhammañca pavatteti cakkañcati.
In what sense is the setting going of Dhamma called dhammacakka? It is the setting going of truth (dhamma) and the wheel (cakka) of the teaching.1
It is the origin of the Four Noble Truths and it also causes the continuous rotation of the noble Dhamma of the Four Noble Truths. The rotation of the wheel of Dhamma is called the Dhammacakka.
The essence of the Dhammacakka is the Four Noble Truths, which are: dukkha sacca (the truth of suffering); samudaya sacca (the truth of the origin of suffering); nirodha sacca (the truth of the cessation of suffering); magga sacca (the truth of the noble path that leads to the cessation of suffering).
Of these Four Noble Truths, the noble path (magga sacca) which constitutes the Eightfold Noble Path is of the utmost importance. Although the Buddha delivered eighty-four thousand discourses, as occasions arose during the forty-five years of his ministry, the basic practical aspect of his teaching is the Eightfold Noble Path.
The Path of Revolution
The Eightfold Noble Path is composed of three aspects of practical work: morality, concentration and wisdom (sīla, samādhi, and paññā).
The path of morality (sīla) consists of three subdivisions: right speech (sammā vācā), right action (sammā kammanta) and right livelihood (sammā-ājiva).
The path of concentration (samādhi) consists of three subdivisions: right effort (sammā-vāyāma), right mindfulness (sammā sati), right concentration (sammā samādhi).
The path of wisdom (paññā) consists of two subdivisions: right thought (sammā saṅkappa) and right view (sammā diṭṭhi).
As soon as sīla, samādhi and paññā-with paññā as the leading factor- are properly combined in practice, one is sure to reach the noble path. If one has not reached the path, it is because sīla, samādhi and paññā are not yet properly balanced. The path prepared with these three aspects of practice, is the revolutionary path of the Buddha.
Mind is Supreme
In the path of morality, consisting of right speech, right action and right livelihood, the bodily actions and speech should be bound and restrained. Bodily actions and speech are usually controlled by greed, hatred and delusion (lobha, dosa and moha) which are in turn the servants of craving, conceit and wrong view (taṇhā, mana and micchā diṭṭhi). These unwholesome qualities have accompanied us as our habitual inclinations through the cycle of births (saṃsāra). The bodily action (kāya kamma) and verbal action (vaci kamma) are the paths of the revolution that should really and truly be revolted against.
Here, as the saying goes, Mano pubbaṅgamā dhamma (mind is the master of the bodily actions and verbal actions). Again, as it is said: Papasmiṃ ramati mano (the mind delights in dwelling in evil). It cannot be revolted against by ordinary means but only with great zeal.
May all beings be able to muster immense zeal!
Discipline the Mind
In the Noble Path of right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration, the mind that gives rise to unwholesome bodily actions and verbal actions, should be securely restrained. Then it cannot run amok but will stay calm and collected.
Right concentration cannot be achieved unless there is right effort and right mindfulness, to keep the mind calm and still. To achieve right concentration, mindfulness should be developed with right effort. I want you to believe that with the help and guidance of a person who is competent to help, samādhi (concentration) can be rapidly established. The Buddha had to resist and fight against the evil (devaputta māra) while he was establishing the first stage of samādhi under the bodhi tree. After conquering the evil with the samādhi thus established, he subjugated the defilements (kilesa māra) and the death (maccu māra) with ease. Similarly, nowadays under the guidance and guardianship of a person who is highly developed in the perfections (pāramis) and who can, to a certain degree, guard against the dangers of the evil (devaputta māra), samādhi can be established within a short period.
There are six types of character or nature (carita) affecting all human beings, but it is not possible to know which type a person belongs to, since we do not have the ability to do so. But it is a sure fact that no one is free from delusion (mohacarita), which is none other than ignorance itself. That is why one cannot argue that it is an unnatural process to establish samādhi by practising ānāpāna sati (awareness of the in and out breathing). This practice is suitable for persons with the nature and habitual inclination of delusion (moha). But people may not believe that it is relatively easy to establish samādhi by the practice of Ānāpāna.
It is true that it will be difficult to subjugate the mind, to keep it refined and proper and to make it stay where one keeps it-the mind that throughout this cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra) has freely and wantonly wandered, the mind without a custodian, the incessantly restless, mercurial mind. But for those who do not look forward to worldly benefits, but want only the attainment of nibbāna, should they meet the right teacher, it becomes an easy matter.
There are many people who have experienced the clearly shining acquired image (uggaha nimitta) after the first attempt at meditation and the counter image (paṭibhāga nimitta) quite soon afterwards. That is why I would like to request those persons who are practising Dhamma for the realization of nibbāna, not to overlook the sīla-samādhi- paññā triad.
The True Nature
Right thought (sammā saṅkappa) is the contemplation of the true nature of the aggregates, sense bases and elements. The knowledge of the true nature after such contemplation is to be called the path of right view (sammā diṭṭhi). Then the problem arises: what is meant by "true nature"?
The true nature is this: the mind and matter (nāma and rūpa) of the five aggregates are incessantly and infallibly breaking down and passing away. This is the true nature of impermanence (anicca). The mind and matter of the five aggregates does not possess even a particle of satisfactoriness and is totally unsatisfactory. This is the true nature of unsatisfactoriness (dukkha). The mind and matter of the five aggregates has nothing to indicate that there is any substantiality such as me, mine and self. This is the true nature of egolessness, impersonality (anattā).
These true natures are all within the body (which is but one fathom long) of the people who are now listening to this discourse. One must penetrate with one's basic concentration and insight wisdom into this body. One must look critically at the true nature of mind and matter, to remove the conceptual beliefs that are blocking the path. One must repeatedly study the true nature of impermanence, the true nature of suffering, the true nature of egolessness of the five aggregates. And one must develop the ten insight knowledges2 of Vipassana. This process is called vipassana.
After that, from the knowledge gained at the conjunction of the internal and external senses (ajjhatāyatana and bahiddhayatana) to the contemplation of the eighteen kinds of insight knowledge, is also vipassana.
Attano sabhavaṃ dhareti ti dhātu (contemplation of all kinds of elements which are carrying their own nature is also vipassanā).
These practices are said to be insight wisdom which removes conceptual truth to reach the ultimate truth (from paññātti to paramattha). Fundamentally, it is to be believed that if the triad of sīla, samādhi and paññā is diligently practised, the Four Noble Truths will be comprehended and nibbāna will be realized. At the present time when Vipassana is more widely practised, if there is a strong base of samādhi, it is certain that nibbāna is not far off.
But those persons who are dazed by the evil (devaputta māra) will think that nothing can be done; they will give up and take the easy way out. When the Buddha saw and admonished the monk Kolita (who was later known as Mahā Moggallāna) for being drowsy during meditation, he said, "Kolita, for a person who is looking for the happiness of nibbāna, why do you want to associate with such undesirables as thina-middha and pamāda (sloth, torpor and indolence)?"
So get rid of sloth, torpor and indolence with their repercussions and practise the Eightfold Noble Path, the Noble Path which is annunciated in the Dhammacakka.
Throughout saṃsāra (the cycle of rebirth), for the mind which believes that the compounded mind and body (nāma-rūpa) is:
nicca (permanent)-revolt against such a mind to open up the realization and knowledge of impermanence (aniccavijjā ñāṇa)
sukha (pleasurable)-revolt against such a mind to open up the realization and knowledge of suffering (dukkhavijjā ñāṇa)
attā (self)-revolt against such a mind to open up the realization and knowlege of non- self (anattā vijjā ñāṇa).
To Peace and Tranquillity
In brief, from today onwards, may you be able to practise with the utmost effort, to accomplish the supramundane wisdom (lokuttara ñāṇa), by revolting against the conceptualized mundane world (loka).
May those persons who make the effort and practise, receive and be engulfed by the dhammadhātu, bodhidhātu, and nibbānadhātu (the vibration of Dhamma, bodhi, or enlightenment, and nibbāna, respectively) of the Buddha.
May they, by their established sīla, samādhi and paññā, utterly destroy the evils who are the colonizers of saṃsāra, viz., craving, conceit, and wrong view (taṇhā, mana and micchā diṭṭhi) and attain swiftly and directly the full extinction of defilements (sa-upādisesa nibbāna), which is beyond all the nature of compounded things (saṅkhāra dhamma).
May they, with the radiant rays of nibbāna that they have received, deliver peace and tranquillity throughout this universe.
1 Here, according to the commentaries, the word cakka (literally, "wheel") has the additional meaning of "the dispensation of Buddha." Therefore this line from Paṭisambhidā-magga is indicating that the first discourse of Buddha, in which the basic outline of the entire teaching is laid out, is called Dhammacakka-pavattana because two things are set forth or set going: dhammauca pavatteti (the truth is set forth) and cakkañca pavatteti (the dispensation is set going.) The usual translation, "the rotation of the wheel of Dhamma," implies these two meanings metaphorically.
2 For an explanation of the ten insight knowledges, see "The Essentials of Buddha Dhamma in Meditative Practice,"
pp. 33-4.
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The Chain of
Teachers
Photo
The Ven. Ledi
Sayadaw (1846 - 1923)
by Vipassana Research Institute
The Ven. Ledi Sayadaw1 was born in 1846 in Saing-pyin village, Dipeyin township in the Shwebo district (currently Monywa district) of northern Burma. His childhood name was Maung Tet Khaung. (Maung is the Burmese title for boys and young men-equivalent to "master." Tet means "climbing upward" and Khaung indicates "roof" or "summit.") It proved to be an appropriate name since young Maung Tet Khaung indeed climbed to the summit in all his endeavours.
In his village he attended the traditional monastery school where the bhikkhus (monks) taught the children to read and write in Burmese as well as how to recite many Pāli texts: Maṅgala Sutta, Mettā Sutta, Jātaka stories, and so on. Because of these ubiquitous monastery schools, Burma has traditionally had a very high literacy rate.
At the age of eight he began to study with his first teacher U Nanda-dhaja Sayadaw, and he ordained as a sāmaṇera (novice) under the same Sayadaw at the age of fifteen. He took the name Ñāṇa- dhaja (the banner of knowledge). His monastic education included Pāli grammar and various texts from the Pāli canon with a specialty in Abhidhammattha- saṅgaha, a commentary which serves as a guide to the Abhidhamma2 section of the canon.
Later in his life he wrote a somewhat controversial commentary on Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha, called Paramattha-dipani (Manual of Ultimate Truth), in which he corrected certain mistakes he had found in the earlier, widely accepted commentary. His corrections were eventually accepted by the bhikkhus and his work became the standard reference.
During his days as a sāmaṇera, in the middle part of the nineteenth century (before modern lighting), he would routinely study the written texts during the day and join the bhikkhus and other sāmaṇeras in recitation from memory after dark. Working in this way he mastered the Abhidhamma texts.
When he was eighteen, Sāmaṇera Ñāṇa- dhaja briefly left the robes and returned to his life as a layman. He had become dissatisfied with his education, feeling it was too narrrowly restricted to the Tipiṭaka.3 After about six months his first teacher and another influential teacher, Myinhtin Sayadaw, sent for him and tried to persuade him to return to the monastic life; but he refused.
Myinhtin Sayadaw suggested that he should at least continue with his education. The young Maung Tet Khaung was very bright and eager to learn, so he readily agreed to this suggestion.
1 The title Sayadaw means "venerable teacher." It was originally given to important elder monks (Theras) who instructed the king in Dhamma. Later on it became the title of highly respected monks in general.
2 Abhidhamma is the third section of the Pāli canon in which the Buddha gave detailed technical descriptions of the reality of mind and matter in a profound form.
3 Tipiṭaka is the Pāli name for the entire canon. It means "three baskets," i.e., the "basket" of the Vinaya (rules of the monks); the "basket" of the Suttas (or discourses); and the "basket" of the Abhidhamma (see footnote 2, above).
"Would you be interested in learning the Vedas (ancient sacred writings of Hinduism)?" asked Myinhtin Sayadaw.
"Yes, venerable sir," answered Maung Tet Khaung.
"Well, then, you must become a sāmaṇera," the Sayadaw replied. "Otherwise Sayadaw U Gandhama, of Yeu village, will not take you as his student."
"I will become a sāmaṇera," he agreed. In this way, he returned to the life of a sāmaṇera, never to leave the robes of a monk again. Later on, he confided to one of his disciples, "At first I was hoping to earn a living with the knowledge of the Vedas by telling peoples' fortunes. But I was more fortunate in that I became a sāmaṇera again. My teachers were very wise; with their boundless love and compassion, they saved me."
The brilliant Sāmaṇera Ñāṇa- dhaja, under the care of Gandhama Sayadaw, mastered the Vedas in eight months and continued his study of the Tipiṭaka. At the age of twenty, on 20 April 1866, he took the higher ordination to become a bhikkhu under his old teacher U Nanda-dhaja Sayadaw, who became his preceptor (one who gives the precepts).
In 1867, just prior to the monsoon retreat, Bhikkhu Ñāṇa- dhaja left his preceptor and the Monywa district where he had grown up, in order to continue his studies in Mandalay.
Mandalay was the royal capital of Burma at that time, during the rule of King Min Don Min (who ruled from 1853-1878), and was the most important centre of learning in the country. He studied there under several of the leading Sayadaws and learned lay scholars as well. He resided primarily in the Mahā-Jotikārāma monastery and studied with Ven. San-Kyaung Sayadaw, a teacher who is famous in Burma for translating the Visuddhimagga (Path of Purification) into Burmese.
During this time, Ven. San-Kyaung Sayadaw gave an examination of twenty questions for two thousand students. Bhikkhu Ñāṇa- dhaja was the only one who was able to answer all the questions satisfactorily. These answers were later published in 1880, under the title Pārami-Dipani (Manual of Perfections). This was the first of many books to be published in Pāli and Burmese by Ven. Ledi Sayadaw.
During the time of his studies in Mandalay, King Min Don Min sponsored the Fifth Council, calling bhikkhus from far and wide to recite and purify the Tipiṭaka. The Council was held in Mandalay in 1871, and the authenticated texts were carved into 729 marble slabs that stand today (each slab housed under a small pagoda) surrounding the golden Kuthodaw Pagoda at the foot of Mandalay hill. At this Council, Bhikkhu Ñāṇa- dhaja helped in the editing and translating of the Abhidhamma texts.
After eight years as a bhikkhu, having passed all his examinations, Ven. Ñāṇa- dhaja was qualified as a beginning Pāli teacher at the San-Kyaung monastery (also known as the Mahā-Jotikārāma monastery) where he had been studying.
For eight more years he remained there, teaching and continuing his own scholastic endeavours, until 1882 when he moved to Monywa. He was now thirty-six years old. At that time Monywa was a small district centre on the east bank of the Chindwin River, which was renowned as a place where the teaching method included the entire Tipiṭaka, rather than just selected portions.
While he was teaching Pāli to the bhikkhus and sāmaṇeras at Monywa, his habit was to come to town during the day for his teaching duties. In the evening he would cross to the west bank of the Chindwin river and spend the nights in meditation in a small vihara (monastery) on the side of Lak-pan-taung mountain. Although we do not have any definitive information, it seems likely that this was the period when he began practising Vipassana in the traditional Burmese fashion: with Ānāpāna (respiration) and vedanā (sensation).
The British conquered upper Burma in 1885 and sent the last king, Thibaw (who ruled from 1878-1885), into exile. The next year, 1886, Ven. Ñāṇa- dhaja went into retreat in Ledi forest, just to the north of Monywa. After awhile many bhikkhus started coming to him there, requesting that he teach them. A monastery to house them was built and named Ledi - tawya monastery. From this monastery he took the name by which he is best known: Ledi Sayadaw. It is said that one of the main reasons that Monywa grew to be a larger town, as it is today, was because so many people were attracted to Ledi Sayadaw's monastery there. While he taught many aspiring students at Ledi-tawya, he retained his practice of retiring to his small cottage vihara across the river for his own meditation.
When he had been in the Ledi forest monastery for over ten years, his main scholastic works began to be published. The first was Paramattha-Dipani (Manual of Ultimate Truth), mentioned above, published in 1897. His second book of this period was Nirutta Dipani, a book on Pāli grammar. Because of these books he gained the reputation as one of the most learned bhikkhus in Burma.
Though Ledi Sayadaw was based at the Ledi-tawya monastery, he travelled throughout Burma at times, teaching both meditation and scriptural courses. He is indeed a rare example of a bhikkhu who was able to excel in both pariyatti (the theory of Dhamma) as well as paṭipatti (the practice of Dhamma). It was during these trips up and down Burma that many of his published works were written. For example, he wrote the Paṭicca samuppāda Dipani in two days while travelling by boat from Mandalay to Prome. He had with him no reference books; but, because he had a thorough knowledge of the Tipiṭaka, he needed none. In the Manuals of Buddhism there are seventy-six manuals (dipanis), commentaries, essays, and so on, listed under his authorship, but this is not a complete list of his works.
Later he also wrote many books on Dhamma in Burmese. He said he wanted to write in such a way that even a simple farmer could understand. Before his time, it was not usual to write on Dhamma subjects so that lay people could have access to them. Even while teaching orally, the bhikkhus would commonly recite long passages in Pāli and then translate the passage literally, which was very hard for the ordinary person to understand. It must have been that the strength of Ledi Sayadaw's practical understanding and the resultant mettā (loving-kindness) overflowed in his desire to spread Dhamma to all levels of society. His Paramattha-saṅkhepa, a book of 2,000 Burmese verses which translates the Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha, was written for young people and is still very popular today. His followers started many associations which promoted the learning of Abhidhamma by using this book.
In his travels around Burma Ledi Sayadaw also discouraged the use of cow meat. He wrote one book called Go-ma ṃsa-mātikā which urged people not to kill cows for food and promoted a vegetarian diet in general.
By 1911 his reputation both as a scholar and meditation master had grown to such an extent that the British government of India, which also ruled Burma, conferred on him the title of Aggamahā-paṇḍita (foremost great scholar). He was also awarded a Doctorate of Literature from the University of Rangoon. During the years 1913-1917 he had a correspondence with Mrs. Rhys-Davids of the Pāli Text Society in London, and translations of several of his discussions on points of Abhidhamma were published in the "Journal of the Pāli Text Society."
In the last years of his life Ven. Ledi Sayadaw's eyesight failed him because of the years he had spent reading, studying and writing, often with poor illumination. At the age of seventy-three he went blind and devoted the remaining years of his life exclusively to meditation and teaching meditation. He died in 1923 at the age of seventy-seven at Pyinmana, between Mandalay and Rangoon, in one of many monasteries that had been founded in his name as a result of his travels and teaching all over Burma.
The Venerable Ledi Sayadaw was perhaps the outstanding Buddhist figure of his age. All who have come into contact with the path of Dhamma in recent years owe a great debt of gratitude to this scholarly, saintly monk who was instrumental in re-enlivening the traditional practice of Vipassana,making it more available for renunciates and lay people alike. In addition to this most important aspect of his teaching, his concise, clear and extensive scholarly work served to clarify the experiential aspect of Dhamma.
Birds are first delivered from their
mothers' wombs in the form of eggs. By breaking through the shells, they are
delivered for a second time. Finally when they become full fledglings, endowed
with feathers and wings, they are delivered from their nests and can fly
wherever they please.
Similar is the case of meditators. They
are first delivered from the distractions of the mind which have accompanied
them throughout the beginningless saṃsāra (cycle
of rebirth), through successfully setting up mindful body contemplation
(mindfulness of the body-kāyānupassanā), or by accomplishing the work of
tranquillity meditation.
Secondly, when they attain insight
(vipassanā) into body, mind, aggregates (rūpa, nāma, khandhā)
and so on, they are free from coarse forms of ignorance.
Finally, when the seven factors of
enlightenment (bojjhaṅga),
develop and mature, they become fully fledged by attaining the knowledge of the
supramundane path (lokuttara-magga-ñāṇa) called sambodhi.
Thus are they delivered from the state of worldlings (puthujjana),
attaining the state of Noble Ones (ariya) - the
supramundane (lokuttara): nibbāna.
-from "The Requisites of
Enlightenment" (BodhiPakkhiya Dipani)
by Ven. Ledi Sayadaw
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Saya Thetgyi
(1873-1945)
The following account is partially based on a translation of the book Saya Thetgyi bydhamma-cāriya U Htay Hlaing, Myanmar.
Saya Thetgyi (pronounced Sa ya' taji in Burmese) was born in the farming village
of Pyawbwegyi, eight miles south of Rangoon, on the other side of the Rangoon river. He was born on 27 June 1873 and was given the name Maung Po Thet. He had two brothers and a sister, and his father died when he was about ten years old, leaving Maung Po Thet's mother to care for the four children.
His mother supported the family by selling vegetable fritters. The little boy was made to go around the village selling leftover fritters, but he often came home having sold none because he was too shy to advertise his wares by calling out. So his mother dispatched two children: Maung Po Thet to carry the fritters on a tray on his head, and his younger sister to call out.
Because he was needed to help support the family, his formal education was minimal- only about six years. His parents did not own any land or paddy (rice) fields, and used to collect the stalks of the paddy which were left over after harvesting. One day on the way home from the paddy fields, Maung Po Thet found some little fish in a pond that was drying up. He caught them and brought them home so that he could release them into the village pond. When his mother saw the fish, she was about to beat her son for catching them, but when he explained his intentions to her, she instead exclaimed, "Sādhu, Sādhu!" (well-said, well-done). She was a kind, good- hearted woman who never nagged or scolded, but did not tolerate any akusala (immoral) deed.
When he was fourteen years old, Maung Po Thet started working as a bullock driver of a cart carrying paddy. He gave his daily wages to his mother. He was so small at the time that he had to take along a special box: standing on it enabled him to get in and out of the cart.
The village of Pyawbwegyi is on a flat cultivated plain, fed by many tributaries which flow into the Rangoon river. When the rice fields are flooded, navigation is a problem, and one of the common means of travel is by sampan (long, flat-bottomed boats). Maung Po Thet's next job was as a sampan oarsman. The owner of a local rice mill observed the small boy, working so diligently, carrying loads of paddy, and hired him as a tally-man in the mill, at a wage of six rupees per month. At this time he lived by himself in the mill and ate very simple meals, such as a few split pea fritters and rice.
At first he bought rice from the Indian watchman and other labourers. They told him he could help himself to the sweepings of milled rice which were kept for pig and chicken feed. Maung Po Thet refused, saying that he did not want to take the rice without the mill owner's knowlege. The mill owner found out about this, and gave his permission. As it happened, Maung Po Thet did not have to eat the rice debris for long. The sampan and cart owners gave rice to him because he was such a helpful and willing worker. Maung Po Thet continued to collect the sweepings, however, giving them to poor villagers who could not afford to buy rice.
After one year, his salary was increased to ten rupees, and after two years, to fifteen. The mill owner offered him money to buy quality rice, and allowed him free milling of one hundred baskets of paddy per month. His monthly salary increased to twenty-five rupees, which supported his mother quite well.
Maung Po Thet married Ma Hmyin when he was about sixteen years old, as was customary. His wife was the youngest of three daughters of a well-to-do landowner and paddy merchant. The couple had two children, a daughter and a son. Following the Burmese custom, they lived in a joint family with Ma Hmyin's parents and sisters. Ma Yin, the younger sister, remained single and managed a successful small business. She was later instrumental in supporting U Po Thet in practising and teaching meditation.
Ma Hmyin's eldest sister Ma Khin married Ko Kaye and had a son, Maung Nyunt. Ko Kaye managed the family paddy fields and business. Maung Po Thet, now called U Po Thet or U Thet (Mr. Thet), also prospered in the buying and selling of paddy.
As a child, U Thet had not had the opportunity to become a novice monk. (Ordination as a novice is a common and important practice in Burma). It was only when his nephew Maung Nyunt became a novice at twelve years of age that U Thet became a novice himself and later, for a time, an ordained bhikkhu (monk).
When he was around twenty-three, he began to practise meditation with a lay teacher, Saya Nyunt, from whom he learned Ānāpāna. He practised Ānāpāna for seven years.
U Thet and his wife had many friends and relatives living close by in the village. So, with many uncles, nephews, nieces, cousins and in- laws, they led an idyllic life of contentment in the warmth and harmony of family and friends.
This rustic peace and happiness was shattered when a cholera epidemic struck the village in 1903. Many villagers died, some within a few days. They included U Thet's son and young teenage daughter (who, it is said, died in his arms). His brother-in-law Ko Kaye and his wife also perished from the disease, as well as U Thet's niece (who was his daughter's playmate).
This calamity affected U Thet deeply, and he could not find refuge anywhere. He desperately wanted to find a way out of this misery. He asked permission from his wife and sister-in-law Ma Yin and other relatives to leave the village in search of "the deathless."
U Thet wandered all over Burma in his fervent search, visiting mountain retreats and forest monasteries, studying with different teachers, both monks and laymen. Finally he followed the suggestion of his first teacher, Saya Nyunt, to go north to Monywa to practise with Ven. Ledi Sayadaw. U Thet was accompanied in his wanderings by a devoted companion and follower, U Nyo.
During these years of his spiritual searching, U Thet's wife and sister-in-law remained in Pyawbwegyi and managed the rice fields. In the first few years he returned a few times to see that all was well. But when he found that the family was prospering, he began to meditate more continuously. U Thet stayed with Ledi Sayadaw for seven years in all, during which time his wife and sister-in-law supported him by sending money each year from the harvest of the family farmland.
After seven years, accompanied by U Nyo, he returned to his village, but he did not return to his former householder's life. Ledi Sayadaw had advised him at the time of his departure to work diligently to develop his samādhi (concentration) and paññā (purifying wisdom) so that eventually he could begin to teach.
Accordingly, when U Thet and U Nyo reached Pyawbwegyi, they went straight to the sala (rest-house) at the edge of the family farm, which they used as a Dhamma hall. Here they began to meditate continuously. They arranged for a woman who lived near the Dhamma hall to cook two meals a day while they continued their retreat.
U Thet continued in this way for one year. He made rapid progress in his meditation, and at the end of the period he felt the need for advice from his teacher. He could not speak to Ledi Sayadaw himself, but he knew that his teacher's books were in a cupboard at his home. So he went there to consult the manuals.
His wife and her sister had become quite angry with him for not returning to the house after such a long absence. His wife had even decided to divorce him. When the sisters saw U Po Thet approaching the house, they agreed neither to greet nor welcome him. But, as soon as he came in the door, they found themselves welcoming him profusely. They talked for awhile, and U Thet asked for their forgiveness, which they freely granted.
They invited him for tea and a meal. He procured the books and explained to his wife that he was now living on eight precepts and would not be returning to the usual householder's life. From now on they would be as brother and sister.
His wife and sister-in-law invited him to come to the house each day for his morning meal and happily agreed to continue supporting him. He was extremely grateful for their generosity and told them that the only way he could repay them was to give them the Dhamma.
Other relatives including his wife's cousin, U Ba Soe, came to see and talk with him. After about two weeks, U Thet said that he was spending too much time coming and going for lunch, so Ma Hmyin and Ma Yin offered to send the noon meal to the sala.
At first the people in the village were reluctant to come to him for instruction. They misinterpreted U Thet's zeal, thinking that perhaps after the grief of his losses and his absence from the village, he had lost his senses. But slowly they realized from his speech and actions that he was indeed a transformed person, one who was living in accordance to Dhamma.
Some of U Thet's relatives and friends requested that he teach them meditation. U Ba Soe offered to take charge of the fields and household responsibilities. U Thet's sister and a niece took responsibility for preparing the meals.
U Thet started teaching Ānāpāna to a group of about fifteen people in 1914, when he was forty-one years old. The students all stayed at the sala, some of them going home from time to time. He gave discourses to his meditation students, as well as to interested people who were not practising meditation. His listeners found the talks so learned that they refused to believe that U Thet had very little theoretical knowledge of the Dhamma.
Due to his wife and sister-in-law's generous financial support, and the help of other family members, all the food and other necessities were provided for the meditators who came to U Thet's Dhamma hall-even to the extent, on one occasion, of compensating workers for wages lost while they took a Vipassana course.
After teaching for a year, in about 1915, U Thet took his wife and her sister and a few other family members to Monywa to pay respects to Ledi Sayadaw, who was about seventy years old at that time. When U Thet told his teacher about his meditation experiences and the courses he had been offering, Ledi Sayadaw was very pleased.
It was during this visit that Ledi Sayadaw gave his staff to U Thet, saying, "Here, my great pupil, take my staff and go. Keep it well. I do not give this to you to make you live long, but as a reward, so that there will be no mishaps in your life. You have been successful. From today onwards, you must teach the Dhamma of rūpa and nāma (mind and matter) to six thousand people. The Dhamma known by you is inexhaustible, so propagate the sāsana (era of the Buddha's teaching). Pay homage to the sāsana in my stead."
The next day Ledi Sayadaw summoned all the bhikkhus (monks) of his monastery. He requested U Thet to stay on for ten or fifteen days to instruct them. The Sayadaw told the gathering of bhikkhus, "Take note, all of you. This layperson is my great pupil U Po Thet from lower Burma. He is capable of teaching meditation like me. Those of you who wish to practise meditation, follow him. Learn the technique from him and practise. You, Dayaka Thet (lay supporter of a monk who undertakes to supply his needs such as food, robes, medicine, etc.), hoist the victory banner of Dhamma in place of me, starting at my monastery."
U Thet then taught Vipassana meditation to about twenty-five monks learned in the scriptures. It was at this point that he became known as Saya Thetgyi (saya means "teacher;" gyi is a suffix denoting respect).
Ledi Sayadaw encouraged Saya Thetgyi to teach the Dhamma on his behalf, but his student was somewhat discouraged because of his lack of theoretical knowledge. Saya Thetgyi knew many of Ledi Sayadaw's prolific writings by heart, and was able to expound on the Dhamma with references to the scriptures, in a way that most learned Sayadaws (monk teachers) could not find fault with. Nevertheless, Ledi Sayadaw's exhortation to him to teach Vipassana in his stead was a solemn responsibility, and Saya Thetgyi was apprehensive. Bowing to his teacher in deep respect, he said, "Among your pupils, I am the least learned in the scriptures. To dispense the sāsana by teaching Vipassana as decreed by you is a highly subtle, yet heavy duty to perform, sir. That is why I request that, if at any time I need to ask for clarification, you give me your help and guidance. Please be my support, and please admonish me whenever necessary."
Ledi Sayadaw reassured him by replying, "I will not forsake you, even at the time of my passing away."
Saya Thetgyi and his relatives returned to their village in southern Burma. They discussed with other family members the plans for carrying out the tall order from Ledi Sayadaw. Saya Thetgyi considered travelling around Burma, thinking that he would have more contact with people that way. But his sister-in-law said, "You have a Dhamma hall here, and we can support you in your work by preparing food for the students. Why not stay here and give courses? There are many who will come here to learn Vipassana." He agreed and began holding regular courses at his sala in Pyawbwegyi.
As his sister-in-law had predicted, many did start coming, and Saya Thetgyi's reputation as a meditation teacher spread. He taught simple farmers and labourers as well as those who were well-versed in the Pāli texts. The village was not far from Rangoon, which was the capital of Burma under the British, so government employees and urbanites, like U Ba Khin, also came.
As more and more meditators came to learn meditation, Saya Thetgyi appointed as assistant teachers some of the older, experienced meditators like U Nyo, U Ba Soe, and U Aung Nyunt.
The centre progressed year by year and there were up to two hundred students, including monks and nuns, in the courses. There was not enough room in the sala, so the more experienced students practised meditation in their homes and came to the sala only for the discourses.
From the time he returned from Ledi Sayadaw's centre, Saya Thetgyi lived by himself and ate only one meal a day, in solitude and silence. Like the bhikkhus, he never discussed his meditation attainments. If questioned, he would never say what stage of meditation he or any other student had achieved, although it was widely believed in Burma that he was an anāgāmi (person having achieved the last stage before final liberation). He was known in Burma as "Anagam Saya Thetgyi."
Since lay teachers of Vipassana were rare at that time, Saya Thetgyi faced certain difficulties that monk teachers did not face. For example, he was opposed by some because he was not as learned in the scriptures. Saya Thetgyi simply ignored these criticisms and allowed the results of the practice to speak for themselves.
On one occasion some of the rice labourers who worked on his farm took advantage of him, accusing him of withholding their share of the harvest. Although he had retired from any direct involvement in the farm management, he went out of his way to settle the affair so that the accusers would not continue to generate anger and thereby create more unwholesome conditioning for themselves.
For thirty years he taught meditation to all who came to him, guided by his own experience and using Ledi Sayadaw's manuals as a reference. By 1945, when he was seventy- two, he had fulfilled his mission of teaching thousands. His wife had died; his sister-in-law had become paralyzed; and his own health was failing. So he distributed all his property to his nieces and nephews, setting aside fifty acres of rice paddy for the maintenance of his Dhamma hall.
He had twenty water buffaloes that had tilled his fields for years. He distributed them to people who he knew would treat them kindly, and sent them off with the invocation, "You have been my benefactors. Thanks to you the rice has been grown. Now you are free from your work. May you be released from this kind of life for a better existence."
Saya Thetgyi moved to Rangoon both for treatment and to see his students there. He told some of his pupils that he would die in Rangoon and that his body would be cremated in a place where no cremation had taken place before. He also said that his ashes should not be kept in holy places because he was not entirely free from defilements-that is, he was not an arahant (fully enlightened being).
One of his students had established a meditation centre at Arzanigone, on the northern slope of the Shwedagon Pagoda. Nearby was a bomb shelter that had been built during the Second World War. Saya Thetgyi used this shelter as his meditation cave. At night he stayed with one of his assistant teachers. His students from Rangoon (including the Accountant General, U Ba Khin, and the Commissioner of Income Tax, U San Thein) came to see him as much as time permitted.
He instructed all who came to see him to be diligent in their practice; to treat the monks and nuns who came to practise meditation with respect; to be well-disciplined in body, speech and mind; and to pay respects to the Buddha in everything they did.
Saya Thetgyi was accustomed to go to Shwedagon Pagoda every evening, but after about a week he caught a cold and fever from sitting in the dugout shelter. Despite being treated by physicians, his condition deterioriated. As his state worsened, his nieces and nephews came from Pyawbwegyi to Rangoon. Every night his students, numbering about fifty, sat in meditation together. During these group meditations, Saya Thetgyi himself did not say anything, but silently meditated.
One night at about 10:00 p.m., Saya Thetgyi was with a number of his students. (U Ba Khin was unable to be present.) He was lying on his back, and his breathing became loud and prolonged. Two of the students were watching intently, while the rest were silently meditating. At exactly 11:00 p.m., the breathing became deeper. It seemed as if each inhalation and expiration took about five minutes. After three breaths of this kind, the breathing stopped altogether, and Saya Thetgyi passed away.
His body was cremated on the northern slope of Shwedagon Pagoda and Sayagyi U Ba Khin and his disciples later built a small pagoda on the spot. But perhaps the most fitting and enduring memorial to this singular teacher is the fact that the task given him by Ledi Sayadaw of spreading the Dhamma in all strata of society is continuing.
In a Buddhist country, from the time the
mother gives birth, and one becomes a human being, the Buddhists have faith in
the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha. Since childhood one repeats "Buddhaṃ
saranaṃ
gacchami. Dhammaṃ saranaṃ
gacchami. Saṅghaṃ saranaṃ gacchami."-I
take refuge in the Buddha. I take refuge in the Dhamma. I take refuge in the
Sangha. This is the Triple Gem. Of the Triple Gem, the primary importance is
that of the Gem of Dhamma.
-Sayagyi U Ba Khin
Saya Thetgyi:
Anecdotes
by S.N. Goenka
The Farmer Teacher
In a village across the river from Rangoon lived a farmer by the name of U Thet (Mr. Thet). Every year, after harvesting his crop, this farmer travelled up and down the country in search of someone to teach him meditation. Finally he found a teacher who showed him how to concentrate the mind by observing respiration (Ānāpāna). For seven years he went to this teacher, spending months at a time with him. He achieved great mastery in concentration. Then he went in search of someone to teach him Vipassana, and fortunately he encountered Ledi Sayadaw. This well-respected monk found him to be a worthy pupil, and taught him the technique. For another seven years U Thet kept going to Ledi Sayadaw, and attained proficiency in insight as well. Now he could not resist teaching what he had learned to others. With the permission of Ledi Sayadaw, he returned to his village and offered to show the technique to others.
At first, however, no one would come to him. "What can this man know about the Dhamma?" people scoffed. "He is a layman like us. His head is not shaven, and he does not wear the yellow robe of a monk. What can he know about Vipassana?"
Saya Thetgyi (respected teacher Thet) was not disconcerted. On his farm were some hired labourers. He called them and said, "Ordinarily you work in the fields, but if you are willing, I will give you the same wages for working in my house."
"As you like, sir. It's all the same to us so long as we are paid." Saya Thetgyi led them to a curtained room. "All right, now," he told them, "Sit down, close your eyes, and focus your attention on your breath."
The men were astonished. "Is this the work we have to do here?" They thought to themselves, "Our master has gone crazy! He says that he will pay and feed us just to watch our breath! Well, if that is what he wants us to do, we'll do it!" And so they followed the instructions of Saya Thetgyi. These men passed through the process of Vipassana and emerged smiling and happy. Whether one is an illiterate labourer or a highly educated professor, the technique works for one and all.
After the course the labourers began to tell others, "Our master can teach a wonderful technique of meditation that brings real peace of mind!" But others would not listen to them, thinking that U Thetgyi had paid his workers to sing his praises, in an effort to lure students to him.
After a few months, however, it became clear to the whole village that a big change had come to the workers of U Thetgyi. Many of them had been rough and rowdy characters, always drinking and fighting, but now they were mild-mannered and peaceable. Becoming curious, the villagers began to ask these men, "What was it that your master taught you?" The men explained as best they could, and the villagers could not help but be impressed: "Well, that is what the Buddhist scriptures say. Perhaps this man really does know something. Let us go to him just to see what he teaches."
Whatever the motives that bring people to courses, if they work in the proper way they are bound to get results. So the renown of Saya Thetgyi began to spread, and he became the foremost disciple of Ledi Sayadaw.
Playing With Fire
Among those who came to learn meditation from Saya Thetgyi was a Buddhist scholar, a very learned man. Unfortunately he seemed to be more interested in the theory of Vipassana than in experiencing it himself. Still, he completed his ten-day course successfully, and left well-pleased with what he had accomplished.
A few months later this man returned to visit Saya Thetgyi, and respectfully placed before him one or two volumes. "Sir," he said, "I have written a book explaining how to meditate, and I have dedicated it to you as my teacher."
Saya Thetgyi asked, "Are only these copies that you brought here dedicated to me?"
"Oh no, sir! All contain the dedication." "Well, if you wish to dedicate them all tome, bring all the copies of your book here."
The scholar happily agreed to do so, thinking perhaps that Saya Thetgyi would perform a ceremony to bless his work. After a few days he returned with a cartload of books.
"Are these all the copies of your book?" asked Saya Thetgyi.
"Yes, sir," the man replied proudly.
"Very well," said Saya Thetgyi, "Put them in the fallow field over there." The scholar did as Saya Thet directed, arranging the books in a neat pile.
"Now," said the teacher, "Go the kitchen and get a bottle of kerosene and some matches."
"Kerosene, sir? Matches?" The man was bewildered. What use could Saya Thetgyi have for these in the ceremony?
"Yes, kerosene and matches." Once again the scholar did as he was told, though somewhat reluctantly. When he returned with the bottle and matches, Saya Thetgyi said, "Good! Now sprinkle the kerosene over the books and set them alight."
The scholar could restrain himself no longer. "What, sir! You must be joking! I have laboured so many months to write this book."
Saya Thetgyi replied, "You would have better used your time to meditate. How can you explain meditation to others unless you have meditated deeply yourself? And even if you yourself had understood it properly, how could you expect others to learn meditation from a book? They would only burn themselves as surely as children playing with fire. Better to burn the books!"
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The Venerable Webu (Vipula) Sayadaw (1896
- 1977)
Photo
The Ven. Webu Sayadaw and Sayagyi U Ba Khin at the International Meditation Centre, Rangoon.
Venerable Webu
Sayadaw & Sayagyi U Ba Khin
by Vipassana Research Institute
Ven. Webu Sayadaw was one of the most highly respected monks of this century in Burma. (Sayadaw is a title used for monks. It means "respected teacher monk.") He was notable in giving all importance to diligent practice rather than to scholastic achievement.
Webu Sayadaw was born in the village of Ingyinpin in upper Burma on 17 February 1896. He underwent the usual monk's training in the Pali scriptures from the age of nine, when he became a novice, until he was twenty-seven. In 1923 (seven years after his ordination), he left the monastery and spent four years in solitude.
He practised (and later taught) the technique of ānāpāna-sati (awareness of the in-breath and out-breath). He said that by working with this practice to a very deep level of concentration, one is able to develop vipassana (insight) into the essential characteristics of all experience: anicca (impermanence), anattā (egolessness) and dukkha (unsatisfactoriness).
Webu Sayadaw was famous for his unflagging diligence in meditation and for spending most of his time in solitude. He was reputed to be an arahant (fully enlightened one), and it is said that he never slept.
For the first fifty-seven years of his life, Webu Sayadaw stayed in upper Burma, dividing his time among three meditation centres in a small area. After his first trip to Rangoon, at the invitation of Sayagyi U Ba Khin, in 1953, he included southern Burma in his travels, visiting there to teach and meditate from time to time. He also went on pilgrimage to India and Sri Lanka.
Webu Sayadaw spent his final days at the meditation centre in the village where he was born. He passed away on 26 June 1977, at the age of eighty-one.
The following describes Sayagyi's first meeting and subsequent contact with this noble person.
At the beginning of 1941, U Ba Khin had been promoted to the post of Chief Accounts Officer, Burma Railways Board. One of his duties was to travel on the Rangoon-Mandalay line auditing the accounts of local stations. He travelled in a special carriage for the Chief Accountant, with full facilities for office work and sleeping overnight. His carriage would be attached to the main train, then detached at various stations.
One day in July, by error his carriage was detached at a station in the town of Kyaukse, forty miles south of Mandalay. Although he was not scheduled to audit the accounts here, as Accounts Officer he was permitted to check the accounts of any station, and he proceeded to do this.
After his work was over, he decided to visit the nearby Shwetharlyaung Hill and set out with the local station master. Sayagyi had heard that a monk named Webu Sayadaw, who had reached a high stage of development, was residing in the area. From the top of the hill they could see a cluster of buildings in the distance. They recognized this as the monastery of Webu Sayadaw and decided to go there.
At about 3:00 p.m. they arrived at the compound. An old nun sat pounding chillies and beans, and they asked her if they could pay respects to the Sayadaw.
"This is not the time to see the reverend Sayadaw," she said. "He is meditating and will not come out of his hut until about six o'clock. This monk does not entertain people. He only comes out of his hut for about half an hour in the evening. If there are people here at this time, he may give a discourse and then return to his hut. He will not meet people at times they may wish to meet him."
U Ba Khin explained that he was a visitor from Rangoon and that he did not have much time. He would like very much to meet Webu Sayadaw. Would it not be possible to pay respects outside?
The nun pointed out the hut, a small bamboo structure, and the visitors went there together. Sayagyi knelt on the ground and said, "Venerable Sir, I have come all the way from lower Burma, Rangoon, and wish to pay respects to you."
To everyone's astonishment, the door to the hut opened and the Sayadaw emerged, preceded by a cloud of mosquitoes. Sayagyi paid respects, keeping his attention in the body with awareness of anicca.
"What is your aspiration, layman?" Webu Sayadaw asked Sayagyi.
"My aspiration is to attain nibbāna, sir," U Ba Khin replied.
"Nibbāna? How are you going to attain nibbāna?"
"Through meditation and by knowing anicca, sir," said Sayagyi.
"Where did you learn to be aware of this anicca?"
Sayagyi explained how he had studied Vipassana meditation under Saya Thetgyi.
"You have been practising Vipassana?" "Yes, sir, I am practising Vipassana."
"What sort of Vipassana?" Webu Sayadaw questioned him closely and Sayagyi gave the details. The Sayadaw was very pleased.
He said, "I have been meditating in this jungle alone for years in order to experience such stages of Vipassana as you describe." He seemed astonished to encounter a householder who had reached advanced proficiency in the practice without being a monk.
Webu Sayadaw meditated with Sayagyi, and after some time said, "You must start teaching now. You have acquired good pārami (accumulated merit), and you must teach the Dhamma to others. Do not let people who meet you miss the benefits of receiving this teaching. You must not wait. You must teach- teach now!"
With a Dhamma injunction of such strength from this saintly person, U Ba Khin felt he had no choice but to teach. Back at the railway station, the assistant station master became his first student. Sayagyi instructed him in Ānāpāna meditation in his railway carriage, using the two tables of the dining compartment as their seats.
Although Sayagyi did not begin to teach in a formal way until about a decade later, this incident was a watershed. It marked the point at which Sayagyi began to share his knowledge of meditation with others.
In 1953, at a time when there was much conflict and strife in lower Burma, some government officials suggested that they should invite some of the saintly monks of the country to visit the capital, Rangoon. There was a traditional belief that if a highly developed person visited in a time of trouble, it would have a beneficial effect and the disturbances would calm down. Webu Sayadaw was not well-known in Rangoon because prior to this time he had strictly confined his travels to his three meditation compounds at Kyaukse, Shwebo and Ingyinpin, never leaving this small area of northern Burma. Sayagyi, however, felt strongly that this saintly monk should be invited to visit Rangoon.
Even though he had not seen nor communicated with Webu Sayadaw since 1941, Sayagyi felt confident that he would accept the invitation, so he sent one of his assistants to upper Burma to ask the Sayadaw to come and visit his centre in Rangoon for one week. This was during the time of the monsoon retreat when the monks, according to their monastic rules, must spend their time in meditation rather than in travel. Monks are not ordinarily permitted to travel during the monsoon retreat; however, for a special purpose, a monk may leave his retreat for up to seven days.
When U Ba Khin's messenger reached Mandalay and people heard what his mission was, they scoffed. "Webu Sayadaw never travels," they told him. "Especially not now during the rainy season. He will not go out for even one night, let alone seven days. You are wasting your time." Nevertheless, Sayagyi had sent him on this errand, so he persevered. He hired a taxi to Shwebo and sought an audience with the Ven. Sayadaw. When the assistant told Webu Sayadaw that he had been sent by Sayagyi U Ba Khin and extended Sayagyi's invitation, the monk exclaimed, "Yes, I am ready. Let us go." This response was a great surprise to everyone.
Webu Sayadaw, accompanied by some of the monks from his monastery, then paid a visit to the International Meditation Centre. This visit, coming after more than a decade since the two men had first met, demonstrated Webu Sayadaw's high regard for Sayagyi. Moreover, it was unusual for a monk to stay at the meditation centre of a lay teacher.
Between the years of 1954 and his death in 1977, Webu Sayadaw made regular annual visits to towns in southern Burma to teach Dhamma. During Sayagyi's lifetime, he periodically visited I.M.C. as well. The Sayadaw was held to have attained high attainments in meditation, and it was a great honour for I.M.C. to receive him.
When Webu Sayadaw visited Sayagyi's centre, he usually gave a short Dhamma talk every day. He once mentioned, "When we first visited this place it was like a jungle, but now what progress has been made in these years. It resembles the time of the Buddha when many benefited! Can one count the number?
Innumerable!"
At one time, Sayagyi decided to fulfil the Burmese tradition of becoming a monk at least once in one's lifetime. Without notifying anyone in advance, he and one of his close disciples, U Ko Lay (the ex-Vice-chancellor of Mandalay University) went to Webu Sayadaw's centre at Shwebo and, under the Sayadaw's guidance, took robes for a period of about ten days.
After Sayagyi's death, Webu Sayadaw visited Rangoon and gave a private interview to about twenty-five students from Sayagyi's centre. When it was reported to him that Sayagyi had died, he said, "Your Sayagyi never died. A person like your Sayagyi will not die. You may not see him now, but his teaching lives on. Not like some persons who, even though they are alive, are as if dead- who serve no purpose and who benefit none."
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Now Is the Time
translated by Ven. Ñāṇissara
Discourse by Ven. Webu Sayadaw
addressing Sayagyi U Ba Khin and his students
Ven. Webu Sayadaw: Dakagyis and dakamagyis (gentlemen and ladies)!
You should establish your minds on the straight path to liberation (vimutti), and you should endeavour to possess sovacassataguṇa (receptivity to the teachings of Buddha). You should pay respect to the Sangha and give donation to them in order to honour the peerless dispensation of the Buddha. When you gain merits in this way, you must wish well for yourselves in this manner: "May I enter into nibbāna by attaining bodhiñāṇa (knowledge of enlightenment)."
By bodhi I mean penetration of the Four Noble Truths. There are three kinds of bodhi:
1. sammā sambodhi (full enlightenment)
2. paccekabodhi @(solitary enlightenment)
3. sāvakabodhi @@@(the enlightenment of a disciple)
Wishing well for yourselves means that you determine to attain one of these three enlightenments. If you analyse it, there are also three types of sāvakabodhi:
Photo
The Ven. Webu Sayadaw and Sayagyi U Ba
Khin
1. agga-sāvakabodhi (foremost disciple's enlightenment)
2. mahā-sāvakabodhi (great disciple's enlightenment)
3. pakati-sāvakabodhi (normal disciple's enlightenment)
So, you have many ways and many destinations in this peerless dispensation; you can go to your destination as you like, according to your wishes.
There were countless noble beings who attained enlightenment in these ways. Why were their determined wishes achieved? Because the time was right, the place was right and the endeavour was right.
From the time when the Buddha attained enlightenment, so many devas (deities) and men came to him, paid respect and listened to the teaching. From that time, those who have known and followed the teaching of the Buddha, who have endeavoured rightly, have accomplished their wishes.
They were not satisfied by seeing the splendid physical appearance of the Buddha, nor by merely listening to the noble Dhamma taught by him. Having developed unshakable confidence and clear understanding, they entered into the teaching and took the teaching as their shelter. The compassionate Buddha delineated the truth for them. He instructed them in how to know the truth which he had discerned. As soon as they understood the teaching of the Buddha, they followed and practised the Dhamma tirelessly, with strong endeavour, in all the four postures of the body. This is right endeavour: to practise tirelessly, successively, sorrowlessly in order to dispel the defilements and fulfil the wholesome qualities.
When a pious man accomplishes his right wish (sammā-chanda) by striving with diligence, he is glad in the fullness of happiness. This real happiness, free from defilements, has overcome continual suffering in successive lives. This is the happiness of freedom. Such persons are never envious or grasping, so they always share the happiness of their freedom with others. Sharing of merits is their duty. It is good to be glad!
So, for the gladdening of good people and for the happiness of all beings, all of you must propagate and maintain the teachings in your hearts. You lay people, you support the teachings by giving the requisites to the monks. And the monks support the people with the teaching. How good, how very glad!
One who possesses right effort and strives diligently, one who possesses clear faith, who is generously supported, one who possesses this quality of gentle receptivity (sovacassataguṇa); he gains the benefits. This is the great effect of the teaching.
In this way, from the time of the Buddha until now, good people with right wishes, right effort and strong faith have taken up the duties of the Buddha-sāsana (dispensation of Buddha). It is so good and joyous to be happily carrying the teachings from generation to successive generation. These are excellent opportunities that can be attained from the teachings by a pious person who endeavours when the time and place are right.
When the Buddha began to teach the Dhamma on his Dhamma journey, the king of Rājagaha (Bimbisāra), who ruled the kingdom of Magadha, attained wisdom, real happiness and liberation. The king was so keen and so wise that he donated the Veḷuvana grove for the accommodation of the Sangha. The Buddha taught many different sorts of discourses there to many different beings: devas and men. From that day to the present, countless beings have enjoyed real peace and happiness because of the teachings.
What is the teaching of the Buddha?
Sayagyi U Ba Khin: It is the three baskets of the teachings, bhante [venerable sir: term used to address a monk].
What are these?
Sayagyi: Sutta (discourses), Vinaya (discipline), Abhidhamma (subtle, sublime teaching), bhante.
Oh, yes. These are for learning. But, when someone learns the three baskets in essence, he gets sīla (morality), samādhi (concentration), and paññā (wisdom). What is this for?
Sayagyi: This is to follow, undertake and practise.
When someone follows and practises them, what benefit can he attain?
Sayagyi: He can attain real happiness, peace and liberation, bhante.
The attainment of the benefits: is it here or hereafter?
Sayagyi: Here and now, bhante! It is not delayed.
Aye! That is sandiṭṭhika, akālika: the nature of Dhamma is worthy of seeing by yourself, here and now, without delay. Ah, very excellent! So wonderful! How many kinds of dhammas (characteristics) are in the Tipiṭaka (scriptures)?
Sayagyi: Three, bhante.
Sutta, Vinaya and Abhidhamma. And then, how many kinds are in paṭipatti (practice)?
Sayagyi: Sīla, samādhi and paññā, bhante, in paṭipatti.
In paṭipatti, and how many in the penetration (paṭivedha)?
Sayagyi: Magga (path), phala (fruition) and nibbāna. Three, bhante.
Though the dhammas are many in number, nevertheless in the characteristic of liberation, there is only one: that is vimutti. And in the aspect of practice there is only one, unique way: that is sati (awareness). Therefore men and devas who have followed the unique method have attained the unique Dhamma: vimutti equals nibbāna.
This is eko Dhamma (one Dhamma), that is taught by the Buddha. In analytical details there are countless dhammas, but if you learn only one of these dhammas, it is enough for you to practise.
For a person who wants to get liberated from the cycle of suffering, the requirements are the qualities of receptivity and gentleness (sovacassataguṇa), ardent energetic will (āraddha-viriya) and penetrative wisdom (paṭividdha paññā). When he possesses these qualities, he will get liberated from the round of becoming without fail.
So, you should seize the instructions of the Teacher in the peerless dispensation. When you have grasped the teaching exactly, you have to place your attention in the body. You should fix the mind on the body, keeping it there steadily to train the mind to become tame.
What is the fixing of the mind?
Sayagyi: It is mindfulness (sati).
What is keeping the mind steady?
Sayagyi: It is concentration (samādhi).
What is the training of the mind?
Sayagyi: It is effort (viriya).
What is the taming of the mind?
Sayagyi: It is wisdom (paññā), bhante.
Oh dakagyi (gentleman): Sādhu, Sādhu,... good, quite right! How is it? Excellent! So wonderful!
Sayagyi: Right! Eva?, bhante (it is so, sir). This is the wonder of the excellent sāsana (dispensation).
There is a great deal of hearing, learning- knowledge (suta-maya paññā). Lots! But it needs to persist firmly in the mind. For this the learning-knowledge should lead to development-knowledge (bhavanāmaya paññā) which can penetrate the mass of defilements. Only this penetrative knowledge can bring you to liberation. It is right?
Sayagyi: Yes, bhante.
Right! This is the only real merit. When the real merit is persistently present in one's mind, then greed, anger, delusion, sorrow, lamentation, etc., are absent in him and he will enjoy real happiness and peace. It is so good, isn't it?
Sayagyi: Yes, reverend bhante.
So, the absence of desire is called happiness. The absence of hatred is called happiness. The absence of delusion is called wisdom. These benefits come in this life. Do not delay their development! Asoka (non- sorrow), viraga (absence of desire): these are the only real joy, peace and cessation.
Your strong wish-aspiring to liberation from these defilements-is the road to power (chanda-iddhi-pāda). When you possess this strong wish as the basis, your effort becomes very energetic. This becomes energetic-will as the road to power (viriya-iddhi-pāda). Then your mind becomes strong and steady, straight and concentrated. This is called the consciousness which is the road to power (citta-iddhi-pāda). When these three- wishes, effort and consciousness-become strengthened, concentrated and energetic; at that time reason, investigation, complete wisdom is achieved. This wisdom is called a road to power (vimaṃsa-iddhi-pāda).
In this way, the Buddha expounded: kevalaṃ paripuṇṇaṃ, satthu sāsanaṃ (the whole dispensation is complete in its entirety).
Now, like this, is it wholly completed?
Sayagyi: It is actually completed, in all tasks, bhante.
He who has entirely completed all tasks has achieved happiness here and now, with no delay. This is the incomparable happiness in which tangled, perturbed defilements have passed away, ceased without exception. Such happiness, firmly seated in the meditator, never retreats, never changes. You should pay respect to and think highly of this supramundane happiness.
In the worldly happiness, happiness arising from sensual pleasures, there are many tangles, perturbances, interruptions, opponents, sorrows, and so on. Is this right?
Sayagyi: Right, bhante.
Consider, for example: the happiness of human beings, the happiness of human kings, the happiness of gods and goddesses, the happiness of kings of gods and goddesses. These happinesses are but names, mere designations. They are insubstantial; there is no core inside them. When one enjoys any of these happinesses, how are they enjoyed?
Sayagyi: They are enjoyed by feeling, bhante.
So, these are called happiness enjoyed by feeling (vedayita sukha). Sensual happiness is always changing, never lasting (vipariṇama, anicca). When men and gods enjoy this worldly happiness of sensation, does defilement lie dormant in the feelings?
Sayagyi: Bhante, if they enjoy the happiness with pleasure, then surely greed, desire and lust lie dormant in the feeling.
Suppose these enjoyers of sensual pleasure are afraid of five enemies (i.e., fire, water, a bad king, robbers, fools); or they must give up their enjoyments because they have consumed the results of previous good actions; or they are near death because they have consumed their life-span. At times like these, how do they enjoy their sense pleasures?
Sayagyi: On the eve of these events, they could not enjoy their sensual pleasures with a feeling of happiness. They would surely feel sorrow, lamentation, worry, anxiety and so on.
Meanwhile, what kind of defilements lie dormant in their feelings?
Sayagyi: Bhante, anger or hatred lies dormant in their sensations of misery.
So, the happiness of pleasant-feeling exists only for a moment, a very short period of time. It is in constant flux. It has no substantial core. The peaceful happiness (santisukha) never changes, is not in flux and lasts forever. Why? Santisukha has no defilements; it eradicates all defilements which are the roots of various miseries. It uproots them without exception. This is the cessation of defilements. This is the cessation of suffering. These are the benefits of the Dhamma.
Therefore, O upāsakas and upasikas (laymen and laywomen disciples), now, while you can seize the excellent opportunity, during the dispensation of the peerless Teacher, try hard, endeavour ardently, with strong wishes, right effort, straight consciousness and bright wisdom to attain the peaceful happiness here and now, without delay.
May all of you be peaceful.
All listeners in attendance:
Sādhu! Sādhu! Sādhu! (Well said! Well said! Well said!)
This discourse was translated from Burmese by Ven. Ñāṇissara (Sagaing, Myanmar) at V.I.A. Dhamma Giri, in October 1991.
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2. mahā-sāvakabodhiiĚĺČíqĚĺčj (great disciple's enlightenment)
3. pakati-sāvakabodhi i}vĚĺčj@@@(normal disciple's enlightenment)
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Vipassana
Students Meet with the Venerable Webu Sayadaw
In January 1976, on the fifth anniversary of Sayagyi's demise, a number of Goenkaji's Western Vipassana students travelled to Rangoon, Burma to meditate at Sayagyi's centre. During their stay, they met with the Ven. Webu Sayadaw, whose remarks were conveyed through a translator.
Translator: These are the disciples of Sayagyi U Ba Khin: fifteen foreign disciples,
men and women. Today [19 January 1976] is the fifth anniversary of Sayagyi U Ba Khin's death. Fifty monks were offered breakfast very early this morning, and about one hundred fifty disciples were invited to the feeding ceremony. These foreign disciples have been coming during the whole month for their Vipassana course at the centre. These people can stay in Burma only for seven days; so they do meditation for seven days, and leave for Bangkok or Calcutta, and then come back here again. Some of them are on their second trip. More will be coming for the third trip. The meditation course is arranged for the whole of this month to commemorate the passing away of Sayagyi.
Some are from America, some from England, France and New Zealand- very far away places-representing many nationalities. Some have come from Australia; and there is one disciple from Malaysia.
Webu Sayadaw: This is just like the time of our Lord Buddha. Then, also, they arrived at the presence of the Buddha, all at the same time. Not from the same country, not from the same town, same place; but from different countries, different towns-all men of noble hearts, arriving simultaneously at the same place to pay respect to Lord Buddha. No beings, whether human or celestial, ever tired of giving homage to the Lord Buddha. Gladdened at heart, they worshipped the Buddha in great adoration.
The Buddha, having unbounded love, pity and compassion for all beings, showed them the way. They followed and practised his teachings with meekness and in all humility, being good and disciplined students. Wandering forlornly the whole of saṃsāra (cycle of rebirths), looking for a way out, they had now reached the end of their journey, they had now found what they have been searching for the whole of saṃsāra.
Innumerable are those who attained nibbāna (freedom from suffering) by following Buddha's advice.
You all are just like those seekers of the old days. And, just like them, if you are determined to acquire what they did; are equipped with the noble zeal and earnestness, having now reached a place of sanctity where Buddha's teachings are perpetuated; doing all that is necessary to be done; following the teachings with meekness and humility, without wasting time; working hard in this way-being able to work hard in this way, you will achieve what you have been working for, the supreme goal of the holy life. This is something you should all feel happy about.
Do they understand what I have said? I wonder if they do.
Translator: One or two might understand, Sir. They have learned some Burmese in America.
Sayadaw: Have they really? Well, very good! I am glad. The ones who understand can then pass on the teachings of the Buddha to the rest, thus benefiting many. Isn't it so?
Who is the one who can speak Burmese fluently? So dakagyi (gentleman)you understand Burmese, you understand me? Only a little? Well, a little will be useful! Understanding even a little of what Buddha taught will be a great help. Just a few of Buddha's words is not really little; it means a great deal.
There is something which you have longed for, worked for throughout the saṃsāra. When you understand the teachings of Buddha and follow his advice, you will achieve what you have been looking for. Now, what is it that you all wish for, now and for always, throughout the lengthy saṃsāra? What do I mean by "now"? I mean the immediate present-right this moment.
You all want happiness, relief from suffering, right now-don't you all? And you all want to be assured of happiness in saṃsāra, too. Well, going the rounds of saṃsāra means you are all the time subjected to old age, illness and death. It means great suffering. You all are afraid of old age, illness and death, aren't you? Yes, you all are, I'm sure. Being frightened, you don't want to have anything to do with that, do you?
What you really long for is a place where these sufferings don't exist, a place of happiness because these sufferings are not existent-where old age, illness and death are unknown. Where all these sufferings cease; in short, nibbāna. This is what you are striving for. If you follow Buddha's instructions with due meekness and in all humility, you will achieve your goal, won't you? You will have accomplished all your work, having gained success, having gained what you always longed for.
So, what you understand may be very little-only a short, brief teaching. But if you follow it diligently, the achievement will not be small. It is what you have been striving for throughout the ages. Can it be regarded as only a small reward? Not at all! It is indeed a big reward.
Once you understand the instructions, however brief and concise, and follow it carefully, ceaselessly, happiness will be yours. Happiness will be for all the universe, for all the humans, the devas and the brahmās (celestial beings). Although the teaching is little, the achievement is great. All that you want is achieved. Is it not so? Indeed, it is so.
So, dakagyi, you can manage to follow and practise that little instruction? Can you? Very good!
Like you all, at the time of our Blessed One, there were people who wandered forth, looking for peace and happiness for all time. They were looking for it before the Enlightened One had made his appearance yet. Who were they? Oh, you can say, the whole world! But I will single out for you the example of Sāriputta and Mogallāna, the auspicious pair who later became the two chief disciples of the Blessed One. Maybe you are acquainted with the story of their going forth.
Sāriputta and Mogallāna were living the holy life as wanderers, looking for the deathless. It was Sāriputta who first came into contact with one of the five disciples who had learned the law from the Blessed One. The wanderer Sāriputta saw him going round for food. Seeing his faculties serene, the colour of his skin clear and bright, Sāriputta at once knew that he possessed the knowledge of the way he had been looking for.
Sāriputta followed the holy man until he had finished his round and left him alone with his alms food. He waited at a respectable distance while the holy man ate his meal, then went up to him, paying courteous respect, and asked him about his teacher and the law he taught. (All this is in the Piṭakas [Buddhist scriptures], but I will give you just a short summary, just a little.)
The holy monk replied that he had gone forth under the Blessed One who was his teacher, and it was the Blessed One's law that he confessed. When Sāriputta pressed for exposition of the law, the holy monk said, "I have only recently gone forth. I have only just come to this law and discipline. I cannot teach you the law in detail. I can tell you its meaning in brief."
This holy monk had actually reached the supreme goal, so he must actually have known the whole law; but he confessed in all humility that he knew only a little. Then Sāriputta-the one who later became the chief exponent of the Blessed One's law-said that he did not want much; he wanted to hear only a little of what the Buddha taught.
The holy monk granted his request. He gave him only a sketch of the law. How little was it? So little that it was not even a full stanza. When Sāriputta heard the short statement of the law, he said that it was sufficient for him; for the spotless, immaculate vision of the whole Dhamma had arisen in him after hearing just a little of it.
So the teaching was very little. But the understanding by Sāriputta was not little at all! He understood the whole law.
So also, dakagyi, you understand that little, don't you, now?
Well, if you do and follow the Blessed One's advice, your achievement will be very great.
I, of course, cannot speak your language. So you, dakagyi, if you understand a little, pass it onto your friends, so all of you will know a little of Dhamma. Can you do this? I am sure you can.
You all have accumulated, each one of you, great pāramis (virtues, perfections). That's why you are all here, coming from various countries, distant lands, far, far away from here. But, because you have acquired sufficient pāramis, you all arrived here at the same time, simultaneously from different countries.
And then, having reached here, you want to know the law, so you have heard the law; you have learnt the Buddha's advice. And you do not remain satisfied with just hearing the law and just remembering it. You want to practise it. So you strive energetically and begin to walk the path. You establish necessary viriya (effort) and, in time, you must surely enjoy the fruits of your effort. Even now-you know of course, don't you? you are getting results commensurate with your applications and diligence.
You all are here now because you have acquired sufficient pāramis to do so. The Blessed One said that if you stay with Dhamma and follow the law, you are dwelling near him, although physically you may be at the other end of the universe, far away from him.
On the other hand, if you reside near him-so near, so close that you could hold the end of his robes with your hand-yet, if you don't follow his advice and practise the law according to his instructions, there is the whole distance of the universe between him and you.
So, now, you live in such-and-such countries, far far away; and yet with the Blessed One you all are so close to him. And following his advice, diligently with due meekness, you will have your wish achieved. You will have won the goal which you have strived for throughout the saṃsāra.
Innumerable are the holy ones who have trod the path and reached the
nibbāna. So also you from different countries, different towns, all holy
people, arriving simultaneously at the place of sanctity. If you set up
sufficient viriya and work diligently with all humility, you also will arrive
at your goal.
This is really an occasion for happiness and joy! We all can't help being buoyant in spirit and cheering and admiring you, seeing your wonderful devotion and zeal. I wish you all success. Well done, well done!
Have you all strived, without interruption, in all the four postures, whether you are lying down, sitting, walking or standing? Have you all strived in that manner, continuously, without interruption?
Students: (Laughter)
You are trying at all times? Not at all times? Not continuously.
It is not difficult or hard to strive with viriya, neither does it cause any pain. (Laughter.) If you are striving with complete viriya, doesn't it cause happiness?
Yes.
If you are not striving, do you feel happy? No.
Which do you prefer, happiness or suffering? (Laughter.)
Our samādhi (concentration) is like a candle in the wind...Our problems are effort, awareness and concentration. Our samādhi is very weak.
If you are going forward, you are progressing. The only thing is: don't stop! Strive diligently, with viriya. Do you know what viriya is?
Effort.
The noble ones of the olden days strived with viriya, without any interruption, and happiness set in. If you follow the teachings of Lord Buddha with attention and without interruption, you will experience the result of your noble aspirations. Just remember one thing: strive without interruption, and happiness will be immediate.
How many hours is it since your arrival in Burma?
Twenty-four hours.
Since your arrival here, have you striven to the fullest?
Not every hour, no.
In the hours that you have tried, haven't you been happy?
Sometimes when I meditate, I fall asleep, and then I'm not happy.
Great happiness sets in in the inner self of one who strives. Is striving difficult? If it is not difficult nor causes pain, then don't relax, become happy!
And if it is difficult and painful?
If you strive diligently, will you experience anything which causes suffering?
The striving itself may be painful, but the result of striving would not be painful.
By striving with total viriya, isn't the aim and objective to achieve happiness? Happiness will certainly be achieved. So, does striving cause pain?
The pain is when we fall asleep.
Do you fall asleep when your viriya is small or large? You should use all the viriyathāt you possess.
Everybody here has got a certain amount of viriya, but not all the time.
Everybody has got viriya. Are you saving a portion of it for a future time? (Laughter.) Do you strive to the fullest, utmost efforts?
I don't strive like that every moment. Sometimes I fall asleep.
Falling asleep is thina-middha (sloth and torpor). Does this set in when viriya is small or when it is large?
When viriya is small.
If you strive to follow the noble teachings of Lord Buddha, to get your mind to stay where you want it to, do you need small viriya or big viriya?
Big viriya.
Yes. For a child to climb the Himalayas takes a long time. He must use all his effort, but still, he will fall at times. We are like children trying to climb the Himalayas, so we fall from time to time. If you know you are falling you must strive with sati (awareness).
Our sati is like a candle flame in a windy room. It's never still.
If you stay in an enclosed place where the breeze cannot get in, will the flame flicker?
So, you must stay in a place where it will not be possible for the breeze to enter.
Where can we find such a place?
Viriya! Now, if you come here from another place, don't you have to strive to get here? Ask yourself, do you wish to get here quickly or slowly?
Quickly.
If you want to arrive quickly will you walk slowly?
No.
Would it be possible for anyone to ask that person who wants to arrive quickly to walk slowly? Do you understand now? You all have got good viriya. You have come here from so far away, so you have got lots of viriya. Utilize all of that viriya. If you leave aside a portion of that viriya, won't the enemies (namely thina-middha) set in? If you use all the viriyathāt you possess, what will be the result?
We will fulfil our aspirations.
If one strives with all the viriya one possesses without keeping aside any portion of the viriya, the noble aspirations will be fulfilled, just as the noble ones of the olden days achieved their aspirations.
Webu Sayadaw does not talk much with
others, but he spoke a lot to me. He said, "You have pārami. You will have
to disperse the sāsana. Remember, spreading the sāsana means sending a person
onto the Noble Eightfold Path-to make a person secure in sīla, samādhi and
paññā. This is called dispersion of the sāsana.
To donate the four articles of the monks
such as the monastery, food, robes, medicines, is to support the sāsana. It is
just an act of sāsananugala and not dispersion of the
sāsana. You will have to spread the sāsana. Do not delay; do it now. If you
delay, the people who are in contact with you now will miss the Dhamma. So
start right now."
When I got back to the station, I
started teaching Dhamma to the assistant station master who was with me, right
there in the railway carriage. Since then, I became a meditation teacher.
-Sayagyi U Ba Khin
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