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ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[F@”h‚ɂƂç‚í‚ê‚È‚¢“¹@ ƒTƒhƒ”ƒBEƒ”ƒBƒmƒfƒBƒjƒoƒC 237

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Ž„‚Ìʼn‚ÌuÀ@ ƒTƒ‰EƒuƒŠƒbƒWƒ‰ƒ“ƒh 242

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ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŒê‚éƒJƒgƒŠƒbƒNŽiÕ @ƒs[ƒ^[Eƒ‹ƒ‹ƒh_•ƒ 246

“Œ•û‚ðŒ©‚Â‚ß‚é¼—m‚̃LƒŠƒXƒg‹³“k @ƒ_ƒjƒGƒ‹EJEƒIƒnƒ“ƒƒ“_•ƒ S.J. 247

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[FŽ„‚̃ƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹“I‚È„—ç @ƒ‚ƒnƒƒbƒhEƒAƒŠƒtEƒWƒ‡ƒCƒ„ 249

Š´ŽÓ 252

Ž„‚ªŒ©‚‚¯‚½Ž©•ª‚Ì“¹@ ƒ`ƒƒƒ“ƒhƒ‰ƒJƒ‰”ŽŽm 253

Ž©—R‚Ì‘§F–’†‚ÌĀnāpāna@ ƒ}ƒCƒPƒ‹EƒŒ[ƒ“254

–ò•¨ˆË‘¶‚©‚ç‚̉ð•ú‚𓱂­ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[@ ƒvƒ‰ƒ”ƒB[ƒ“Eƒ‰ƒ}ƒNƒŠƒVƒ…ƒiƒ“ 256

 

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ƒ”ƒF[ƒ_ƒi[‚ÆŽl¹’ú ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[Œ¤‹†Š 266

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ƒpƒeƒBƒJƒTƒ€ƒbƒpƒ_‚É‚¨‚¯‚郔ƒF[ƒ_ƒi[@ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[Œ¤‹†Š 271

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Assistant Teachers

 

An Introduction to Vipassana Meditation

by Graham Gambie

  The following introductory article was written in 1981.

 

Vipassana meditation is the personal purification of the mind. It is the highest form of awareness-the total perception of phenomena in their true nature here and now. It is the refuge of the real, the choiceless observation of things as they are.

  Vipassana is the meditation the Buddha developed after trying all other forms of bodily mortification and mind control and finding them inadequate to free him from the seemingly endless round of birth and death, pain and sorrow.

  It is a technique so valuable that in Burma it was preserved in its purity for more than 2,200 years.

  Vipassana meditation has nothing to do with the development of supernormal, mystical or special powers, even though they may be awakened. Nothing magical happens. The process of purification that occurs is simply an elimination of negativities, complexes, knots and habit energies that have clouded pure consciousness and blocked the flow of mankind's highest qualities-pure love (mettā), compassion (karuṇā), sympathetic joy (muditā) and equanimity (upekkhā). There is no mysticism in Vipassana. It is a science of the mind that goes beyond psychology by not only understanding, but also purifying, the mental process.

  The practice is an art of living which manifests its profound practical value in our lives-lessening and then eliminating the greed, anger and ignorance that corrupt all relationships, from the family level to international politics. Vipassana spells an end to day-dreaming, illusion, fantasy-the mirage of the apparent truth.

  Like the sizzling explosion of cold water being thrown on a red-hot stove, the reactions after bringing the mind out of its hedonistic tendencies into the here and now are often dramatic and painful. Yet there is an equally spectacular feeling of release from tensions and complexes that have for so long held sway in the depths of the unconscious mind.

  Through Vipassana anyone, irrespective of race, caste or creed, can eliminate finally those tendencies that have woven so much anger, passion and fear into their lives. During the training a student concentrates on only one task-the battle with his own ignorance. There is no guru worship or competition among students. The teacher is simply a well-wisher pointing the way he has charted through his own long practical experience.

  With continuity of practice, the meditation will quiet the mind, increase concentration, arouse acute mindfulness and open the mind to the supramundane consciousness-the "peace of nibbāna (freedom from all suffering) within."

  As in the Buddha's enlightenment, a student simply goes deep inside himself, disintegrating the apparent reality until in the depths he can penetrate even beyond the wheeling of subatomic particles into the absolute.

There is no dependence on books, theories@and intellectual games in Vipassana. The truth of impermanence (anicca), suffering (dukkha), and egolessness (anattā) are grasped directly with all the enormous power of the mind rather than the crutch of the intellect. The illusion of a "self," binding the mental and physical functions together, is broken. No more the madness of cravings and aversions-the endless grasping of "I, me, mine" that has caused so much suffering and disappointment.

  The prattle of conditioned thinking and the action of blind impulse stop their bitter struggle. By his own efforts the student arrives at his own truth.

  The foundation of Vipassana meditation is sīla-moral conduct. The practice is strengthened through samādhi-concentration of the mind; and the purification of the mental processes is achieved through paññā-the wisdom of insight. We learn how to observe the interplay of the four physical elements within ourselves with perfect equanimity, and find how valuable this ability is in our daily lives.

  We smile in good times, and are equally unperturbed when difficulties arise all around us, in the certain knowledge that we, like our troubles, are nothing but a flux, waves of becoming without finality, mind and body movements arising with incredible speed, only to pass away with equal rapidity.

  Although Vipassana meditation was developed by the Buddha, its practice is not limited to Buddhists. There is absolutely no question of conversion-the technique works on the simple basis that all human beings share the same problems, and a technique that can eradicate these problems will have a universal application.

Hindus, Jains, Muslims, Sikhs, Jews, Roman Catholic and other Christian sects have all practised Vipassana meditation, and have reported a dramatic lessening of those tensions and complexes that affect all mankind.

Leading priests and nuns of the Roman Catholic faith have taken courses and have found no conflict with their profession of faith.

There is a feeling of gratefulness to Gotama, the historical Buddha, who showed the way to the cessation of suffering, but there is absolutely no blind devotion.

  The Buddha repeatedly discouraged any excessive veneration paid to him personally. He said, "What will it profit you to see this impure body? Who sees the teaching-the Dhamma-sees me."

 

The Ten-day Course

  Students wishing to learn Vipassana meditation undergo a minimum ten-day course, during which time they take precepts not to kill, not to steal, not to commit sexual misconduct, not to speak lies, and to refrain from intoxicants. For the entire ten days they live within the course site, and do little else but sleep, eat, wash, and meditate. After three days' concentration of the mind by observing the inhalation and exhalation of the breath (Ānāpāna) and the consequent sensations arising, students are shown how to penetrate their entire physical and mental makeup with the total clarity of pure insight. Each day's progress is explained during an hour's discourse in the evening.

   The course closes on the last day with the practice of loving-kindness meditation (mettā- bhavana), the sharing of the purity developed during the course with all beings.

  The work of controlling and purifying the mind is given top priority during the course. The results are allowed to speak for themselves. Philosophical and speculative conversation is discouraged.

Each day begins at 4:30 a.m., and continues until nine at night, with the student aiming for at least ten hours of meditation (with breaks).

  There is no charge whatsoever for the teachings. As for costs of board, lodging, return airfare for the teachers, and other minor expenses, these are met by the donations of grateful students of past courses who have experienced the benefits of Vipassana, and who wish to give others an opportunity to experience them. In turn, having completed a course, if one feels benefited by it and would like others also to benefit from the practice of Vipassana, he or she may give a donation for future courses.

  The rate of progress of a student depends solely on his own pāramis (previously acquired merits), and on the operation of five elements of effort, viz., faith, health, sincerity, energy, and wisdom.

  More than 20,000 students from about eighty countries have already attended courses in India and abroad, and have found little difficulty in conforming to the course discipline. The vegetarian menu is designed to aid meditation as well as to suit most tastes.

The Teacher

  S.N. Goenka was authorized by the late Sayagyi U Ba Khin of Burma to teach Vipassana meditation. Since 1969, he has conducted Vipassana meditation courses around the world. He is also spiritual director of the Vipassana International Academy, Igatpuri, India.

Mr. Goenka studied Vipassana for fourteen years at the International Meditation Centre in Rangoon, under the guidance of U Ba Khin. He has given more than 200 courses of ten days to people from all over the world, and has been invited by such groups as Roman Catholic seminaries and colleges, universities, Jain monks and the Dalai Lama to conduct meditation courses throughout India. He was also invited to conduct courses at the famous Nalanda Buddhist University for the staff and students, as well as at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Mr. Goenka was also at the centre of an innovative plan by the government of the State of Rajasthan to give a meditation course to 120 convicted murderers being held in prison. Following the dramatic success of this course, the government arranged a second course for senior police officers. Both these courses were subjected to scientific evaluation by university psychologists, social workers and police officials.

  Mr. Goenka is a married householder with a large family. He stresses that meditation is not to encourage people to withdraw from society, but rather to face all the ups and downs of life in a calm, balanced way.

  Graham Gambie was a senior assistant teacher to S.N. Goenka. He passed away in June 1986.

 

 

Jo upaje so bhaga ho, Vipasyana se dekha.

Kaisā magala suddhi patha, rahe na dukkha rekha.

 

Whatever arises passes away; observe this through Vipassana. What a pure path of happiness! Not a trace of suffering remains.

-Hindi dohas of S.N. Goenka

 

 

 

Remain Equanimous

by N.H. Parikh

At the age of forty-two, while living the life of a good householder, there arose

in me a tremendous urge to pursue the path of purification of mind. This was stirred up in me as a result of a saintly person saying to me, "There can be no progress in the spiritual life without purification of the mind." Upon hearing these words, I immediately began to search for a method by which the mind could be purified.

  Two friends of mine told me about Vipassana meditation as taught by Goenkaji, but at that time I wasn't inclined to go and try. But when another friend attended the course and within a month expressed his desire to take a second course, I thought there must be something worthwhile in it. This was primarily because this man was a businessman to whom time and money were important, yet he was prepared to sacrifice both for the sake of Vipassana. g myself.

  Despite this positive feeling, I did not want to blindly accept this technique without experimenting and putting it to the test. So I decided to practise for three months at home and then practise intensively for another three months doing courses with Goenkaji in different camps throughout India. At the end of this period I was firmly convinced that here was a wonderful technique for purification of the mind, purification which can eradicate defilements from the deepest level of the mind. Now Vipassana has become a part of my life- not a mere rite or ritual, but a way of life.

 While the experiences that can arise in meditation are not to be compared not given any valuation, nevertheless, relating them sometimes helps to inspire confidence in others who are struggling on the same path. But if certain of these experiences are taken as something which one must attain, then they create obstacles. A few instances will illustrate this point.

 One meditator who had taken twenty or twenty-five courses read somewhere that when you concentrate on a small area below the nostrils and above the upper lip, you see a light and experience warmth. She had not experienced this, so she came to me with a long, sad face.

  She was worried because she was not having a particular experience. This is not Vipassana. Even after many courses this student was giving importance to certain experiences over others, with no equanimity.

  In my own experience, I had initially come to understand how the sensations arise, seem to stay for some time, and then pass away. After some practice the sensations which "seem to stay for some time" begin to get disintegrated, and we reach the stage where only the arising and passing away of sensations is experienced.

  When a severe pain is present somewhere in the body, we expect it to pass away quickly and naturally. After all, we're repeatedly told it is anicca, anicca (impermanent). But still the pain persists. One hour, two hours, two days, ten days and it still persists, so we get upset because it is not going. In my own case it remained for about two years. In my upper back there was a solid plate about eight inches by six inches and three quarters of an inch thick. It was so solid that tremendous pain began as soon as I sat for meditation. It wasn't there when I was not meditating. I patiently observed it with never a thought that it should go away. But it persisted for two years, and sometimes it became so hot it felt as if you could prepare chapatis on it.

  This solidity started melting and became liquid and began to move about within the same area, like water moving in a hot water bag. This lasted for about four to five months; then it started to disintegrate in the form of sparks, as if a live volcano was erupting. It was really hell-fire, not for a few days but for months together. Gradually the volcano has become quiet, but that area has become so sensitive that when anything happens outside or inside, there will immediately be a reaction on that part of the body. It is like a signal (as in Goenkaji's story about the private secretary), a warning signal for me to be aware.

  No one should expect a similar experience, but the point to be noted is that sensations which are intense, solidified and gross do seem to "stay for some time"; but this "staying for some time" does not necessarily mean minutes, hours or days, but maybe years or even the whole lifetime. So very patiently, quietly we just observe, observe.

 Another experience which may be of help to meditators is that in my tenth or eleventh course I could not feel sensations below the nostrils and the upper lip, nor anywhere else on the body for seven or eight days. I was equanimous with the situation and continued to do Ānāpāna for those seven or eight days. No complaint, no advice sought. Just observe what is.

Once it happened that after about seven or eight years of meditation, having taken a    number of courses and assisting Goenkaji with the teaching work, there arose in me during one course a tremendous aversion to the discipline, rules and regulations. It began the first day at the first sitting and was so strong that it was not possible for me to do even a moment of Ānāpāna. This continued for two full days. I had been telling students to return to Ānāpāna when any difficulty arises. Now here I was in this predicament.

  Normally I find solutions to problems which arise by myself. So what to do? Despite being unable to do Ānāpāna, there was no worry or tension. Sitting quietly doing nothing, after a few hours on the third day, I noticed that the resistance had cleared and I began working effortlessly with enthusiasm for the remainder of the course.

  All these experiences have been very helpful for me in learning how to deal with different situations equanimously. May they serve the reader likewise on the path of Dhamma.

 

A balanced mind is necessary to balance the unbalanced minds of others.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

 

The Path

by Ram Singh

  It was in the month of March 1975 that a close friend of ours visited our home in the morning when we were taking tea. He told us that he had good news for us. He had discovered a cure for my wife's ailment. She had been suffering since early childhood from a severe headache which doctors diagnosed as migraine, notwithstanding prolonged treatment under eminent doctors. It was, indeed, good news for all of us. My wife, though anxious to know about this remedy, did not show much enthusiasm, because she had almost reconciled herself to the agony which all treatment had

failed to alleviate.

  However, when our friend disclosed that the remedy was nothing but Sri Goenkaji's Vipassana camp which was soon to be held at the stadium in Jaipur, our enthusiasm totally vanished. We would never attend such camps. At that time I was working as Home Secretary of the Government of Rajasthan, and I knew something of the spiritual camps that were organized then, and even now. A Vipassana camp was new to me. I had never heard the name "Vipassana" either. We politely declined the offer of our friend.

  The friend met us again and explained in great detail how he himself had benefited, and he felt confident that my wife would come out of her suffering. He insisted that we could at least make a trial. Goenkaji's camp was quite a different camp, and considering the lifelong suffering to which my wife had been subjected, ten days could be spared.

  After a good deal of discussion, my wife agreed to attend the camp on the condition that I also attend with her. This was an impossible proposition. The entire idea of my joining the camp looked fantastic, deeply skeptical as I was. But I had to agree ultimately, due to the preconditions that my wife imposed. Getting ten days' leave was difficult because of the law and order situation prevailing then. The Chief Secretary and the Chief Minister, when I talked to them about the problem, showed great sympathy and agreed to give leave on the condition of recall at any moment if considered necessary.

  So both of us attended the camp, most reluctantly, cursing the friend for pushing us into the venture; but we decided to give it a fair trial.

  Ten days' stay in the camp was, indeed, an experience. Starting from observation of our own respiration, we were asked to observe all our bodily and mental phenomena, develop awareness and maintain equanimity. No mantra was to be recited, no picture was to be observed, and no ritual was to be performed. All concepts of visualization and imagination were to be discarded and were, in fact, prohibited. The student in a Vipassana camp is asked to see things as they are from moment to moment. The entire practice is to establish oneself in sīla (morality); samādhi (control of mind); and paññā (wisdom.) The technique provides a practical training for self- development, leading ultimately to purification of the mind.

  I felt amazed at the result that the camp brought about within a period of ten days. We returned home with great happiness and cheer. My wife's face beamed with joy and new hope. She had benefited greatly. But the benefit to me was immense. I had never realized that in such a short period one could learn a technique which had unlimited possibilities for self-improvement. I rushed to my friend's house and thanked him profusely. Our gratitude to him for showing us the way is abiding.

  From my early childhood, due to my mother's interest in spiritual matters, I had developed interest in reading scriptures. We had regular recitation of the Ramayana and Shrimad Bhagwat at our home. For a number of years, I continued reading the Gitā as a morning ritual. This interest continued throughout my education and official career. I read translations of the Vedas and the Upanishads, as well as the writings of Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekananda, Aurobindo, and Gandhi. Nanak and Kabir inspired me deeply. I made a special study of the classics of communism, my interest in which landed me in great difficulty in the early fifties! I escaped a formal inquiry due to the sympathetic Chief Minister. When I passed through the Vipassana experience, I realized that mere knowledge of things spiritual and sublime does not help. Intellectual pursuits cannot bring a change in attitude or behaviour.

  I discovered that Vipassana can provide a solution to many of the problems which afflict man today. Despite great opportunities, the progress of science and technology has unleashed strain and strife, and mad competition between individuals, social groups and nations. The envy, hatred and animosity which this competition generates; the greed and lust for supremacy which are concealed in the phrase "enlightened self interest;" and the ever-widening gulf between example and precept add to the ever-growing tension in the human mind and lead to continuous misery.

 The basic objective of Vipassana is purification of the mind. All human problems are mind-based; and if by some measure, purification of the mind can be achieved, most of the complex problems which confront man can be resolved. I realized that the golden period of Indian history under the Ashokan dispensation, which continued for a few centuries, was not just an accidental phenomenon and could not have been achieved by sheer might of arms. Nor could it have been achieved by exhortation of pious words or sermons, or intellectual debate . Rather, it was achieved by hard and sustained work done by individuals playing key roles in society and established in real Dhamma, in Vipassana.

  In the area of education and training, an exploration is going on all over the world to devise techniques which can bring about changes in attitude. Instruments for imparting information, knowledge and skills have been greatly refined, but no reliable method has been found which can transform the human mind and human behaviour.

  The organized religious establishments, relying completely on merely preaching moral ideas, depending on rites and rituals, and advocating blind beliefs, have enslaved man. As a result of this we see so much strife and conflict and so much exploitation perpetuated in the name of religion. The recurring communal troubles in our country are a bitter reminder of the utter inadequacy and futility of these systems. I realized that a major impact could be made through Vipassana in the area of attitude change. Vipassana could further serve as an instrument for change and reform in all areas which are vital for the progress and happiness of man. I found that Vipassana could clear the darkness of ignorance which is the root cause of human misery.

  On the last day of the camp I discussed with Goenkaji the possibility of Vipassana courses for government officials so that the process of reform could be initiated in the government. He said that this was a strong possibility and pointed out that in Burma, Sayagyi U Ba Khin (his teacher of Vipassana, the then Accountant General of Burma,) successfully used the Vipassana technique for reform in goverment departments. Pursuant to these discussions, I took up the matter with the goverment of the state of Rajasthan, and it was decided that an experiment be made.

  Two Vipassana camps were organized in the Jaipur central jail. In each camp, over one hundred prisoners convicted of heinous crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment (including a few condemned prisoners) participated. Some jail officials also joined the camps. Vipassana had a profound impact on the participants. They felt greatly relieved of tensions. There were perceptible changes in their behaviour. Some of the prisoners who were prone to commit petty offences in jail became disciplined; crimes in jail were reduced by a considerable extent; and jail officers who participated in the camps became more sensitive towards their duty and responsibility. The condemned prisoners showed much improvement in their behaviour, having developed calmness and equanimity. A study of the impact of Vipassana was made by Professor Unnithan of Rajasthan University (who is now its Vice Chancellor). The study confirmed the positive impact.

  Encouraged by the result of this experiment in the Central Jail, a decision was made to organize a Vipassana camp for police officials. The course was organized in the Police Academy at Jaipur in which police officers of all ranks participated. A study was also made of this camp by the Rajasthan University. The experience had a great effect on the behaviour pattern of the officers. The participants got a clear perception of their functions and roles and developed greater awareness of their duty towards society. Some of the participants addicted to drinking gave it up on their own. They emerged as almost new men, their outlook changed.

  Internal reforms were introduced in the Home Department of the Government of Rajasthan in which many procedural changes of far-reaching importance were carried out. Paperwork was reduced by a considerable extent. Decision-making processes became quicker, and pending work which had accumulated over many years got cleared. All this was done with full, close and active participation of all cadres working in the Home Department.

  Simultaneously, substantial reforms were carried out in the functioning of the Department of Jails and Prisons. Improvements were effected in the working of the Police Department, and the training of police personnel was reorganized. A new level of efficiency was achieved in the functioning of these departments. In the process of these reforms, officers who participated in Vipassana camps played a key role.

  These experiments, though carried out in a small segment of governmental activity, indicate the possibility of a major step towards change and reform in the government through Vipassana. The characters of all governments have an impact on the people they govern, but in India it is much more so because of its ancient heritage in which persons who ruled were the real pace-setters in society. The factor of under-development is also a major phenomenon in which involvement of government is all-pervasive in the life of its citizens. Therefore, good government seems to be a prerequisite for orderly and harmonious development of society.

  But how to get good government? Democracy provides a good framework for government. Government is made up of people. If we have good people, we have good government. Vipassana provides a reliable instrument for making people good. And good people are needed everywhere-in education, trade and industry and in all segments of public life.

  The message of Vipassana is universal. It transcends all boundaries-national, racial, communal and sectarian. Thousands of people from all walks of public life in India and abroad have benefited from Vipassana. Vipassana courses are open to all and provide a forum where people belonging to different nationalities and faiths-Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Jains, Buddhists, leaders of various religious orders, monks and nuns-join in a common endeavour to learn the technique of Vipassana with the objective of purification of the mind. These camps provide an ideal setting where one finds full expression of secularism and international brotherhood, and wherein an individual engages himself for self- improvement and comes out successful. The results are "here and now."

  In bringing Vipassana from Burma back to India, the home of its origin, Goenkaji has set the wheel of Dhamma in motion once again. He has kindled the light of real Dhamma. The light dispels the darkness, the darkness of ignorance, the root cause of misery, the root cause of suffering. The light shows the path. In the course of teaching Vipassana, Goenkaji expounds the essence of Dhamma with a clarity and precision so rare as to be found nowhere in any philosophical treatise on Dhamma. He conveys the message of Vipassana in a language that is simple and clear, at once understandable and practical for one and all. This is the process of making a new man that India needs, that the world needs-the process of making the good man.

  For me, the first Vipassana camp marked a turning point in life. The path is clear, no more searching now, the destination is found. The destination is "the path."

 

It is a common belief that a man, whose power of concentration is good and can secure a perfect balance of mind at will, can achieve better results than a person who is not so developed.

There are, therefore, definitely many advantages that accrue to a person who undergoes a successful course of training in meditation, whether he be a religious man, an administrator, a politician, a businessman or a student.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

 

 

Research at the Experiential Level

by Dr. Chandrasheela Shakya

  Dr. (Mrs.) Chandrasheela Shakya is a Pali scholar based in N.E. India and Nepal. She wrote this article in January 1984.

 

     After having completed a number of courses at Dhamma Giri under the guidance of Goenkaji, I have come to a new realization concerning the intent and meaning of many of the words and teachings of the Buddha. These courses have enabled me to reassess my intellectual understanding of the Pāli language and its literature, and to see that their real meaning can only be made clear if learned through actual practice in the way in

which the author wanted them to be practised.

  I have completed a Ph.D on "The Critical Study of the Dighanikāya" (Collection of Long Discourses of the Buddha) at Benares Hindu University. As such, I am very familiar with the theories of this field of study and with the various commentarial, lexicological and linguistic works which have been done as well. But now, my research at the experiential level through the method taught by S.N. Goenka has convinced me that I was, in fact, far from the actual meaning of what the Buddha wanted to convey. Interestingly enough, I have found that this is also the experience of many other students who have completed these same courses, including other Pāli scholars like myself. The Buddha himself indicated this when he said that pariyesana (complete research) is actually sevitabbā bhāvitabbā (at the experiential level). I find that, until recently, all of the modern research into the Buddha's words has actually been asevitabbā and abhāvitabbā (non-experiential). Unfortunately, the experiential aspect of experimenting with the truth of the Buddha's words has been totally missing.

  Although I realize that the intellect is an important factor for research, nevertheless without personal experience, the words of an enlightened person like the Buddha cannot be properly understood. Because I am a scholar and because I have made scholarship and research the central endeavour of my life and my career, I find it very exciting to learn that the academy at Dhamma Giri is taking the proper approach to this important research.

  Pāli, the language of the Buddha, is already a dead language. Because of this fact, the glorious cultural heritage of our country and our countrymen is not properly understood by Indians in general. The important work being done at Dhamma Giri will bring out the glory of this invaluable cultural heritage and make it comprehensible, not only to our own countrymen, but to the world at large. From the purely linguistic point of view, this research will enrich and elucidate much of our understanding of the origin and roots as well as the historical development of our own modern Indian languages. Not only the teachings of the Buddha but the language itself is of inestimable value in understanding our cultural heritage. As a scholar, I am impressed, and at the same time pleased, that this is being done in a completely scientific and non- sectarian way.

  My own orientation has been to the language and literature of the Buddha, but I believe that scholars of other religions who have done Vipassana courses have had similar experiences in their own academic disciplines. Because the method taught at by S.N. Goenka is completely devoid of any sectarian orientation, the way in which people experience the words of the Buddha inside themselves has given much understanding and special insight to people of various religions and philosophies; even into their own scriptures and saintly authors. People have found new and clearer meanings in the Vedas, the Gitā, and the Upanishads. Even Jain scholars have been impressed with the fresh understanding they have achieved in studying the Āgamas. I have also heard that Christians and Muslims who complete Vipassana courses and whose religions are not Indian in origin have been surprised by the new meanings which they find in the Bible and the Koran.

  By my own research and experiments at Dhammagiri, I am convinced that reality at the experiential level is far different from reality at the intellectual level. Vipassana meditation gives us the opportunity to experience this reality for ourselves.

 

 

 

Physician Heal Thyself

by Dr. Geo Poland

  This paper was originally presented as an address to the participants in the Vipassana Seminar on Health, held at Dhamma Giri in 1990. The audience had completed a ten-day course just prior to the presentation of the papers.

 

 It is indeed a pleasure to see so many fellow physicians and healing professionals assembled here to discuss and practise Dhamma. Certainly we need more and more such Dhamma doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, etc., in this world. It is all the more a pleasure to see such a wide spectrum of various "pathies" [allopathy, homeopathy, naturopathy, etc.] represented here today, and to realize that for all the differences which may appear to exist between such "pathies," as regards etiology of disease, diagnosis and treatment, there is a common thread which binds us all together-the desire to help others come out of their suffering. We may disagree as to the "how," but the goal remains the same.

  I feel it is an occupational hazard that as one works more and more with sick people (facing so much suffering day after day, patient after patient), that slowly, almost imperceptibly one becomes more and more distanced from the patient as a suffering human being. Naturally one has to maintain an objective outlook in order to come to the right diagnosis and treatment of the patient's disease. However, in the process one must not lose sight of the fact that this patient is not only an interesting case, a diagnostic challenge, a therapeutic triumph, but also a vulnerable, suffering human being- someone needing not only treatment of their disease process, but also compassion and understanding of the suffering they are undergoing as a result of their illness. This becomes all the more important when one is treating someone suffering from a chronic illness, or a terminally ill patient for whom there is no "cure." Naturally it is frustrating for the medical personnel to be unable to cure the patient; one feels that one has failed somehow and often one tends to avoid interacting with such patients. It seems to me that this stems from our own inability to come to terms with all the suffering we see around us because we have not been able to deal with our own suffering.

  Through the practice of Vipassana meditation one comes face to face with one's own suffering deep inside, and by understanding its impermanent nature one gradually develops equanimity. Thus little by little one is able to eliminate this suffering. The result of this self-purification or self- healing process is a deep sense of relief and resultant compassion for others who are likewise suffering. One realizes that one suffers because one keeps reacting to the sensations deep inside. Similarly our patients not only suffer from their disease but also from their mental reactions to it. This understanding and compassion goes a long way in practising the art of medicine, which is a combination of not only the learned skills of diagnosis and treatment, but also a heavy dose of loving- kindness or mettā, as we all learned here at the end of the course.

  Many years ago, after returning to Canada from India, I struck up a deep friendship with an eighty-five year old, crippled farmer patient of mine. We would while away the hours in his kitchen drinking tea and swapping stories. He was a very practical man who had been successful at almost everything he did. He told me that he only went to school for one day and learned all he needed to know. The teacher wrote on the board "Never Be Idle;" so he went back to the farm and started working!

  He also told me that in the good old days he had had a doctor who was a real doctor. He said the moment you entered his office you started feeling better, and by the time you left his office you felt even more relieved although you hadn't yet taken any medicine. He then explained that it is very easy to be a good doctor-all you have to do is give the patient lots of "TLC" (tender loving care). Certainly this is not all there is to the practice of medicine, but it is a part which is gradually being replaced by our dependence on investigations, tests and so on to make the diagnosis.

  Through Vipassana and the development of mettā we can rekindle this TLC. "Physician Heal Thyself" is a well-known phrase. We of the healing profession should take this to heart if we really want to help ourselves and likewise our patients.

 

Love which is alone the means for the unity of man- kind, must be supreme, and it cannot be so unless the mind is transcendently pure.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

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Jo upaje so bhaga ho, Vipasyana se dekha.

Kaisā magala suddhi patha, rahe na dukkha rekha.

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Remain Equanimous@@by N.H. Parikh

  At the age of forty-two, while living the life of a good householder, there arose in me a tremendous urge to pursue the path of purification of mind. This was stirred up in me as a result of a saintly person saying to me, "There can be no progress in the spiritual life without purification of the mind." Upon hearing these words, I immediately began to search for a method by which the mind could be purified.

  Two friends of mine told me about Vipassana meditation as taught by Goenkaji, but at that time I wasn't inclined to go and try. But when another friend attended the course and within a month expressed his desire to take a second course, I thought there must be something worthwhile in it. This was primarily because this man was a businessman to whom time and money were important, yet he was prepared to sacrifice both for the sake of Vipassana. g myself.

  Despite this positive feeling, I did not want to blindly accept this technique without experimenting and putting it to the test. So I decided to practise for three months at home and then practise intensively for another three months doing courses with Goenkaji in different camps throughout India. At the end of this period I was firmly convinced that here was a wonderful technique for purification of the mind, purification which can eradicate defilements from the deepest level of the mind. Now Vipassana has become a part of my life- not a mere rite or ritual, but a way of life.

 While the experiences that can arise in meditation are not to be compared not given any valuation, nevertheless, relating them sometimes helps to inspire confidence in others who are struggling on the same path. But if certain of these experiences are taken as something which one must attain, then they create obstacles. A few instances will illustrate this point.

 One meditator who had taken twenty or twenty-five courses read somewhere that when you concentrate on a small area below the nostrils and above the upper lip, you see a light and experience warmth. She had not experienced this, so she came to me with a long, sad face.

  She was worried because she was not having a particular experience. This is not Vipassana. Even after many courses this student was giving importance to certain experiences over others, with no equanimity.

  In my own experience, I had initially come to understand how the sensations arise, seem to stay for some time, and then pass away. After some practice the sensations which "seem to stay for some time" begin to get disintegrated, and we reach the stage where only the arising and passing away of sensations is experienced.

  When a severe pain is present somewhere in the body, we expect it to pass away quickly and naturally. After all, we're repeatedly told it is anicca, anicca (impermanent). But still the pain persists. One hour, two hours, two days, ten days and it still persists, so we get upset because it is not going. In my own case it remained for about two years. In my upper back there was a solid plate about eight inches by six inches and three quarters of an inch thick. It was so solid that tremendous pain began as soon as I sat for meditation. It wasn't there when I was not meditating. I patiently observed it with never a thought that it should go away. But it persisted for two years, and sometimes it became so hot it felt as if you could prepare chapatis on it.

  This solidity started melting and became liquid and began to move about within the same area, like water moving in a hot water bag. This lasted for about four to five months; then it started to disintegrate in the form of sparks, as if a live volcano was erupting. It was really hell-fire, not for a few days but for months together. Gradually the volcano has become quiet, but that area has become so sensitive that when anything happens outside or inside, there will immediately be a reaction on that part of the body. It is like a signal (as in Goenkaji's story about the private secretary), a warning signal for me to be aware.

  No one should expect a similar experience, but the point to be noted is that sensations which are intense, solidified and gross do seem to "stay for some time"; but this "staying for some time" does not necessarily mean minutes, hours or days, but maybe years or even the whole lifetime. So very patiently, quietly we just observe, observe.

 Another experience which may be of help to meditators is that in my tenth or eleventh course I could not feel sensations below the nostrils and the upper lip, nor anywhere else on the body for seven or eight days. I was equanimous with the situation and continued to do Ānāpāna for those seven or eight days. No complaint, no advice sought. Just observe what is.

Once it happened that after about seven or eight years of meditation, having taken a    number of courses and assisting Goenkaji with the teaching work, there arose in me during one course a tremendous aversion to the discipline, rules and regulations. It began the first day at the first sitting and was so strong that it was not possible for me to do even a moment of Ānāpāna. This continued for two full days. I had been telling students to return to Ānāpāna when any difficulty arises. Now here I was in this predicament.

  Normally I find solutions to problems which arise by myself. So what to do? Despite being unable to do Ānāpāna, there was no worry or tension. Sitting quietly doing nothing, after a few hours on the third day, I noticed that the resistance had cleared and I began working effortlessly with enthusiasm for the remainder of the course.

  All these experiences have been very helpful for me in learning how to deal with different situations equanimously. May they serve the reader likewise on the path of Dhamma.

 

A balanced mind is necessary to balance the unbalanced minds of others.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

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What Meditation Is

by William Hart

 In 1976 I left my job to spend three years in a small town in India studying meditation. When they hear of my experience, people often ask me, "What do you do when you meditate?" Of course in one sense, meditation means "not-doing;" we have to stop all the things that we do in ordinary life, and start doing the opposite.

  The meditation which I studied is called Vipassana. This is a word from Pāli, the language spoken in India in the time of the Buddha. Its meaning is insight-seeing the reality, the truth; understanding reality by experiencing the reality inside oneself.

  All our lives we are busy looking outside. We are only interested to see what others are doing; we aren't interested in ourselves. When we meditate, we have to change all that, and start to observe ourselves.

  We sit down, stop moving, and close our eyes. There is nothing to hear or see, no external thing to interest us. So we look inside, and we find that the biggest thing happening is our own breathing. We begin by paying attention to this reality: the breath entering and leaving the nostrils. We try to keep the mind fixed on the breath as long as possible, ignoring any other thoughts.

  At once we find how hard this is to do. As soon as we try to keep the mind on the breath, we begin to worry about a pain in the legs. As soon as we try to stop all thoughts, a thousand things jump into the mind. As soon as we try to forget past and future and concentrate on the breath now, this moment, passing through the nostrils, at once some pleasant or unpleasant memory of the past comes up, some hope or fear for the future. Soon we forget what we are trying to do.

  The fact is that the mind is like a spoiled child with too many toys. It starts to play with one toy, becomes bored, then reaches for another, and another. In the same way, the mind keeps jumping from one thought, one object of attention to another; and in this way we keep running away from reality.

  Now we have to stop doing that. Instead of trying to escape, we have to face the reality, whatever it is. And so we keep trying patiently to bring the mind back to the breath. We fail and try again, and again.

  After some time we find that the mind does stay a little longer on the object of the breath. We have succeeded, never mind how slightly, in changing the habit pattern of the mind, training it to remain concentrated on a single object.

  Using this strong concentration, we then change the object of attention deliberately, systematically, to examine every part of the body; and because mind and body are so closely interrelated, we are at the same time examining our minds.

  Usually this self-examination gives the meditator many surprises. Many complexes of the past arise from the deep, unconscious levels of the mind-all sorts of memories, forgotten thoughts and emotions. Often, especially at the beginning, these forgotten memories bring with them a lot of physical or mental discomfort, even pain.

  However, we don't allow this discomfort to stop us. Our job is to observe our own reality, whatever it may be-like a scientist observing an experiment in his laboratory.

  Usually we react to any thought, any feeling, any impression which forms in the mind. If it is something pleasant, we start wanting it-more, more; if unpleasant, we start hating it-how to avoid or escape it. But when we meditate, we must simply know what is happening inside us, and accept it as reality. We don't try to change it or avoid it; we just observe, without reacting.

  If we persist, we soon realize that our experiences are constantly changing. Every moment, what we feel in the body changes. Every moment, the thought in the mind changes. This reality-the reality of myself- is changing every moment. Nothing remains forever-not the most pleasant or unpleasant thing.

  Thus by observing ourselves, we come to understand, from our own experience, one important fact: anicca (Sanskrit anitya)- impermanence, the reality of change. Everything inside me, and similarly everything in the world outside me, is changing every moment.

  Of course we have always known this, and modern scientists have proved that this is true-that the entire material universe is composed of tiny particles which arise and vanish millions of times in a second. But instead of just hearing about this reality or apprehending it intellectually, we have experienced it directly, through meditation.

  We continue, and we soon realize that if nothing remains more than an instant, then there is nothing inside me to call an ego, a self-no I, no me, no mine. This "I" is really just a phenomenon, a process which is always changing. And whenever I try to hold on to something, saying "This is I, this is me, this is mine," then I make myself unhappy, I make suffering for myself-because sooner or later that something must go away, or maybe "I" go away.

  All this I understand not because someone is telling it to me-I see it for myself, by observing myself.

  Then how not to make myself unhappy? Simple: instead of trying to keep one experience and escape another, to pull this to me, to push that away-I just watch; I don't react. I observe with equanimity, with a balanced mind.

  It sounds easy, but what to do when I sit to meditate for one hour, and after ten minutes a pain starts in the knee? At once I start hating the pain; I want the pain to go away. But it doesn't go away, and the more I hate it, the stronger it becomes.

  If I can learn for one moment just to observe the pain-if I can forget, temporarily, that it is my pain, that I feel pain-if I can just examine the feeling like a scientist-then probably I shall see that the pain itself is changing. It does not remain forever. Every moment it changes, passes away, starts again, changes again.

  When I understand this, by my own experience, then I am free of the pain. It does not control me. Maybe it goes away quickly, maybe not-but to me it doesn't matter. I don't suffer from the pain any more because I can observe it. I have started to liberate myself from suffering.

  And all this I do by sitting still with eyes closed, trying to remain aware of anything that happens inside me.

  The purpose of Vipassana meditation, then, is to purify the mind, to free the mind from suffering and its causes. Usually we don't know what is really happening. We are wandering in the past or the future, blinded by our desires or aversions; and we are always agitated, full of tension.

But by meditating we learn to face the reality of this moment, without wanting or hating it. We observe it with a smile-with equanimity, a balanced mind.

  This awareness and equanimity are very useful for us in ordinary life. Instead of being ignorant of what is really happening-blindly following our unconscious desires, fears, hatred-now we can see the reality in any situation. Then instead of reacting blindly and making more tensions, it is possible for us to take real, free, creative action which will be helpful for ourselves and for other people.

  Every person faces the same problems in life: things happen that we don't want; things don't happen that we want. In all these situations, if I react blindly, I make myself and others unhappy. If I keep a balanced mind, then I remain happy and I can help others to be happy.

When a sick man recovers health, naturally he feels happy. When a blind man can see again, naturally he feels happy. Similarly when we learn the way from suffering to liberation, naturally we feel happy. Previously we forced others to share our unhappiness; now we want others to share our peace and joy.

  Thus a real meditator tries to change the world, after having changed himself. Perhaps his action is no more than a smile instead of a frown-but that smile may have far reverberations if it is a real smile from the heart. On the other hand, a smile is useless if it merely hides the tensions inside.

  Certainly we have a moral duty to change the world for better-and we must begin with the material nearest to hand: ourselves. Having done that, we'll be capable of anything.

  This, then, is meditation as I understand it: an art of living.

 

 

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Ž„‚½‚¿‚ÍáÒ‘z‚𑱂¯A‚₪‚ÄA‚à‚µ‰½‚à‚©‚à‚ªˆêu‚ÅI‚í‚é‚È‚ç‚ÎAŽ„‚Ì’†‚ɂ͎©‰ä‚⎩ŒÈ‚ƌĂׂé‚à‚͉̂½‚à‚È‚¢‚±‚ƂɋC‚«‚Ü‚·BuŽ„v‚àAބީg‚àAŽ„‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚à‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢‚̂ł·B‚±‚ÌuŽ„v‚Æ‚ÍAŽÀۂɂ͒P‚Ȃ錻ÛAí‚ɕω»‚·‚éƒvƒƒZƒX‚ɉ߂¬‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚»‚µ‚ÄAu‚±‚ê‚ªŽ„‚¾A‚±‚ê‚ªŽ„Ž©g‚¾A‚±‚ê‚ªŽ„‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚¾v‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚ĉ½‚©‚É‚µ‚ª‚݂‚±‚¤‚Æ‚·‚邽‚Ñ‚ÉAŽ„‚ÍŽ©g‚ð•sK‚É‚µA‹ê‚µ‚݂𖡂키‚±‚ƂɂȂè‚Ü‚·B‚È‚º‚È‚çA’x‚©‚ê‘‚©‚ê‚»‚̉½‚©‚ÍÁ‚¦‹Ž‚ç‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚©‚ç‚Å‚·B‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍuŽ„vŽ©‘Ì‚ªÁ‚¦‹Ž‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¤‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚±‚ê‚ç‚·‚ׂĂð—‰ð‚·‚é‚Ì‚ÍA’N‚©‚ªŽ„‚É‹³‚¦‚Ä‚­‚ꂽ‚©‚炳͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñBŽ©•ªŽ©g‚ðŠÏŽ@‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚ÄAŽ©g‚ªŽÀŠ´‚·‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚·B

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ƒoƒ‰ƒ“ƒX—~ vs Œ™ˆ«AW’† vs ƒŠƒ‰ƒbƒNƒXAŠÏŽ@ vs ‰î“üA‹ß‚³ vs ‹——£A“w—Í vs Žè•ú‚µA‚±‚ê‚炪’†‰›‚Å—h‚ç‚®ó‘Ô

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‚±‚Ì’n–¡‚·‚¬‚郋[ƒv‚Å”hŽè‚³ƒ[ƒ‚¾‚ªA‚±‚êˆÈŠO‚É“¹‚͂Ȃ¢B

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‚à‚µ’ɂ݂ðˆêu‚Å‚àŠÏŽ@‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ðŠw‚Ô‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚ê‚ÎA‚à‚µ‚»‚ê‚ªŽ©•ª‚̒ɂ݂ł ‚邱‚Æ‚ðˆêŽž“I‚É–Y‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚ê‚ÎA‚à‚µ‚»‚ÌŠ´Šo‚ð‰ÈŠwŽÒ‚̂悤‚É‚½‚¾ŠÏŽ@‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚ê‚ÎA‚¨‚»‚ç‚­’ɂ݂»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ª•ω»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚ƂɋC‚­‚Å‚µ‚傤B’ɂ݂͉i‰“‚É‘±‚­‚à‚̂ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñBˆêuˆêu‚²‚Ƃɕω»‚µAÁ‚¦‹Ž‚èAĂюn‚Ü‚èA‚Ü‚½•ω»‚·‚é‚̂ł·B

Ž©•ª‚ÌŒoŒ±‚ð’Ê‚µ‚Ä‚±‚ê‚ð—‰ð‚µ‚½‚Æ‚«A’ɂ݂©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B’ɂ݂͎„‚ðƒRƒ“ƒgƒ[ƒ‹‚µ‚È‚­‚È‚è‚Ü‚·B‚·‚®‚ÉÁ‚¦‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚µA‚»‚¤‚łȂ¢‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚µ‚©‚µA‚»‚ê‚ÍŽ„‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä–â‘è‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB’ɂ݂ðŠÏŽ@‚Å‚«‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂÁ‚½‚Ì‚ÅA‚à‚¤‹ê‚µ‚܂Ȃ­‚È‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½B‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚êŽn‚ß‚½‚̂ł·B

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ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚Ì–Ú“I‚ÍAS‚ðò‰»‚µA‹ê‚µ‚݂Ƃ»‚ÌŒ´ˆö‚©‚çS‚ð‰ð•ú‚·‚邱‚Ƃł·BŽ„‚½‚¿‚Í’ÊíA‰½‚ª–{“–‚É‹N‚±‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚©•ª‚©‚Á‚¨‚炸A‰ß‹Ž‚Æ–¢—ˆ‚ð‚³‚Ü‚æ‚¢A—~–]‚ÆŒ™ˆ«‚É–Ú‚ª‚­‚ç‚ÝAí‚É“®—h‚µA‹Ù’£‚É–ž‚¿‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

‚µ‚©‚µAáÒ‘z‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ÅA¡‚±‚ÌuŠÔ‚ÌŒ»ŽÀ‚ðA—~‚µ‚½‚葞‚ñ‚¾‚è‚·‚邱‚ƂȂ­AŒü‚«‡‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ðŠw‚т܂·BŽ„‚½‚¿‚Í”÷΂ÝA•½Ã‚³Aƒoƒ‰ƒ“ƒX‚ÌŽæ‚ꂽS‚Å‚»‚ê‚ðŠÏŽ@‚µ‚Ü‚·B

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‚±‚ꂪAŽ„‚ª—‰ð‚·‚éáÒ‘zA‚‚܂趂«‚ép‚Å‚·B

 

 

 

Equanimity in the Face of Terminal Illness

by S. Adaviyappa

 

  About ten years ago, my wife Parvathamma was diagnosed as having motor neuron disease, a rare condition which is considered incurable. Treatment by allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic and naturopathic doctors did not produce any results. She experienced a gradual wasting away of the muscles of her arms, thighs, legs and neck. She required assistance with even normal activities. Her helplessness caused her tension and strain, and she became gloomy and wept frequently.

  It was a heart-rending situation for us. But everyone in the family took care that she was not put to any discomfort and that there was never any opportunity for her to feel neglected. All our efforts went toward keeping her spirits up. But she would still break down whenever a friend or relative called on her.

  It was at this stage about four years into the illness, that my wife took a Vipassana course in Jaipur under the guidance of Goenkaji. She found the first day most trying. But with loving fellow meditators around her, she put up with the hardship with a smile. On Vipassana day, she was a changed person. She experienced the flow of subtle vibrations throughout the body. She was beaming with joy, and felt she had gained strength throughout her body. Her retreat proved a most beneficial sojourn.

  For the following months, she practised her meditation regularly in spite of the limitations of her physical condition. I was away at Ajmer due to my official work, but I used to join her in meditation whenever I visited Jaipur. She was also helped by two tapes of Goenkaji's Pāli chanting, and visits from other local meditators.

  After the Vipassana retreat, her nature changed completely. Joy emanated from her. People who came to console her went back carrying peace. She never complained about her illness to anybody. Neither did she express regret about her miserable condition. She made frequent loving and compassionate enquiries about the welfare of the visitors and their family members, wishing them happiness and joy.

  The illness progressed quickly. She developed a rapid deterioration of her muscles. Her face continued to beam with a radiant smile, although her body below the neck was a pitiful heap of bones and shrunken muscles. She continued her meditation throughout this period.

  On the thirteenth of January, 1985, about thirty hours before her death, Parvathamma made a fervent wish to the family members to pardon her for any harsh words she might have spoken while they were attending her. She said she was very fortunate to have such a kind family. She was given a glucose drip and oxygen for three days, and underwent extreme pain. However, she retained full control of her faculties.

  On the morning of the fifteenth, she was cheerful and took some milk. But at about 7:15 a.m. she had a bout of coughing, which she always dreaded. She felt suffocated and asked me to send for the doctor. The doctor arrived in fifteen minutes. Just as he was at the doorstep, her last breath went out along with a cough. In her last moment, she had a clear mind and passed away peacefully, casting compassionate glances on those of us standing around her.

  We have learned from Goenkaji that our practice is also a preparation for dying. Our family's experience is a testimony to this. Through her equanimity in the midst of severe suffering, my wife was in control of her faculties even during the extreme pain of dying. This has been a great inspiration to all of us, and those of us who are meditators have applied Dhamma more seriously. By determined effort and regular practice we have been helped to weather the shock of the tragic loss of this loving soul. We are regularly sending mettā to her with wishes for her freedom from all suffering.

 

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Research at the Experiential Level

by Dr. Chandrasheela Shakya

  Dr. (Mrs.) Chandrasheela Shakya is a Pali scholar based in N.E. India and Nepal. She wrote this article in January 1984.

 

     After having completed a number of courses at Dhamma Giri under the guidance of Goenkaji, I have come to a new realization concerning the intent and meaning of many of the words and teachings of the Buddha. These courses have enabled me to reassess my intellectual understanding of the Pāli language and its literature, and to see that their real meaning can only be made clear if learned through actual practice in the way in@which the author wanted them to be practised.

  I have completed a Ph.D. on "The Critical Study of the Dighanikāya" (Collection of Long Discourses of the Buddha) at Benares Hindu University. As such, I am very familiar with the theories of this field of study and with the various commentarial, lexicological and linguistic works which have been done as well. But now, my research at the experiential level through the method taught by S.N. Goenka has convinced me that I was, in fact, far from the actual meaning of what the Buddha wanted to convey. Interestingly enough, I have found that this is also the experience of many other students who have completed these same courses, including other Pāli scholars like myself. The Buddha himself indicated this when he said that pariyesana (complete research) is actually sevitabbā bhāvitabbā (at the experiential level). I find that, until recently, all of the modern research into the Buddha's words has actually been asevitabbā and abhāvitabbā (non-experiential). Unfortunately, the experiential aspect of experimenting with the truth of the Buddha's words has been totally missing.

  Although I realize that the intellect is an important factor for research, nevertheless without personal experience, the words of an enlightened person like the Buddha cannot be properly understood. Because I am a scholar and because I have made scholarship and research the central endeavour of my life and my career, I find it very exciting to learn that the academy at Dhamma Giri is taking the proper approach to this important research.

  Pāli, the language of the Buddha, is already a dead language. Because of this fact, the glorious cultural heritage of our country and our countrymen is not properly understood by Indians in general. The important work being done at Dhamma Giri will bring out the glory of this invaluable cultural heritage and make it comprehensible, not only to our own countrymen, but to the world at large. From the purely linguistic point of view, this research will enrich and elucidate much of our understanding of the origin and roots as well as the historical development of our own modern Indian languages. Not only the teachings of the Buddha but the language itself is of inestimable value in understanding our cultural heritage. As a scholar, I am impressed, and at the same time pleased, that this is being done in a completely scientific and non- sectarian way.

  My own orientation has been to the language and literature of the Buddha, but I believe that scholars of other religions who have done Vipassana courses have had similar experiences in their own academic disciplines. Because the method taught at by S.N. Goenka is completely devoid of any sectarian orientation, the way in which people experience the words of the Buddha inside themselves has given much understanding and special insight to people of various religions and philosophies; even into their own scriptures and saintly authors. People have found new and clearer meanings in the Vedas, the Gitā, and the Upanishads. Even Jain scholars have been impressed with the fresh understanding they have achieved in studying the Āgamas. I have also heard that Christians and Muslims who complete Vipassana courses and whose religions are not Indian in origin have been surprised by the new meanings which they find in the Bible and the Koran.

  By my own research and experiments at Dhammagiri, I am convinced that reality at the experiential level is far different from reality at the intellectual level. Vipassana meditation gives us the opportunity to experience this reality for ourselves.

 

 

‘ÌŒ±ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚ł̌¤‹†@@@@@Chandrasheela Shakya”ŽŽm

Chandrasheela Shakya”ŽŽm‚ÍAƒCƒ“ƒh–k“Œ•”‚ƃlƒp[ƒ‹‚ð‹’“_‚Æ‚·‚éƒp[ƒŠŒêŠwŽÒ‚Å‚·B”Þ—‚Í‚±‚Ì‹LŽ–‚ð1984”N1ŒŽ‚ÉŽ·•M‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B

 

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Physician Heal Thyself

by Dr. Geo Poland

  This paper was originally presented as an address to the participants in the Vipassana Seminar on Health, held at Dhamma Giri in 1990. The audience had completed a ten-day course just prior to the presentation of the papers.

 

 It is indeed a pleasure to see so many fellow physicians and healing professionals assembled here to discuss and practise Dhamma. Certainly we need more and more such Dhamma doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, etc., in this world. It is all the more a pleasure to see such a wide spectrum of various "pathies" [allopathy, homeopathy, naturopathy, etc.] represented here today, and to realize that for all the differences which may appear to exist between such "pathies," as regards etiology of disease, diagnosis and treatment, there is a common thread which binds us all together-the desire to help others come out of their suffering. We may disagree as to the "how," but the goal remains the same.

  I feel it is an occupational hazard that as one works more and more with sick people (facing so much suffering day after day, patient after patient), that slowly, almost imperceptibly one becomes more and more distanced from the patient as a suffering human being. Naturally one has to maintain an objective outlook in order to come to the right diagnosis and treatment of the patient's disease. However, in the process one must not lose sight of the fact that this patient is not only an interesting case, a diagnostic challenge, a therapeutic triumph, but also a vulnerable, suffering human being- someone needing not only treatment of their disease process, but also compassion and understanding of the suffering they are undergoing as a result of their illness. This becomes all the more important when one is treating someone suffering from a chronic illness, or a terminally ill patient for whom there is no "cure." Naturally it is frustrating for the medical personnel to be unable to cure the patient; one feels that one has failed somehow and often one tends to avoid interacting with such patients. It seems to me that this stems from our own inability to come to terms with all the suffering we see around us because we have not been able to deal with our own suffering.

  Through the practice of Vipassana meditation one comes face to face with one's own suffering deep inside, and by understanding its impermanent nature one gradually develops equanimity. Thus little by little one is able to eliminate this suffering. The result of this self-purification or self- healing process is a deep sense of relief and resultant compassion for others who are likewise suffering. One realizes that one suffers because one keeps reacting to the sensations deep inside. Similarly our patients not only suffer from their disease but also from their mental reactions to it. This understanding and compassion goes a long way in practising the art of medicine, which is a combination of not only the learned skills of diagnosis and treatment, but also a heavy dose of loving- kindness or mettā, as we all learned here at the end of the course.

  Many years ago, after returning to Canada from India, I struck up a deep friendship with an eighty-five year old, crippled farmer patient of mine. We would while away the hours in his kitchen drinking tea and swapping stories. He was a very practical man who had been successful at almost everything he did. He told me that he only went to school for one day and learned all he needed to know. The teacher wrote on the board "Never Be Idle;" so he went back to the farm and started working!

  He also told me that in the good old days he had had a doctor who was a real doctor. He said the moment you entered his office you started feeling better, and by the time you left his office you felt even more relieved although you hadn't yet taken any medicine. He then explained that it is very easy to be a good doctor-all you have to do is give the patient lots of "TLC" (tender loving care). Certainly this is not all there is to the practice of medicine, but it is a part which is gradually being replaced by our dependence on investigations, tests and so on to make the diagnosis.

  Through Vipassana and the development of mettā we can rekindle this TLC. "Physician Heal Thyself" is a well-known phrase. We of the healing profession should take this to heart if we really want to help ourselves and likewise our patients.

 

Love which is alone the means for the unity of man- kind, must be supreme, and it cannot be so unless the mind is transcendently pure.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

 

ˆãŽt‚æA“ðŽ©g‚ð–ü‚¹@@Geo Poland”ŽŽm

–{˜_•¶‚ÍA1990”N‚ÉDhamma Giri‚ÅŠJ³‚ꂽuŒ’N‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚郔ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[EƒZƒ~ƒi[v‚ÌŽQ‰ÁŽÒ‚Ö‚Ìu‰‰‚Æ‚µ‚Ä”­•\‚³‚ê‚Ü‚µ‚½B’®O‚ÍA˜_•¶”­•\‚Ì’¼‘O‚É10“úŠÔ‚̃R[ƒX‚ðC—¹‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B

 

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Vipassana and Education

by Dr. B.G. Savla

  Goenkaji conducted the first ten-day children's Vipassana course in December 1970, in Bagda, Bihar at the suggestion of Vinobha Bhave, the well-known Indian educational and spiritual leader. Thirty-seven children participated and, although the results were very positive, no further children's courses were held until 1986. A fifteen year- old girl, who had completed a regular course with her parents, requested a "kids only" course. Goenkaji agreed and, in April of that year, a four-day course was held in Jamnabai Narsee School, Bombay. The children who participated, their parents and teachers all felt that the course was so successful that a regular programme of short children's courses has been held in three Vipassana centres in India since 1987. Dhamma Giri holds five or six courses annually during school vacations, each attended by about two hundred children. The centres in Jaipur and Hyderabad each hold a similar number of smaller courses.

  During the courses the children are divided into small groups. Each group is assigned a "counsellor"-a trained young adult of the same sex. The counsellor sleeps in a room near the children, meditates in the hall with them, joins in playing games and guides them in all the sessions. Most importantly, twice a day the counsellor leads group discussions, where the children explore the relevance of Dhamma to their lives. Questions such as "What happens to my breath when I get angry, or when I feel peaceful?" are explored. This way of working is proving quite successful.

  Recently, one-day courses have also been introduced in schools. One particularly successful program has been set up in a large school in Bombay, where all secondary level students have attended a one-day course and are given the opportunity to follow this up with daily practice in the school.

  In the year 1993, more than fifty children's courses were held in Vipassana centres, schools and at other sites with more than 5000 students participating.

  The following article discusses the value of these children's courses.

 


Education today has unfortunately been reduced to training of the intellect, taught at the school and university level. Reading, writing, memorizing, and thinking-these work only at the conscious superficial levels of the mind. This type of education is not solving the major problems of today's youth, such as drug and alcohol use, promiscuity, undisciplined rebellious behaviour, violence and other anti-social activities. Nor is it resolving the problem of academic and occupational dropping out.

  Acknowledging that these problems are serious and are not being resolved, we must look for a component of education that is lacking, and see if by adding this these difficulties can be eradicated, and youth are enabled to lead happy, active lives.

  True education implies the acquisition of "wisdom," i.e., knowledge based on self-experience. Perhaps it is this aspect of education that is missing.

  To train the mind to live with the reality of the present moment within the body and mind is the essence of the technique of Vipassana meditation. The basis of Vipassana is morality. A moral code is given to which students must adhere in order to attend a Vipassana course, and the value of continuing to abide by this code becomes apparent as the student tries to practise meditation in daily life. The second step is Ānāpāna meditation. This means remaining aware of the natural breath at and inside the nostrils for as long as possible, thereby increasing concentration. The third step on a Vipassana course is Vipassana meditation proper-developing insight, personally acquired wisdom of the nature of our bodies and minds. Those who sincerely undergo a course in Vipassana meditation report an appreciation of the need for morality; improved concentration, and a feeling of release from tensions and negativity; and an increase in happiness and positive activity. Hence Vipassana is not merely an art of living but also true education.

  The ideal period to begin this education in a child is before birth, in the mother's womb. During pregnancy a woman who regularly practises Vipassana creates an environment conducive to positive mental health development in the child.

  Once the child is born, how soon can he or she be given this mental training? Optimum benefits are seen in children above eight years of age. However, some between five and seven years of age who have participated in children's courses, accepted this education well.

In India many two or three-day Ānāpāna courses have been successfully conducted at three Vipassana centres, as well as in schools. Though a residential course of two to three days is optimum, even one-day courses conducted in schools have shown promising results. Different courses are held for different age groups (e.g., eight to ten, eleven to thirteen, and thirteen to fifteen years), the schedules varying according to the cognitive-grasping capacity of the age group. School children are taught only Ānāpāna, the important preliminary technique in the teaching of Vipassana. Younger children work for fifteen to thirty minutes with ease; middle school children can easily meditate for thirty to forty-five minutes at a stretch. Group discussions, games and creative activities punctuate the periods of meditation. In addition, the theory and value of this meditation practice are taught in short discourses and in counselling sessions with older experienced meditators. Some middle and high school students, after learning Ānāpāna and practising for some time, come on their own for a full ten-day Vipassana course, which they successfully complete. Recently a few schools have incorporated the teaching of Ānāpāna into their daily curriculum. Scientific research studies are being carried out on the beneficial effects, based on parents' and teachers' reports. Preliminary findings indicate positive changes.

  Some colleges and universities in India have been holding ten-day Vipassana courses or have been sending their students for regular courses, as part of their teaching programme. So far no research work has been done to evaluate the benefits of these ten-day courses, but regular requests for courses, and enthusiastic responses from the youth and teacher participants, suggest a favourable outcome.

  The real benefits will come only if this meditation practice becomes an integral part of daily life. The multiple benefits are the consequence of important changes in two major spheres. First, developing concentration with awareness increases the child's mental strengths of understanding, memory and expression. This benefit manifests in his or her academic career as well as various other activities such as games, arts and crafts. Second, the technique helps to purify the mind. Negativities such as abusive or violent behaviour gradually start giving way to more peaceful, harmonious and respectful behaviour at school, home and in society. Hence, with this practice, these problems are bound to show a decline in the long run.

  We are confident that more teaching of Ānāpāna and Vipassana as a part of the regular curriculum in the field of education would lead to lasting beneficial changes in the younger generation, which would bring about a positive revolution in society.

 

 

Children Comment on Their Meditation Experiences

The following were written by children who attended courses in India.

 

I am a girl aged 17. I first attended a Vipassana course when I was 12 years old.

  The first time I realized that Vipassana had helped me was when I took my tenth standard board exam. Basically a person who grew nervous at the slightest cause, I found myself surprisingly calm and composed as I sat in the examination. Twice-a-day meditation had brought a certain amount of confidence in me. In a state of nervousness, a student tends to forget even those facts which at one time he knew so well. But when he is calm and confident, those chapters which he had read only a few times, become so clear in his mind.

  I used to pass through stages of depression (though for no obvious reason) and periods when I would grow rebellious. I still do some times, as most people pass through at this age. But now I see that I do not waste as much time brooding or feeling lethargic as I used to. My outlook towards my student life has also changed. Known for my rebellious nature, I have indeed calmed down. It is a practice these days among students to mock their teachers. But Vipassana has helped me build a certain respect for my elders, which though not very perceptible, is nevertheless felt inside by me. I have also developed a certain optimistic view towards things. In fact it is mainly the pessimistic view which ultimately leads teenagers to opt for drugs and other bad habits.

  I feel Vipassana is an important element, essential to students. If I want to become a better person, I know Vipassana will help me.

-Kavita, age 17

 

I think that I have begun to speak less, and more or less consult with my mind before speaking or doing any actions. This has put a stop to my reflex actions.

-Vayati, age 14

 

At first I did not enjoy much what I was there for. Then I forced myself to do exactly what Goenkaji said, because I wasn't following his steps properly. Little did I know that suddenly I would break out of my passions and anger as if a cloud-burst had occurred in me to free myself from all the bad visions of life. Why don't they organize these courses in jails so that the criminals will be free from all their anger and bad life?

-Hilaur, age 14

 

I was very happy to see children of different religions coming to this camp, and to see that not only people from our country, but also from other countries, came here. I performed sadhana (practice) with full interest, and wrong thoughts and wrong things vanished from my mind like thin air.

  Here Goenkaji treats every religion equally. According to me this is the best way of national unity. I wish I was a little bigger to join in Vipassana. This is the best experience in my life.

-Ajay, age 16

 

These three days I had a rather tough time meditating for so many hours. At the end of this course I am quite determined to attend the ten-day course. I realized one thing when I was speaking with a foreigner, and that is how eager people are to learn this technique all around the world.

-Siddhartha, age 14

 

I got Vipassana at the age of 10. I consider

myself very lucky to become a Vipassana meditator at such an early age.

  In my studies Vipassana has been very helpful to me. I find that I concentrate better and therefore understand better. Previously I was quite nervous before examinations. Now whenever I feel nervous, I watch one breath and overcome my nervousness to a certain degree.

  Whenever I get angry, I am able to get over it more quickly than before. Sometimes I feel frustrated and irritated, but then I am able to watch my breath and sensations and overcome the anger.

  I believe my tolerance has increased since I became a meditator. I get easily irritated when someone does something that I don't like, but now I feel this has decreased a little.

  Lastly, to a certain extent, I can take things as they are more easily than before.

I have full faith that if I continue practising

Vipassana, I will undoubtedly become a better human being.

-Dipali, age 17

 

 

 

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Secularism and Vipassana

by Usha Modak

  India is a secular state. Unlike some countries, it has no declared state religion and there is absolute freedom of religious practice. Secularism represents the concept wherein, despite religious differences, people live harmoniously and peacefully with each other. In secular countries such as India, where many religions are practised, the country shelters all of them, giving no preference to any particular one. This is an important way of impartially promoting national and emotional integration.

  Here in India public institutions such as schools, colleges and universities are not allowed to teach or advocate a particular religion. However this policy of the state has contributed to a decline in moral values and standards. Students are no longer trained in these values by their teachers, and their parents are unsure what to give them in this regard.

  Additionally, under the garb of secularism, the state pays lip service to promoting national integration and to maintaining peace and harmony among people of different religions. But time and again we see these differences erupting like volcanic lava, at times taking monstrous shapes and forms and causing a great deal of suffering in a world already brimming with tensions and anxieties of all kinds.

  Can Vipassana meditation play a role in resolving this two-pronged problem: lack of basic moral values and lack of harmony among religions in a non-religious world? For those who have understood what Vipassana is and who have been practising it as a way of life, the answer is definitely "yes."

  To understand why, we must understand what Vipassana is. Briefly, it is a technique of purifying the mind, deconditioning the mind of its defilements by self-observation and introspection. It is an effort to change the habit pattern of the mind which always reacts blindly either with craving or aversion. The effort is experiential, and this is the unique feature of this technique. We must make the effort for ourselves, walk the path ourselves. Someone else cannot do it for us, nor can we achieve it through intellectualization.

  The great sage of India, Gotama Buddha, discovered, or rather rediscovered, this technique through his deep meditation. He attained enlightenment and was liberated from all defilements of the mind. Then with great compassion and love he distributed it to the suffering mankind. He did not establish any "ism" or cult. He taught Vipassana, the way to purify the mind.

  Vipassana is taught in ten-day residential courses. It is a very demanding course requiring the student to observe noble silence and follow strict rules throughout the duration of the course. There are ten hours of meditation daily, with instructions given periodically, and with a discourse in the evening explaining and clarifying the technique, given by the teacher, S.N. Goenka.

  There are three steps to the training given in a meditation course. The first is a code of morality. One undertakes not to kill, not to steal, not to tell lies, not to conduct sexual misconduct and not to use intoxicants. One cannot work to liberate oneself from defilements if at the same time one continues to harm others or perform deeds of body and speech which only multiply these defilements. Hence, the code of morality is essential.

  The next step is to achieve some mastery over our unruly minds by focusing the attention on the natural, normal breath (not controlled and regulated breath as in prāāyāma). This practice calms the mind and promotes concentration which enables one to take the next step: purifying the mind of defilements by developing insight into one's own nature. Vipassana is experiencing one's own reality by the systematic and dispassionate observation of the ever-changing sensations within oneself. It is a process of self-purification through self-observation and introspection.

  The ten-day course gives only an outline of the technique. One doesn't become a seasoned practitioner by taking just one course. It should be followed by practice in daily life and by taking these ten-day courses periodically as boosters to get established in the practice and to reap lasting benefits. It is only then that one realizes the full power of this technique. The mind gradually gets free of its negativities of craving and aversion, and their offspring: jealousy, hatred, selfishness, greed, tension, etc. One becomes peaceful and harmonious and then distributes this peace and harmony to others.

  Man is a social being. The basis of any healthy harmonious society is always the healthy harmonious individual. Only if each individual has a pure peaceful mind can we expect peace and harmony in society.Vipassana is a unique way of obtaining peace and harmony at the individual and experiential level; hence it is the best way to attain peace and harmony in society.

  Vipassana does not teach any dogmas or creeds which build barriers and divisions between communities. Our beliefs and convictions colour and distort our vision. In the name of religion we have shackled ourselves in golden chains of meaningless rites and rituals. The essence of pure religion is performing acts of body, speech and mind with a pure heart full of love and compassion. Then it doesn't matter what clothes we wear, what rites and rituals we perform, or what beliefs we hold or do not hold. Today our minds are so full of the defilements of anger, hatred, greed and delusion that we have lost the essence of true religion and cling to empty husks: these religious practices. To make matters worse, we quarrel and argue over them! Religion has degenerated into sectarianism. This prevents us from self- examination, introspection into the impurities of our minds and from making efforts to eradicate these impurities.

  As Goenkaji rightly points out, the problem is not sectarian, therefore the remedy cannot be sectarian. It must be universal. Everyone faces the problem of mental impurities. It is not Hindu anger and greed, Christian anger and greed, or Buddhist anger and greed. The malady is universal. The remedy must also be universal.

  Vipassana is such a remedy. No one will object to practising morality, developing discipline of the mind and developing insight into one's own reality by which it is possible to free the mind of negativities. No one is asked to convert from one organized religion to another. If at all there is conversion it is from misery to happiness, from defilement to purity, from bondage to liberation, from ignorance to enlightenment; it is conversion to a better person.

  So Vipassana with its universal approach rises above all sectarian religions of the world and promotes secularism-national and emotional integration in the true sense of the word. This takes place not by some cosmetic surgery on the surface but deep at the roots of the problem: in the mind and heart of each individual. The spread of Vipassana and the practice of Vipassana in all levels of society will liberate each one of us to the best of our abilities and capacities and to that extent will promote the good and happiness of humanity.

 

 

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Parenthood in Dhamma

by Sachiko Weeden

Dhamma helps us in our life in every way, and certainly in parenthood. Being a parent is a noble task and is probably one of the most difficult and delicate jobs in our society.

  It requires infinite patience. To be a truly good parent you must have infinite love with total detachment. Aren't these the qualities Dhamma teaches us? The arrival of your child is a God-sent (Dhamma-sent) test for whether you have really cultivated these qualities in yourself through your meditation.

  First come those sleepless nights after your baby's birth. When my daughter was born, for weeks I used to sleep three hours and sit two hours a day. Then come the tantrums, not to talk of the constant demands and total deprivation of any kind of freedom whatsoever. But worst of all is the attachment, the strong attachment you develop for your child.

  Goenkaji talks about nekkhamma pāramī, the quality of renunciation. When you are a mother or father, you must work hard on this quality. It is torture to leave your small child even for ten days. It requires strong@determination and devotion to Dhamma.

  Don't take this "mother's love" for granted either. It can be a total love of one-way traffic, but it can also be tainted with so much ego and self-centredness. You must watch yourself very carefully. See how many parents spoil or even destroy their children with their strong ego and attachment: "My child should be like this, like that."

  As in Goenkaji's story about the man who hires a private secretary to tell him when anger has arisen, your child can help you be aware of your own mental state. As soon as your mind becomes unbalanced, a sensitive child will let you know by his or her own distress.

  Striving to become a better mother or father is nothing but trying to become a better meditator.

 

 

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My Experience

by Venerable Sanghabodhi

    Before I came in contact with Goenkaji and pure Dhamma, I suffered from immeasurable dukkha (misery), swimming helplessly in the ocean of sasāra (rounds of suffering). I had much sadness and depression because I had lost my wife and four youngest children, who were killed like animals by the Communists in Cambodia. Over one million of my countrymen were killed, including many friends and relatives. I had lost my country as well.

  I tried many ways to get rid of this suffering: by serving others, by volunteer social activities, by donations, staying in Buddhist temples learning Dhamma, reading the Tipiaka (Buddhist scriptures), serving monks, etc. All these helped me only at the superficial level.

  In 1980, I took my first course with Goenkaji in California, due to the help of an American sāmaera (novice monk) named P. Santa. I will never forget this sāmaera for the rest of my life. I will always share my merits with him for guiding me to this wonderful path, which is the best way to come out of misery.

  In mid-1980 I took two courses. I then came to Dhammagiri in 1981 and stayed for two months, also going on a pilgrimage with Goenkaji for fifteen days.

In May 1982, on the full moon day of Vesākha, I ordained as a sāmaera under the Bodhi tree in Bodh Gaya and later became a bhikkhu (monk).

  Up to now I have taken forty-two courses, including three long courses. With the permission of Goenkaji, and with the help of other Cambodians, I translated the Vipassana instructions and discourses from English into Cambodian. This work has not only helped me to gain a deeper understanding of Dhamma, so that I can practise Vipassana more seriously and properly, but it has also helped hundreds of Cambodians in Europe, America, Canada and Thailand to come out of misery and gain peace and harmony.

  In general, a big change has come in my life. I personally feel relieved from dukkha. I feel peaceful, harmonious and, I feel, I am becoming gradually liberated. When I experience dukkha, I try to accept it, and thus free myself from it. I am very fortunate and happy to have found this pure Dhamma, which has helped me so much. Through this practice, I have gained much more mental and physical health than I could have expected. My capacity to work has increased considerably. My mind is more balanced and I can face easily the vicissitudes of life.

  The relationships with my family and relatives has become very good. I enjoy helping others without expecting anything in return. I am happier than if I had become ruler of the world.

  I want to express my very deep gratitude to Goenkaji, who helped me to rid myself of dukkha. And the best way to pay back this debt of gratitude to Goenkaji is to get this Dhamma seed planted in Cambodia, when my country becomes independent and peaceful.

  The Ven. Sanghabodhi conducts Vipassana courses using Goenkaji's instruction and discourse tapes.

 

 

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The Wounded Healer

by Dr. Paul Fleischman

  The following article is an excerpt from an article entitled "Vipassana Meditation: Healing the Healer." Dr. Fleischman has supervised post-doctoral fellows in psychiatry in the School of Medicine, Yale University, and has also taught psychiatry and religion at Yale.

 

In my professional work as a supervisor of psychiatrists-in-training and as a psychiatrist to other psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, physicians and health professionals, I have become acquainted with a syndrome that could be called "the wounded healer." The wounded healer functions as a high-quality professional. He or she is typically well-trained, diligent, self-educating, and reliably kind and knowledgeable in dealing with patients. But, inside, known only to themselves, and carefully concealed from others, the wounded healer feels alone, frightened, anxious, depressed. His or her professional attainments are genuine, and form excellent compensations for experiences of deprivation earlier in life. The wounded healer is typically an avoidant, proper, lonely person, who gives generously professionally in order to get the human contact he or she feels otherwise deprived of. He or she is apt to hide deep feelings of hurt even from his or her spouse. The wounded healer permits him or herself to become a patient only cautiously, sometimes waiting decades for the right healer to come along. As professionals themselves, they judge carefully. Their progress in psychotherapy is slow, because rather than having a single issue or focus, what they seek is the nurturing and sustained attention of therapy itself. They want cure less than they want participation, membership, an adoptive parent to heal and hold them as their original parents, for any one of various reasons, could not.

  Originally, when I was first sought out by one or two established psychiatrists to be their psychiatrist, I was flattered by their estimation of me and I considered their problems in a purely individual light. Over the years, as the treatment of the wounded professional has become my major activity, I have come to understand that the problem is not only individual. The wounded healer, I now believe, represents something essential at the core of healing.

  Freud and Jung insisted that analysts be analyzed. All people need healing, most particularly healers. The wounded healer will have his or her own unique constellation of individual and personal problems, but he or she also experiences the pain of pain. The very vulnerability and compassion that sets the healer on that lifelong journey, coupled to the constant exposure to human suffering, requires a treatment of its own. I have come to understand that the wounded healer is so cautious, circumspect and careful in selecting his or her own healer not merely out of pride, shame, professional scruples or trained judgment but also because he or she seeks personal healing that respects the previous truth of his or her own suffering. In the words of the Argentine potter and poet Antonio Porchia: "He who has seen everything empty itself is close to knowing what everything is filled with." A wounded healer's pain is not only a problem, but a valuable source of empathy and insights. It is the magnet that draws healers towards the fate of healing. The wounded healer brings to his or her healer not merely blind pain, but the kernel of noble suffering.

  Noble suffering is human misery that drives towards insight, determination, release. It is the knowledge that suffering is existential. The deep note of noble suffering is what differentiates true healing from superficial patch-ups and fraudulent elixirs. The wounded healer is a person suffering from a deep, human, personal pain, who is able to perceive in his or her own plight the kernels of the universal truth about all pain and all plights, and who is accordingly sensitized to, and activated by, a lifelong calling to heal.

  When I came to understand myself as a variant of the wounded healer, I appreciated Vipassana more deeply. Its age-old tradition of friendship and comradeship rings the most fundamental note of the human scale. Many contemporary psychotherapies and healings seem to me to be blindly organized around success, happiness, bourgeois attainment: two cars, two children, two houses, two wives. In Vipassana I had located a healing where my life wasn't organized around the opulence of my vacations or the applause and acclaim I received. The path begins with the attitude that suffering can have a noble, enlightening function.

  In Vipassana, my birth and death on the shore of the mysterious ocean of the universe is a common bond to all beings. Vipassana is an ideal healing for healers, I believe, because it validates and affirms the direction given to life by conscious confrontation with the dismay that accompanies birth and death. Vipassana does not aim to palliate pain with comfort. Its goal is not health. Every person becomes sick and dies. The goal of Vipassana is the realization that the self is an illusory prison which leads to birth, death, suffering. The sense of a self is an illusion based upon the conditioning exerted by somatic sensations upon the mind. Vipassana meditation brings into the open the existential link between sensations, self-concepts, and suffering, and permits a reawakening to the world beyond one's self. It operates at the common root where individual, isolated anguish opens out into the stream of undivided, selfless love. It heals by activating virtues that transcend self- success, self-pleasure, self-life. The meditator steps out into that which exists beyond the transient boundaries of body and mind.

  Do I refer all my patients to Vipassana then? How, why, can I value and practise psychiatry? Vipassana meditation courses are open to anyone, but not everyone will take them. There can be no conversion, exhortation , arm-twisting or imposition on this respectful and non-harmful path. The ten-day course is hard work. A lifetime on the path is rarer, harder work. It requires no exceptional intelligence, no athletic skill, no particular cultural background, but it does require character strength and a call.

  Vipassana meditators who continue to walk the path for their lifetime come from all walks of life; of course, the vast majority are not themselves healers. Some are illiterate, some poor, some old, some crippled, some physically ill. Indian peasant farmers, German sociologists, Australian carpenters and French psychotherapists practise this way of life. Like the image of Noah's ark, every kind is represented. But there are some requirements, though they tend to be intangible. Meditators must "have the seed." Like the life of any seed, the seed of meditation eludes the microscope of words: is it basic good faith; or a sense of determination; or enough miseries and losses to have to keep going; or an unfathomable curiosity about their own true nature; or an intuition of values that transcend immediate life; or a yearning for peace; or a recognition of the limitations of mundane routines? It was said by the Buddha that at the heart of the path lies ahi, non-harmfulness. Is it an inkling of the infinite curative value that this most treasured and elusive cumulative virtue provides, that constitutes the seed? In any case, a life of meditation is a path for those who hear the call, seek it out, and sit down to observe. Some may not seek it, some may not value it, some may not tolerate it, some may have other valuable paths to take.

  The French psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan, wrote, "Psychoanalysis may accompany the patient to the ecstatic limit of the 'thou art that,' in which is revealed to him the cipher of his mortal destiny, but it is not in our mere power as practitioners to bring him to that point where the real journey begins." Vipassana meditation is based on one thing: "This is suffering; this is the way out of suffering." It is the path where the real journey begins. It is a healing by observation of and participation in the laws of nature. Even the stars are born and die, but beyond the transiency of the world there is an eternal that each of us can comprehend. Vipassana heals by focusing onto particular pain the invisible spectrum of the universal.

 

 

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‚‚¢‚½ƒq[ƒ‰[‚ªŽ©g‚ð–ü‚·ŽÒ‚ð‘I‚Ô‚±‚Æ”ñí‚ÉTd‚ÅA—pS[‚¢‚Ì‚ÍA’P‚Ƀvƒ‰ƒCƒh‚âãµ’pSAE‹Æã‚Ì—ÇS‚Ì™èÓA‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍŒP—û‚³‚ꂽ”»’f—Í‚©‚炾‚¯‚ł͂Ȃ­AŽ©g‚̋ꂵ‚Ý‚Ì‰ß‹Ž‚Ì^ŽÀ‚ð‘¸d‚·‚éŒÂl“I‚È–ü‚µ‚ð‹‚߂Ă¢‚é‚©‚炾‚Æ—‰ð‚·‚é‚ÉŽŠ‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½BƒAƒ‹ƒ[ƒ“ƒ`ƒ“‚Ì“©Œ|‰Æ‚ÅŽl‚ÌAntonio Porchia‚ÉAu–œ•¨‚ª‹ó‚Á‚ۂɂȂé‚Ì‚ðŒ©‚½ŽÒ‚ÍA–œ•¨‚ª‰½‚Å–ž‚½‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚©‚ð’m‚é‚ɋ߂¢‚Ä‚¢‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚‚¢‚½ƒq[ƒ‰[‚̒ɂ݂ÍA’P‚È‚é–â‘è‚ł͂Ȃ­A‹¤Š´‚Æ“´Ž@‚Ì‹Md‚ÈŒ¹ò‚Å‚·B‚»‚ê‚̓q[ƒ‰[‚ð–ü‚µ‚̉^–½‚ւƈø‚«Šñ‚¹‚鎥΂̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ł·B‚‚¢‚½ƒq[ƒ‰[‚ÍA’P‚È‚é–Ó–Ú“I‚Ȓɂ݂ł͂Ȃ­A’‚‚ȋꂵ‚݂̊jS‚ðŽ‚¿ž‚݂܂·B

 

’‚‚ȋꂵ‚݂ƂÍA“´Ž@AŒˆˆÓA‰ð•ú‚Ö‚Æ‹ì‚è—§‚Ä‚élŠÔ‚̔߂µ‚Ýil‚̃TƒKj‚Å‚·B‚»‚ê‚ÍA‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ªŽÀ‘¶“I‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤”Fޝ‚Å‚·B’‚‚ȋꂵ‚Ý‚Ì[‚¢‹¿‚«‚±‚»‚ªA^‚Ì–ü‚µ‚ð•\–Ê“I‚ÈŽæ‚è‘U‚¢‚â‹U‚è‚Ì–œ”\–ò‚Æ‹æ•Ê‚·‚é‚à‚̂ł·B‚‚¢‚½ƒq[ƒ‰[‚Æ‚ÍA[‚­lŠÔ“I‚ÈAŒÂl“I‚Ȓɂ݂ɋꂵ‚Þl‚½‚¿‚Ì‚±‚Ƃł·B‚»‚µ‚ÄAŽ©‚ç‚̋ꋫ‚Ì’†‚ÉA‚ ‚ç‚ä‚é’ɂ݂Ƌꋫ‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚é••Õ“I‚È^—‚ÌŠjS‚ðŒ©o‚µA‚»‚ê‚䂦‚ÉA¶ŠU‚ɂ킽‚é–ü‚µ‚Ö‚ÌŽg–½‚É•qŠ´‚ɂȂèA‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŠˆ«‰»‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B

ބީg‚à‚‚¢‚½ƒq[ƒ‰[‚̈êŽí‚Å‚ ‚邯—‰ð‚·‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂÁ‚½ŽžAŽ„‚̓”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ð‚æ‚è[‚­—‰ð‚·‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚»‚̌­‚©‚ç‚Ì—Fî‚Æ“¯Žuˆ¤‚Ì“`“‚ÍAlŠÔ‚̃XƒP[ƒ‹‚É‚¨‚¯‚éłઌ¹“I‚È‹¿‚«‚ð‘ттĂ¢‚Ü‚·BŒ»‘ã‚Ì‘½‚­‚ÌS——Ö@‚âƒq[ƒŠƒ“ƒO‚ÍA¬Œ÷AK•ŸAƒuƒ‹ƒWƒ‡ƒ“I‚È’B¬\\2‘ä‚ÌŽÔA2l‚ÌŽq‹ŸA2Œ¬‚̉ÆA2l‚ÌÈ\\‚ð’†S‚É–Ó–Ú“I‚É\’z‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邿‚¤‚ÉŽ„‚ɂ͎v‚¦‚Ü‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄAŽ„‚ÍæÒ‘ò‚È‹x‰É‚âAŽ„‚ªŽó‚¯‚锎芅тâÌŽ^‚ð’†S‚Él¶‚ª\’z‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢–ü‚µ‚ðŒ©‚Â‚¯‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚»‚Ì“¹‚ÍA‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ª’‚‚ÅŒ[”­“I‚È‹@”\‚ðŽ‚¿“¾‚邯‚¢‚¤Žp¨‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚è‚Ü‚·B

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄA‰F’ˆ‚Æ‚¢‚¤_”é‚ÌŠC‚̊ݕӂɂ¨‚¯‚鎄‚̶‚ÆŽ€‚ÍA‚·‚ׂĂ̑¶Ý‚É‹¤’Ê‚·‚éãJ‚Å‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚̓q[ƒ‰[‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä—‘z“I‚È–ü‚µ‚¾‚ÆŽ„‚ÍM‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚È‚º‚È‚çA¶‚ÆŽ€‚É”º‚¤“®—h‚Ɉӎ¯“I‚ÉŒü‚«‡‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÅAl¶‚É—^‚¦‚ç‚ꂽ•ûŒü«‚ðŒŸØ‚µAm’肵‚Ä‚­‚ê‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÍAˆÀŠy‚Œɂ݂ð˜a‚ç‚°‚邱‚Æ‚ð–ÚŽw‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñBŒ’N‚ª–Ú“I‚È‚Ì‚Å‚à‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚·‚ׂĂÌl‚Í•a‹C‚ɂȂèAŽ€‚ɂ܂·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚Ì–Ú•W‚ÍAŽ©ŒÈ‚ª¶‚ÆŽ€‚Ƌꂵ‚݂ւƓ±‚­Œ¶‘z‚̘S–‚Å‚ ‚éA‚Æ‚¢‚¤”Fޝ‚Å‚·BŽ©ŒÈˆÓޝ‚ÍAg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚ªS‚É‹y‚Ú‚·ðŒ•t‚¯‚ÉŠî‚­Œ¶‘z‚Å‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ÍAŠ´ŠoAŽ©ŒÈŠT”OA‚»‚µ‚ċꂵ‚݂̊Ԃɂ ‚éŽÀ‘¶“I‚Ȃ‚Ȃª‚è‚𖾂炩‚É‚µAŽ©ŒÈ‚ð’´‚¦‚½¢ŠE‚Ö‚ÌÄŠoÁ‚ð‰Â”\‚É‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ê‚ÍAŒÂX‚̌Ǘ§‚µ‚½‹ê”Y‚ª•ªŠ„‚³‚ê‚È‚¢–³Ž„‚̈¤‚Ì—¬‚ê‚Ö‚ÆŠJ‚©‚ê‚鋤’ʂ̪Œ¹‚Éì—p‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ê‚ÍAŽ©ŒÈ‚̬Œ÷AŽ©ŒÈ‚̉õŠyAŽ©ŒÈ‚̶–½‚ð’´‰z‚·‚é”ü“¿‚ðŠˆ«‰»‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Ä–ü‚µ‚ð‚à‚½‚炵‚Ü‚·BáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍAg‘Ì‚ÆS‚̂͂©‚È‚°‚È‹«ŠE‚ð’´‚¦‚½‘¶Ý‚Ö‚Æ“¥‚Ýo‚µ‚Ü‚·B

 

Vipassana meditation brings into the open the existential link between sensations, self-concepts, and suffering, and permits a reawakening to the world beyond one's self. It operates at the common root where individual, isolated anguish opens out into the stream of undivided, selfless love.

 

  Do I refer all my patients to Vipassana then? How, why, can I value and practise psychiatry? Vipassana meditation courses are open to anyone, but not everyone will take them.

 

There can be no conversion, exhortation , arm-twisting or imposition on this respectful and non-harmful path. The ten-day course is hard work. A lifetime on the path is rarer, harder work. It requires no exceptional intelligence, no athletic skill, no particular cultural background, but it does require character strength and a call.

  Vipassana meditators who continue to walk the path for their lifetime come from all walks of life; of course, the vast majority are not themselves healers. Some are illiterate, some poor, some old, some crippled, some physically ill. Indian peasant farmers, German sociologists, Australian carpenters and French psychotherapists practise this way of life. Like the image of Noah's ark, every kind is represented. But there are some requirements, though they tend to be intangible. Meditators must "have the seed." Like the life of any seed, the seed of meditation eludes the microscope of words: is it basic good faith; or a sense of determination; or enough miseries and losses to have to keep going; or an unfathomable curiosity about their own true nature; or an intuition of values that transcend immediate life; or a yearning for peace; or a recognition of the limitations of mundane routines? It was said by the Buddha that at the heart of the path lies ahi, non-harmfulness. Is it an inkling of the infinite curative value that this most treasured and elusive cumulative virtue provides, that constitutes the seed? In any case, a life of meditation is a path for those who hear the call, seek it out, and sit down to observe. Some may not seek it, some may not value it, some may not tolerate it, some may have other valuable paths to take.

  The French psychoanalyst, Jacques Lacan, wrote,

 

 

‚Å‚ÍA‚·‚ׂĂ̊³ŽÒ‚Ƀ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ðŠ©‚ß‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚µ‚傤‚©H‚ǂ̂悤‚ÉA‚È‚ºA¸_ˆãŠw‚ð•]‰¿‚µAŽÀ‘H‚Å‚«‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©Hƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘zƒR[ƒX‚Í’N‚Å‚àŽóu‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·‚ªA’N‚à‚ªŽóu‚·‚é‚킯‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚±‚ÌŒhˆÓ‚ð•\‚·‚éŠQ‚̂Ȃ¢“¹‚Å‚ÍA‰ü@AŠ©—UA‹­—vA‚ ‚é‚¢‚͉Ÿ‚µ•t‚¯‚ÍˆêØ‹–‚³‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB10“úŠÔ‚̃R[ƒX‚ÍŒµ‚µ‚¢Cs‚Å‚·B¶ŠU‚ð‚©‚¯‚Ä‚±‚Ì“¹‚ð•à‚Þ‚±‚Æ‚ÍA‚³‚ç‚É‹H‚ÅA‚æ‚袓ï‚ÈCs‚Å‚·B•ÀŠO‚ꂽ’m«‚àA‰^“®”\—Í‚àA“Á•ʂȕ¶‰»“I”wŒi‚à•K—v‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚µ‚©‚µA‹­‚¢ƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹—͂Ƌ­‚¢Žg–½Š´‚Í•K—v‚Å‚·B

¶ŠU‚±‚Ì“¹‚ð•à‚Ý‘±‚¯‚郔ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍA‚ ‚ç‚ä‚éŠK‘w‚©‚ç‚â‚Á‚Ä—ˆ‚Ü‚·B‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA‘命”‚̓q[ƒ‰[‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB“ǂݑ‚«‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢lA•n‚µ‚¢lA˜VlAg‘Ì‚ÉáŠQ‚Ì‚ ‚élA•a‚ð•ø‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚él‚à‚¢‚Ü‚·BƒCƒ“ƒh‚Ì”_–¯AƒhƒCƒc‚̎ЉïŠwŽÒAƒI[ƒXƒgƒ‰ƒŠƒA‚Ì‘åHAƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX‚ÌS——Ö@Žm‚È‚ÇA—lX‚Èl‚ª‚±‚̶‚«•û‚ðŽÀ‘H‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·BƒmƒA‚Ì” M‚̃Cƒ[ƒW‚̂悤‚ÉA‚ ‚ç‚ä‚él‚ª‚±‚̶‚«•û‚ð‘ÌŒ»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µAŒˆ‚Ü‚Á‚½ƒpƒ^[ƒ“‚Í‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚ªA‚»‚±‚ɂ͂¢‚­‚‚©‚ÌðŒ‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·BáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍuŽív‚ðŽ‚½‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚ ‚ç‚ä‚éŽí‚̶–½‚Æ“¯—l‚ÉAáÒ‘z‚ÌŽí‚ÍŒ¾—t‚ÌŒ°”÷‹¾‚ł͑¨‚¦‚«‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚»‚ê‚ͪŒ¹“I‚È‘PˆÓ‚Å‚µ‚傤‚©A‚»‚ê‚Æ‚à‹­‚¢ŒˆˆÓ‚Å‚µ‚傤‚©B‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍA¶‚«‘±‚¯‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚قǂ̋ê”Y‚â‘¹Ž¸A‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍŽ©•ªŽ©g‚Ì–{Ž¿‚Ö‚ÌŒv‚è’m‚ê‚È‚¢DŠïSA‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í–Úæ‚Ìl¶‚ð’´‰z‚µ‚½‰¿’lŠÏ‚Ö‚Ì’¼Š´A‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í•½˜a‚Ö‚Ì“²‚êA‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í“úí‚̃‹[ƒeƒBƒ“‚ÌŒÀŠE‚Ö‚Ì”Fޝ‚Å‚µ‚傤‚©H ƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍA“¹‚ÌŠjS‚É‚ÍahiA‚·‚Ȃ킿–³ŠQ«‚ª‚ ‚é‚Æà‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚±‚ÌÅ‚à‹Md‚Å‚ ‚è‚È‚ª‚瑨‚¦‚Ç‚±‚ë‚̂Ȃ¢“¿‚ÌÏ‚Ýd‚Ë‚ª‚à‚½‚ç‚·–³ŒÀ‚ÌŽ¡–ü—͂̂©‚·‚©‚È—\Š´‚±‚»‚ªAŽíŽq‚ð\¬‚·‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H ‚¢‚¸‚ê‚É‚¹‚æAáÒ‘z‚Ì¶Šˆ‚Æ‚ÍAŒÄ‚Ñ‚©‚¯‚ð•·‚«A‚»‚ê‚ð’T‚µ‹‚ßAÀ‚Á‚ÄŠÏŽ@‚·‚élX‚Ì‚½‚߂̓¹‚Å‚·B‚»‚ê‚ð‹‚߂Ȃ¢l‚à‚¢‚ê‚ÎA‰¿’l‚ð”F‚߂Ȃ¢l‚à‚¢‚ê‚ÎA‰ä–‚Å‚«‚È‚¢l‚à‚¢‚ê‚ÎA‘¼‚ɉ¿’l‚ ‚铹‚ð‘I‚Ôl‚à‚¢‚é‚Å‚µ‚傤Bƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX‚̃ƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹•ªÍˆãƒWƒƒƒbƒNEƒ‰ƒJƒ“‚Í‚±‚¤‹L‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·Buƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹‚Ì•ªÍ‚ÍŠ³ŽÒ‚ðw“ð‚Í‚»‚ê‚È‚èx‚Æ‚¢‚¤œ’›‚Ì‹«’n‚Ö‚Æ“±‚«A‚»‚±‚Ŕނ̎€‚·‚ׂ«‰^–½‚̈Æ‚ª–¾‚©‚³‚ê‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚È‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µA^‚Ì—·‚ªŽn‚Ü‚é’n“_‚Ö‚ÆŠ³ŽÒ‚𓱂­‚Ì‚ÍAŽ„‚½‚¿ŽÀ‘HŽÒ‚Ì—Í‚¾‚¯‚ł͕s‰Â”\‚¾Bv

 

"Psychoanalysis may accompany the patient to the ecstatic limit of the 'thou art that,' in which is revealed to him the cipher of his mortal destiny, but it is not in our mere power as practitioners to bring him to that point where the real journey begins."

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ÍAu‚»‚ꂪ‹ê‚µ‚݂ł ‚èA‚±‚ê‚͋ꂵ‚Ý‚©‚甲‚¯o‚·“¹‚Å‚ ‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹³‚¦‚ÉŠî‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ê‚Í^‚Ì—·‚ªŽn‚܂铹‚Å‚ ‚èAŽ©‘R‚Ì–@‘¥‚ðŠÏŽ@‚µA‚»‚ê‚ÉŽQ‰Á‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚é–ü‚µ‚Å‚·B¯X‚Å‚³‚¦¶‚Ü‚ê‚Ă͖łтĂ¢‚«‚Ü‚·‚ªA¢ŠE‚̂͂©‚È‚³‚ð’´‚¦‚½‚Æ‚±‚ë‚É‚ÍAŽ„‚½‚¿ˆêl‚ЂƂ肪—‰ð‚Å‚«‚é‰i‰“‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÍA••Õ«‚Ì–Ú‚ÉŒ©‚¦‚È‚¢ƒXƒyƒNƒgƒ‹‚É‚ ‚é“Á’è‚̒ɂ݂ÉÅ“_‚𓖂Ă邱‚Æ‚ÅA–ü‚µ‚ð‚à‚½‚炵‚Ü‚·B

Vipassana heals by focusing onto particular pain the invisible spectrum of the universal.

 

 

 

 

Vipassana: Going to the Root of Addiction

by Dr. Raman Khosla

  Drug addiction is a very complex disorder, being   neither  a medical disorder alone, nor a psychological problem, nor a social disturbance, but a biopsychosocial disorder. Complex in its causation, effects and treatment, the addict demonstrates the "revolving door" phenomenon characterized by initiation, continuation, abuse, cessation and relapse.

  In recent psychiatric diagnosis and understanding, tremendous importance has been given to the concept of craving, understood in substance abuse language as "one drink, another drink." In the World Health Organization (WHO) International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 draft (1988), as many as four out of seven concepts in the diagnosis of substance abuse are related to the phenomenon of "craving."

  The available treatment modalities in alcohol and drug abuse are divided into three major groups: chemical treatment, psychotherapeutic approaches and behavioural therapies. Chemical treatment includes acute detoxification (usually using benzodiazepines or clonidine), and chronic maintenance treatment (using disulfiram, naltrexone or methadone). Psychotherapies include self- help groups like Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous; family therapies; and individual psychotherapies-supportive, cognitive or analytic-reconstructive. Behaviour therapies comprise a wide variety of procedures, such as relaxation procedures, like Jacobson's progressive muscle relaxation, or biofeedback procedures. They also include aversion therapies, systemic desensitization, covert sensitization, social skills and assertiveness training.

  There are many disadvantages to these treatment modalities:

  1. None of them helps on its own. One to two year studies show not more than one third of all drug addicts to be totally free of drugs, even with optimal treatment combination.

  2. The problem of matching an addict to treatment-i.e., which addict will benefit from which treatment-has not been solved, despite many attempts to do so.

  3. The creation of an iatrogenic (health professional created) substitute dependence of the addict on lesser evils: substitute chemicals, external instruments or other humans (such as therapists).

  4. None of them tackles craving, the most powerful cause of relapse. Craving is a psychological drive or desire, having the three important components of cognition, conation and mood. Most therapies tackle only the secondary biopsychosocial consequences of the drug.

  5. Finally, the most significant element is that the personality is dominated by its unconscious aspects. We attempt to change it analytically or cognitively using the conscious mind, thereby affecting only the tip of the iceberg. Intellectual insight alone does not help drug abusers. Drives, mood states, motivation, and other personality components are very difficult to handle with psychotherapeutic procedures. The hallmarks of a drug addict's personality-i.e., emotional immaturity, emptiness, need for immediate gratification, attitudes that are escapist, manipulative and irrational-are extremely resistant to change by intellectual means.

  Meditation offers a different approach. Meditation is defined as a family of techniques which have in common a conscious attempt to focus attention or awareness in a non- analytical way, and an attempt not to dwell on the discursive, ruminative content of thought. All forms of meditation help drug addicts, who show short-term improvement. However, with most forms of meditation this is due to a non-specific physiological relaxation response. Only the meditation technique of Vipassana addresses the mental defilements of craving and its obverse (aversion), at the deepest roots of the mind.

  Vipassana meditation is a way of living. Although Vipassana is not a specific treatment modality for drug addiction or for any other mental or physical illness, many psychosomatic diseases do show improvement as a by-product of the process of purifying the mind.

  As opposed to most meditation methods, which aim at concentration or relaxation of the mind, the aim of Vipassana goes beyond that. The goal is purification of the mind by removing all its negativities and hence uncovering all the positive qualities that are inherent in the nature of every human mind. The ultimate goal is a totally pure or deconditioned mind. A creative self-aware mind with positive emotions replaces the routine reactive mind, which constantly obeys the stimulus-response principle, with no self-awareness. As a consequence, mental equanimity or balance of mind increases in every life situation.

  The basis of mental purification in Vipassana is that it tackles mental impurities at their roots, that is, at the level of physical bodily sensations. Awareness of the sensations on the body is the basic proven function of the unconscious mind. The importance of the mind has been repeatedly emphasized by Gotama the Buddha, the master psychologist beyond comparison, who rediscovered Vipassana. The Buddha said: "Mind precedes all phenomena. Mind matters most, because everything is mind-made. Mind can become one's worst enemy or one's best friend."

  Psychoanalysts, behaviourists and cognitive psychologists all accept emotion, but only its psychological component. They completely ignore its physical component of sensation. Every sensation is a reality, the product of an underlying biochemical reaction. And every emotion is accompanied by a sensation. In this way the emotions can be explored through the concrete medium of body sensations. Therefore the emphasis in Vipassana is on vedanā, the feeling of bodily sensations. Vedanā is the third of the four parts of the mind described by the Buddha. In modern terms these four parts of the mind are best described as consciousness, perception, sensation and reaction. Although a Vipassana meditator will observe body (kaya), sensations (vedanā), mind (citta) and mental contents (dhamma), the focus for the meditator is very clearly on the observation of sensations (vedanānupassanā).

  Hence the advantage of Vipassana is that it works at the level of both mind and matter. The exploration of matter is done using the instrument of mind; the exploration of mind is done using the unique and wonderful instrument of matter. Herein lies the basic difference between Vipassana and other psychologies, which approach mind at the level of the intellect alone.

  In Vipassana, there is no dependence on any instrument, chemical or human being (therapist, teacher or guru) or group of beings. In the words of the Buddha: "You are your own master and you make your own future."

  The basic practical difference between Vipassana and all other meditation techniques is that it does not involve verbalization or visualization or any external object as used in other types of meditation. Insight or wisdom in Vipassana is not received or intellectual knowledge, but experiential insight, at the level of feeling of body sensations. Walking on the path of truth (Dhamma), personal realization of truth automatically changes the habit pattern of the mind, which subsequently lives according to the truth alone. The truth is the natural law of mind and body. All laws of physics are observed by any Vipassana meditator to be the same inside as well as outside the individual. Hence Vipassana is not just a scientific art of living, but the true science of the mind, the true psychology.

As regards drug abuse, the basis of all addiction has been found to be craving (tahā). Literally "thirst," tahā or craving is the mental habit of insatiable longing for what is not, which implies an equal and irremediable dissatisfaction with what is.

  The root of all craving is vedanā (sensation). All human behaviour is the result of reactions to inner body sensations, be they mental, vocal or physical reactions. All reactions are either in the group of "I want/like" (craving) or "I don't want/like" (aversion), which are two sides of the same coin. This leads to clinging (upādāna), which leads only to unhappiness. In the teaching of the Buddha: "All suffering which arises has reaction as its cause. If all reactions cease to be, there is no more suffering."

  In craving there is a marked attachment to the habit of seeking sensual gratification. Addicts take a drug because they wish to experience the pleasurable sensation it produces in them, even though they know that by taking it, they reinforce their addiction. Deeper than this is the addiction to the condition of craving. The object of craving is secondary, best seen in those persons who are addicted to multiple drugs. More fundamentally, addicts seek to continually maintain the state of craving itself, because it produces a pleasurable sensation within them, which they wish to prolong. Hence, the basis of all addictions is an addiction to one's own inner bodily sensations-liking and craving for the pleasant sensations and disliking and aversion for the unpleasant ones. Craving then becomes a habit which they cannot break. Just as an addict gradually develops tolerance towards the addictive drug and equires larger doses to achieve

the desired effect, this addiction to craving becomes steadily stronger, the more people seek to satisfy it. The greater the craving, the more it leads to unhappiness because it prevents people from seeing the reality of every moment. They see instead only the distorted truth, as if through a dark glass.

  Vipassana has helped and will continue to help alcohol and drug addicts because it tackles the root of all addiction, which is craving. Though we have substantial anecdotal evidence, there is a need for long- term scientific studies demonstrating the tremendous efficacy of Vipassana in helping alcohol and drug abusers.

  To conclude with the ever-inspiring words of the Buddha: "If the roots remain untouched and firm in the ground, a felled tree still puts forth new shoots. If the underlying habit of craving and aversion is not uprooted, suffering arises anew over and over again."

 

 

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[FˆË‘¶Ç‚̪Œ¹‚É”—‚é@@Raman Khosla”ŽŽm

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  Psychoanalysts, behaviourists and cognitive psychologists all accept emotion, but only its psychological component. They completely ignore its physical component of sensation. Every sensation is a reality, the product of an underlying biochemical reaction. And every emotion is accompanied by a sensation. In this way the emotions can be explored through the concrete medium of body sensations. Therefore the emphasis in Vipassana is on vedanā, the feeling of bodily sensations. Vedanā is the third of the four parts of the mind described by the Buddha. In modern terms these four parts of the mind are best described as consciousness, perception, sensation and reaction. Although a Vipassana meditator will observe body (kaya), sensations (vedanā), mind (citta) and mental contents (dhamma), the focus for the meditator is very clearly on the observation of sensations (vedanānupassanā).

  Hence the advantage of Vipassana is that it works at the level of both mind and matter. The exploration of matter is done using the instrument of mind; the exploration of mind is done using the unique and wonderful instrument of matter. Herein lies the basic difference between Vipassana and other psychologies, which approach mind at the level of the intellect alone.

  In Vipassana, there is no dependence on any instrument, chemical or human being (therapist, teacher or guru) or group of beings. In the words of the Buddha: "You are your own master and you make your own future."

 

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The Role of Vipassana in Psychiatric Practice

by Dr. R.M.Chokhani

  The following was presented as a paper at the Vipassana Seminar held at Dhamma Giri in 1986; it has been duly revised and updated.

 

 One of the more widespread examples of modern adaptations of traditional consciousness-training practices is the Vipassana meditation technique, which has recently become popular among both the lay public and workers in the mental health field.

  Vipassana is a Pāli word meaning "insight." It is a system of self-transformation by self- observation; the object is to eventually reach a state of calmness and balance of mind (Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin, 1963) and live a life of altruism, beneficial for one and all (Goenka S.N., 1990).

  Meditation as a practice of self-liberation was developed in different cultures by and for members of religious groups in the context of their cosmology. The teachings of Gotama the Buddha embody a psychological system as well as a cosmology (Kutz I., Borysenko J.J. & Benson H., 1985). Known as Abhidhamma, this is the most systematic and intricately laid out psychology-presenting a set of concepts for understanding mental activity and methods for healing mental disorders, which differ markedly from the outlook of contemporary psychotherapies (Goleman D., 1977).

The Abhidhamma Model of Mind

  This model of mental activity is an "object relation" theory in the broadest sense: its basic dynamic is the ongoing relationship of mental states to sensory objects. "Sense objects" include percepts in the five main sensory modalities, plus thought or cognitive activity (which in this system is seen as a "sixth sense"). "Mental states" are in continuous change and flux: in this analysis, the rate of change of the smallest unit of mental states-a mind moment which is a moment of awareness-is incredibly fast, described as arising at the rate of millions in the time of a flash of lightning.

  Each successive mental state is composed of a set of properties or mental factors which gives it its distinctive characteristics: there are fifty-two basic perceptual, cognitive and affective categories of these properties (Narada Thera, 1968). The basic dichotomy in this analysis of mental factors is that between pure, wholesome or healthy and impure, unwholesome or unhealthy mental properties. Just as in systemic desensitization, where tension is supplanted by its physiologic opposite, relaxation, healthy states are antagonistic to unhealthy ones, inhibiting them. Vipassana meditation aims to eradicate these unhealthy properties from the mind; the operational definition of mental health is their complete absence, as in the case of an arahant (saint) (Goleman D. 1977).

 

Mechanism and Psychological Effects

  "Everything that arises in the mind is accompanied by physical sensation", said the Buddha; this interrelationship of mind and body is the key to the practice of Vipassana meditation. Vipassana trains the concentrated attention to follow the mechanics of mental processing with the base of physical sensations, in a detached fashion. This perspective of an observer allows the controlled release of mental contents like craving and aversion, past and future in a seemingly endless stream of memories, wishes, thoughts, conversations, scenes, desires, dreads, lusts. Thousands upon thousands of emotionally-driven pictures of every kind rise to the surface of the mind and pass away without provoking a reaction, while simultaneously anchoring one in concrete, contemporary reality (Fleischman P.R., 1986).

  The mind is deconditioned with meditation altering the process of conditioning per se, so that it is no longer a prime determinant of future acts (Goleman D.,1977). A refinement of awareness occurs and one responds consciously to life situations thereby becoming free from limitations which were forged by mere reactions to them. One's life becomes characterized by increased awareness, reality-orientation, non-delusion, self-control and peace (Fleischman P.R.,1986). Such a person is able to make quick decisions, correct and sound judgment and concerted effort-mental capabilities which definitely contribute to success in contemporary life.

 

Vipassana, Health and Healers: A Research Review

  Considerable data is available, documenting the various biopsychosocial benefits that accrue from the practice of Vipassana meditation; it indicates the vast therapeutic potential that Vipassana has. For instance, many case report studies have been recorded, on the positive effects of Vipassana in different psychosomatic disorders, such as chronic pain, headaches, bronchial asthma, hypertension, peptic ulcer, psoriasis etc. and so also in different mental disorders including alcoholism and drug addiction. Beneficial effects of Vipassana have also been studied in special population groups such as students, prisoners, police personnel and individuals suffering from chronic pain and various other mental disorders.

  However, healing-not the cure of disease, but the essential healing of human suffering- is the purpose of Vipassana. Suffering springs from ignorance of one's own true nature. Insight, truth-experiential truth-alone frees one (Fleischman P.R.,1991). "Know thyself," all wise persons have advised. Vipassana is a practical way to examine the reality of one's own mind and body, to uncover and solve whatever problems that lie hidden there, to develop unused potential and to channel it for one's own good and the good of others.

  All people need healing, most particularly healers. "Physician heal thyself," is a well- known phrase. Freud and Jung insisted that analysts be analysed. The very vulnerability and compassion that sets the healer on a lifelong journey to heal, coupled with the constant exposure to human suffering, requires a treatment of its own. Vipassana is acceptable and relevant to healers of diverse disciplines because it is free of dogma, experientially based and focused on human suffering and relief. With its practice, healers are able to deepen their autonomy and self-knowledge, at the same time augmenting their ability to be a professional anchor to others in the tumult of their lives. Vipassana is verily the path of all healing, including self-healing and other- healing (Fleischman P.R., 1991).

  We find that most of the empirical research has been concerned with looking at the physiological and/or behavioural measures related to the use of Vipassana meditation as a self-regulation strategy. Attention also needs to be paid to the classical perspective of Vipassana-phenomenological aspects of meditation-induced altered states of consciousness.

 

Model for Clinical Application

  The clinical utility of Vipassana meditation is more likely to be in terms of providing a general psychologic pattern of positive mental states rather than a response to any particular presenting problem. Generally, the conventional psychotherapies are generated as treatments for the latter. All the same, the author has been using a cognitive therapeutic technique, derived from the system of Vipassana meditation, as a supplementary treatment and has found it to be effective for stress management and reduction of fears and phobias.

  It should be noted that the therapist must be well-conversant with the technique of Vipassana meditation and a mature meditator himself. Speaking in Vipassana parlance, the patient observes his respiration (Ānāpāna meditation), while the therapist practises mettā (loving-kindness meditation).

  Before commencing the formal therapy, the therapist explains to the patient its potential benefits, particularly relaxation. This helps reduce the latter's apprehension and enables him to cooperate and participate actively in the treatment. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the physical environment is one that will facilitate relaxation; the room should be quiet and free from interruptions, and the patient's couch should be reasonably comfortable.

  The patient is asked to lie comfortably on the couch, close his eyes and observe the flow of respiration by concentrating on the area of the upper lip just below the nostrils-whether in-breath or out-breath, deep or shallow, fast or slow; natural breath, bare breath and only breath. When his mind wanders, the patient is instructed to passively disregard the intrusion and repeatedly focus his attention on his breath, without getting upset or disturbed about the drift of his mind.

 

Two things happen. One-his mind gets concentrated on the flow of respiration. Two- he becomes aware of the relationship between his mental states and the flow of respiration: that whenever there is agitation in the mind- anger, hatred, fear, passion, etc.-the natural flow of respiration gets affected and disturbed. He thus learns to simply observe and remain alert, vigilant and equanimous.

  The patient is advised to continue practising the technique on his own, twice daily, in the morning and in the evening, each session lasting for about thirty minutes. The therapist reviews the progress of his patient from time to time, simultaneously counselling and motivating him to undertake a regular ten-day Vipassana meditation course. The patient is thus encouraged to continue to strive for his personal autonomy, that is, to take personal responsibility in his own health and well- being.

 

Conclusion

  It is my contention that this technique shortens the total duration of treatment and helps the patient cope better in the community by providing a general pattern of stress- responsivity less likely to trigger specific over-learned maladaptive responses, whether psychological or somatic. Moreover, there is a change in the patient's internal state, whereby his attention is focused, his perceptual and motor systems function optimally and his anxiety is minimized. This happens in spite of, and while meeting, a great variation in the external environmental demand by virtue of self-regulating and developing one's internal capacities with Vipassana meditation.

  Multicentered controlled clinical trials of this technique with sophisticated experimental designs would help us to study its value and limitations in the prevention and treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Also, it needs to be clarified as to which patient with what clinical problem will benefit from Vipassana meditation as the treatment of choice vis-a-vis other self-regulation strategies, viz., biofeedback, hypnosis, progressive relaxation, etc.

 

References

  Fleischman P.R. (1986), The Therapeutic Action of Vipassana and Why I Sit, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.

  Goleman D. (1977), Meditation and Consciousness: An Asian Approach to Mental Health, Am.J.Psychother.30:41-54.

  Kutz I., Borysenko J.J. & Benson H. (1985), Meditation and Psychotherapy, Am.J.Psychiatry, Vol.142, No. 1:1-8.

  Narada Thera (1986), A Manual of Abhidhamma, Buddhist Publication Society,Kandy, Sri Lanka.

  Surya N.C. (1979), Personal Autonomy and Instrumental Accuracy, in "Psychotherapeutic Processes," editors: M. Kapur, V.N. Murthy, K. Satyavathi and R.L. Kapur, N.I.M.H.A.N.S., Bangalore, India:1-19.

  Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin (1963), "The Essentials of Buddha Dhamma in Meditative Practice," this Journal 31-35.

  Wolpe J. (1958), Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, USA.

 

 

 

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ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚Æ‚ÍAƒp[ƒŠŒê‚Åu“´Ž@v‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍŽ©ŒÈŠÏŽ@‚É‚æ‚鎩ŒÈ•ÏŠv‚̃VƒXƒeƒ€‚Å‚ ‚èAÅI“I‚É‚ÍS‚̃oƒ‰ƒ“ƒX‚̂Ƃꂽ•½Ãó‘ÔiThray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin, 1963j‚ÉŽŠ‚èA‚·‚ׂĂÌl‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä—L‰v‚È—˜‘¼“I‚Èl¶‚𑗂邱‚Æ‚ð–ÚŽw‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·iGoenka S.N., 1990jB

Ž©ŒÈ‰ð•ú‚ÌŽÀ‘H‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÌáÒ‘z‚ÍA—lX‚È•¶‰»‚É‚¨‚¯‚é@‹³’c‘Ì‚ÌMŽÒ‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚̉F’ˆŠÏ‚Ì•¶–¬‚Ì’†‚Å”­“W‚µ‚Ä‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½BƒS[ƒ^ƒ}Eƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì‹³‚¦‚ÍAS—ŠwƒVƒXƒeƒ€‚ƉF’ˆ˜_‚ð‘ÌŒ»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·iKutz I., Borysenko J.J. & Benson H., 1985jBƒAƒrƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚Æ‚µ‚Ä’m‚ç‚ê‚邱‚ÌS—Šw‚ÍAÅ‚àƒVƒXƒeƒ€“I‚Ÿãk‚É\’z‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¨‚èAƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹Šˆ“®‚ð—‰ð‚·‚邽‚߂̈ê˜A‚ÌŠT”O‚ƃƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹Ž¾Š³‚ÌŽ¡—Ö@‚ð’ñަ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍAŒ»‘ã‚ÌS——Ö@‚ÌŒ©‰ð‚Ƃ͑傫‚­ˆÙ‚È‚è‚Ü‚·iGoleman D., 1977jB

 

ƒAƒrƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚É‚æ‚éS‚̃‚ƒfƒ‹

‚±‚̃ƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹Šˆ“®‚̃‚ƒfƒ‹‚ÍAÅ‚àL‚¢ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚Ìu‘ÎÛŠÖŒWv—˜_‚Å‚·B‚»‚ÌŠî–{“I‚È—ÍŠw‚ÍAƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹ó‘Ô‚ÆŠ´Šo‘ÎۂƂ̌p‘±“I‚ÈŠÖŒW‚Å‚·BuŠ´Šo‘ÎÛv‚É‚ÍAŒÜ‚‚̎å—v‚ÈŠ´Šo—l‘Ђɂ¨‚¯‚é’mŠo‚ɉÁ‚¦AŽvl‚·‚Ȃ킿”F’mŠˆ“®i‚±‚̃VƒXƒeƒ€‚Å‚Íu‘æ˜ZŠ´Šov‚ÆŒ©‚È‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·j‚ªŠÜ‚Ü‚ê‚Ü‚·B uƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹ó‘Ôv‚Í₦‚¸•ω»‚µA—¬“®“I‚Å‚·Bƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹ó‘Ô‚ÌŬ’PˆÊ\\‚·‚Ȃ킿uS‚ÌuŠÔimind momentjv‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éA‹C‚«‚̈êu\\‚̕ω»‚Ì‘¬“x‚͋ɂ߂𬂭AˆîÈ‚ª‘M‚­‚قǂ̂킸‚©‚ÈŽžŠÔ‚ÌŠÔ‚ÉA”•S–œ‰ñ‚à‚Ì•p“x‚Ŷ‹N‚·‚邯•\Œ»‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

ŽŸX‚ƶ‹N‚·‚é‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚̃ƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹ó‘Ô‚ÍA‚»‚Ìó‘ԂɌŗL‚Ì“ÁŽ¿‚ð—^‚¦‚éˆê˜A‚Ì‘®«A‚·‚Ȃ킿uƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹—vˆöv‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä\¬‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚¤‚µ‚½‘®«‚É‚ÍA’mŠoE”F’mEî“®‚ÉŠÖ‚í‚é52‚ÌŠî–{“I‚ȃJƒeƒSƒŠ[‚ª‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ü‚·iNarada Thera, 1968jB

‚±‚̃ƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹—vˆö‚Ì•ªÍ‚É‚¨‚¯‚éŠî–{“I‚È“ñ•ª–@‚ÍAƒˆ‚ÅŒ’‘S‚ȃƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹“Á«‚ÆA•sƒ‚Å•sŒ’‘S‚ȃƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹“Á«‚Ì“ñ•ª–@‚Å‚·B

‹Ù’£‚ª‚»‚̶—Šw“I‚ȑ΋ɂł ‚éu’oŠÉv‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä’u‚«Š·‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éuƒVƒXƒeƒ€“I’EŠ´ì–@v‚Æ“¯—l‚ÉAŒ’‘S‚ȸ_ó‘Ô‚Í•sŒ’‘S‚Èó‘Ô‚ÆhR‚µAŒãŽÒ‚ð—}§‚·‚é“­‚«‚ðŽ‚¢‚Ü‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ÍA‚±‚¤‚µ‚½•sŒ’‘S‚È«Ž¿‚ðS‚©‚çªâ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð–Ú“I‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚»‚µ‚ÄAƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹“IŒ’N‚Ì‘€ì“I’è‹`‚Æ‚ÍAˆ¢—…Š¿i¹ŽÒj‚ÌꇂɌ©‚ç‚ê‚邿‚¤‚ÉA‚»‚ê‚ç‚Ì•sŒ’‘S‚È«Ž¿‚ªŠ®‘S‚ÉŒ‡”@‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éó‘Ô‚ðŽw‚µ‚Ü‚·BiGoleman D. 1977jB

 

ƒƒJƒjƒYƒ€‚ÆS—“I‰e‹¿

uS‚ɶ‚¶‚é‚·‚ׂĂ̂à‚Ì‚ÍAg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚𔺂¤v‚ƃuƒbƒ_‚Íà‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚±‚ÌS‚Æg‘Ì‚Ì‘ŠŒÝŠÖŒW‚±‚»‚ªAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ÌŽÀ‘H‚ÌŒ®‚Å‚·Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÍAg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚ðŠî”Õ‚Æ‚µ‚½ƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹ˆ—‚̃ƒJƒjƒYƒ€‚ðA‹qŠÏ“I‚ÈŽ‹“_‚Å’Ç‚¤‚悤AW’†‚µ‚½’ˆÓ—Í‚ðŒP—û‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ÌŠÏŽ@ŽÒ‚ÌŽ‹“_‚ÍAЉ–]‚⌙ˆ«A‰ß‹Ž‚â–¢—ˆ‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½ƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹‚Ì“à—e‚ðA‹L‰¯AŠè–]AŽvlA‰ï˜bAîŒiA—~–]A‹°•|Aî—~‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½AˆêŒ©‰Ê‚Ä‚µ‚È‚¢—¬‚ê‚Ì’†‚ÅA§Œä‚³‚ꂽŒ`‚ʼnð•ú‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð‰Â”\‚É‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚ ‚ç‚ä‚éŽí—Þ‚ÌŠ´î‚É‹ì‚è—§‚Ä‚ç‚ꂽ–³”‚̉f‘œ‚ªS‚Ì•\–ʂɕ‚‚©‚Ñオ‚èA”½‰ž‚ðˆø‚«‹N‚±‚·‚±‚ƂȂ­Á‚¦‹Ž‚èA“¯Žž‚ÉA‹ï‘Ì“I‚ÅŒ»‘ã“I‚ÈŒ»ŽÀ‚Ɉӎ¯‚ð‚µ‚Á‚©‚è‚ÆŒq‚¬—¯‚߂Ă¢‚Ü‚·BiFleischman P.R., 1986jB

áÒ‘z‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄS‚Í’EðŒ•t‚¯‚³‚êAðŒ•t‚¯‚̃vƒƒZƒX‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ª•ω»‚·‚邽‚ßA‚à‚͂⫗ˆ‚Ìs“®‚ÌŽå—v‚ÈŒˆ’è—vˆö‚ł͂Ȃ­‚È‚è‚Ü‚·iGoleman D., 1977jBˆÓޝ‚Ìô—û‚ª¶‚¶Al‚Íl¶‚̔󋵂ɑ΂µ‚Ĉӎ¯“I‚ɉž“š‚·‚é‚æ‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚èA’P‚Ȃ锽ŽË“I‚È”½‰ž‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽ©‚çì‚èã‚°‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½§–ñ‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B‚±‚¤‚µ‚Ä‚»‚Ìl‚Ìl¶‚ÍA‚‚ß‚ç‚ꂽˆÓޝAŒ»ŽÀ‚Ö‚Ì“K‰žA–Ï‘z‚©‚ç‚Ì’E‹pAŽ©ŒÈ§ŒäA‚»‚µ‚ĈÀ‚炬‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä“Á’¥‚¯‚ç‚ê‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·BiFleischman P.R., 1986jB‚±‚̂悤‚Èl‚ÍAv‘¬‚ȈӎvŒˆ’èA³Šm‚ÅŒ’‘S‚È”»’fA‚»‚µ‚Ä‹¦’²“I‚È“w—Í‚ðs‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍAŒ»‘ãŽÐ‰ï‚É‚¨‚¯‚鬌÷‚ÉŠmŽÀ‚ÉvŒ£‚·‚郃“ƒ^ƒ‹“I”\—͂ł·B

 

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[AŒ’NA‚»‚µ‚ăq[ƒ‰[FŒ¤‹†•ñ

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ÌŽÀ‘H‚©‚瓾‚ç‚ê‚é—lX‚ȶ•¨S—ŽÐ‰ï“I—˜‰v‚ð— •t‚¯‚éƒf[ƒ^‚Í”‘½‚­‘¶Ý‚µAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ªŽ‚ÂL‘å‚ÈŽ¡—Ẩ”\«‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B—Ⴆ‚ÎA–«áu’ÉA“ª’ÉA‹CŠÇŽxšb‘§A‚ŒŒˆ³AÁ‰»«’×á‡AŠ£á‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½—lX‚ÈSgÇA‚»‚µ‚ăAƒ‹ƒR[ƒ‹ˆË‘¶Ç‚â–ò•¨ˆË‘¶Ç‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½—lX‚ȃƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹Ž¾Š³‚ɑ΂·‚郔ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚Ì—L‰v‚ÈŒø‰Ê‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éÇ—á•ñŒ¤‹†‚ª”‘½‚­‹L˜^‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚Ü‚½AŠw¶AŽúlAŒxŽ@НA–«áu’ɂ₻‚Ì‘¼‚Ì—lX‚ȃƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹Ž¾Š³‚ɋꂵ‚Þ“Á’è‚ÌW’c‚É‚¨‚¯‚郔ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚Ì—L‰v‚ÈŒø‰Ê‚àŒ¤‹†‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µ‚È‚ª‚çAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚Ì–Ú“I‚ÍA•a‹C‚ÌŽ¡–ü‚ł͂Ȃ­AlŠÔ‚̋ꂵ‚Ý‚ðª–{“I‚É–ü‚·‚±‚Ƃł·B‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÍAŽ©‚ç‚Ì–{Ž¿‚ð’m‚ç‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚©‚ç¶‚¶‚Ü‚·B“´Ž@A^ŽÀA‚·‚Ȃ킿ŒoŒ±‚ÉŠî‚­^ŽÀ‚¾‚¯‚ªAl‚ð‰ð•ú‚µ‚Ü‚·iFleischman P.R., 1991jBu“ðŽ©g‚ð’m‚êv‚ÆA‚·‚ׂĂ̌«ŽÒ‚Í•Œ¾‚µ‚Ä‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½Bƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÍAŽ©‚ç‚ÌS‚Ƒ̂̌»ŽÀ‚ð’T‹‚µA‚»‚±‚Éö‚Þ‚ ‚ç‚ä‚é–â‘è‚𖾂炩‚É‚µ‚Ä‰ðŒˆ‚µA–¢Šˆ—p‚ÌöÝ”\—Í‚ðŠJ”­‚µA‚»‚ê‚ðŽ©‚ç‚Æ‘¼ŽÒ‚Ì—˜‰v‚Ì‚½‚߂ɓ±‚­‚½‚߂̎À‘H“I‚È•û–@‚Å‚·B

‚·‚ׂĂÌl‚Í–ü‚µ‚ð•K—v‚Æ‚µ‚Ü‚·‚ªA“Á‚Ƀq[ƒ‰[‚Í–ü‚µ‚ð•K—v‚Æ‚µ‚Ü‚·BuˆãŽÒ‚æ“ðŽ©g‚ð–ü‚¹v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚͂悭’m‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·BƒtƒƒCƒg‚ƃ†ƒ“ƒO‚ÍA•ªÍ‰Æ‚Í•ªÍ‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚¾‚Æ‹­‚­Žå’£‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½Bƒq[ƒ‰[‚ð¶ŠU‚ɂ킽‚é–ü‚µ‚Ì—·‚Ö‚Æ‹ì‚è—§‚Ä‚éÆŽã«‚ÆŽœ”ßS‚ÍAlŠÔ‚̋ꂵ‚Ý‚É₦‚¸‚³‚炳‚ê​​‚邱‚Æ‚Æ‘Š‚Ü‚Á‚ÄA‚»‚ꎩ‘Ì‚ªŽ¡—Âð•K—v‚Æ‚·‚é‚̂ł·B

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÍA‹³‹`‚ɂƂç‚í‚ꂸAŽÀ‘ÌŒ±‚ÉŠî‚«AlŠÔ‚̋ꂵ‚݂Ƃ»‚Ì‹~Ï‚ÉÅ“_‚𓖂ĂĂ¢‚邽‚ßA‘½—l‚È•ª–ì‚̃q[ƒ‰[‚½‚¿‚ɂƂÁ‚Ď󂯓ü‚ê‚â‚·‚­A‚©‚‹ɂ߂ėLˆÓ‹`‚È‚à‚̂ł·B‚±‚ÌŽÀ‘H‚ð’Ê‚¶‚ÄAƒq[ƒ‰[‚½‚¿‚ÍŽ©—¥«‚ÆŽ©ŒÈ—‰ð‚ð[‚߂邯“¯Žž‚ÉAl¶‚ÌŒƒ“®‚̉Q’†‚É‚ ‚élX‚Ì‚½‚ß‚ÉAê–副‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̊m‚©‚ÈuŽx‚¦iƒAƒ“ƒJ[jv‚ƂȂé”\—Í‚ðˆê‘w‚‚߂邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÍAŽ©ŒÈ‚Æ‘¼ŽÒ‚Ì—¼•û‚ÌŽ¡–ü‚Ì“¹‚Å‚·iFleischman P.R., 1991jB

ŽÀØŒ¤‹†‚̂قƂñ‚Ç‚ÍAŽ©ŒÈ’²®í—ª‚Æ‚µ‚Ẵ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ÌŠˆ—p‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚·‚é¶—Šw“I‚¨‚æ‚Ñ^‚Ü‚½‚Ís“®Šw“IŽw•W‚ÌŒŸ“¢‚ÉÅ“_‚𓖂ĂĂ«‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚µ‚©‚µAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚̌ÓT“I‚ÈŽ‹“_A‚·‚Ȃ킿áÒ‘z‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä—U”­‚³‚ê‚é•Ï«ˆÓޝó‘Ô‚ÌŒ»ÛŠw“I‘¤–ʂɂàA“¯—l‚É’ˆÓ‚ðŒü‚¯‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B

 

Model for Clinical Application

  The clinical utility of Vipassana meditation is more likely to be in terms of providing a general psychologic pattern of positive mental states rather than a response to any particular presenting problem. Generally, the conventional psychotherapies are generated as treatments for the latter. All the same, the author has been using a cognitive therapeutic technique, derived from the system of Vipassana meditation, as a supplementary treatment and has found it to be effective for stress management and reduction of fears and phobias.

  It should be noted that the therapist must be well-conversant with the technique of Vipassana meditation and a mature meditator himself. Speaking in Vipassana parlance, the patient observes his respiration (Ānāpāna meditation), while the therapist practises mettā (loving-kindness meditation).

  Before commencing the formal therapy, the therapist explains to the patient its potential benefits, particularly relaxation. This helps reduce the latter's apprehension and enables him to cooperate and participate actively in the treatment. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the physical environment is one that will facilitate relaxation; the room should be quiet and free from interruptions, and the patient's couch should be reasonably comfortable.

  The patient is asked to lie comfortably on the couch, close his eyes and observe the flow of respiration by concentrating on the area of the upper lip just below the nostrils-whether in-breath or out-breath, deep or shallow, fast or slow; natural breath, bare breath and only breath.

 When his mind wanders, the patient is instructed to passively disregard the intrusion and repeatedly focus his attention on his breath, without getting upset or disturbed about the drift of his mind.

 

—Õ°‰ž—pƒ‚ƒfƒ‹

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚Ì—Õ°“I—L—p«‚ÍA“Á’è‚ÌŒ»‘¶‚·‚é–â‘è‚ւ̑Έ‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚æ‚è‚àA‚Þ‚µ‚ëm’è“I‚ȃƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹ó‘Ô‚ð‚à‚½‚ç‚·ˆê”Ê“I‚ÈS—“Iƒpƒ^[ƒ“‚ð’ñ‹Ÿ‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂ ‚邯l‚¦‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚·B

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Conclusion

  It is my contention that this technique shortens the total duration of treatment and helps the patient cope better in the community by providing a general pattern of stress- responsivity less likely to trigger specific over-learned maladaptive responses, whether psychological or somatic. Moreover, there is a change in the patient's internal state, whereby his attention is focused, his perceptual and motor systems function optimally and his anxiety is minimized.

 

 

This happens in spite of, and while meeting, a great variation in the external environmental demand by virtue of self-regulating and developing one's internal capacities with Vipassana meditation.

 

 

  Multicentered controlled clinical trials of this technique with sophisticated experimental designs would help us to study its value and limitations in the prevention and treatment of various psychiatric disorders.

 

Also, it needs to be clarified as to which patient with what clinical problem will benefit from Vipassana meditation as the treatment of choice vis-a-vis other self-regulation strategies, viz., biofeedback, hypnosis, progressive relaxation, etc.

Œ‹˜_

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‚³‚ç‚ÉAƒoƒCƒIƒtƒB[ƒhƒoƒbƒNAÖ°—Ö@A‘Qi“I‹Ø’oŠÉ–@‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½‘¼‚ÌŽ©ŒÈ’²®–@‚Æ”äŠr‚µ‚½ÛA‚ǂ̂悤‚È—Õ°“I–â‘è‚ð•ø‚¦‚銳ŽÒ‚ɂƂÁ‚ÄAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ª‘æˆê‘I‘ð‚ÌŽ¡—Ö@‚Æ‚µ‚ÄÅ‚à—LŒø‚Å‚ ‚é‚Ì‚©‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄA‚»‚Ì“K‰ž‚𖾊m‚É‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B

 

ŽQl•¶Œ£

  Fleischman P.R. (1986), The Therapeutic Action of Vipassana and Why I Sit, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.

  Goleman D. (1977), Meditation and Consciousness: An Asian Approach to Mental Health, Am.J.Psychother.30:41-54.

  Kutz I., Borysenko J.J. & Benson H. (1985), Meditation and Psychotherapy, Am.J.Psychiatry, Vol.142, No. 1:1-8.

  Narada Thera (1986), A Manual of Abhidhamma, Buddhist Publication Society,Kandy, Sri Lanka.

  Surya N.C. (1979), Personal Autonomy and Instrumental Accuracy, in "Psychotherapeutic Processes," editors: M. Kapur,

@V.N. Murthy, K. Satyavathi and R.L. Kapur, N.I.M.H.A.N.S., Bangalore, India:1-19.@

  Thray Sithu Sayagyi U Ba Khin (1963), "The Essentials of Buddha Dhamma in Meditative Practice," this Journal 31-35.

  Wolpe J. (1958), Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, California, USA.

 

 

 

The Fruits of Dhamma

by John Beary

  This article was first published in 1982 when the Dhamma community in Japan was embryonic. For developments since then please see Centres: Japan Vipassana Centre.

 

The Buddha gave us certain criteria to enable us to distinguish Dhamma from non-Dhamma. These criteria are in the form of the qualities of Dhamma and are six in number:

Svākkhāto bhagavāta dhammo sandiṭṭhiko, akāliko,

ehi-passiko, opaneyyiko paccattam veditabbo viññuhi'ti.

  Clearly expounded is the teaching of the exalted one; to be seen for oneself, giving results here and now, inviting one to come and see, leading straight to the goal, capable of being realized for himself by any average intelligent person.

  Of these qualities, let's take a closer look at the features of ehi-passiko ("inviting one to come and see") and see how this quality of Dhamma is currently affecting the spread of Dhamma.

  Around the world today we are witnessing a great surge of enthusiasm for Dhamma as more and more people come in contact with it via Vipassana meditation. Centres are arising and more and more courses are being conducted, as old students who have grown in Dhamma and have experienced its benefits wish to share it with others. It is significant to note that this movement continues to spread, much as it must have in the Buddha's time, by word of mouth from individual to individual and not through any public relations campaign.

What is it that continues to attract people on a personal level to the Dhamma and the practice of Vipassana? What accounts for today's surge of interest in meditation in ever-increasing numbers of people around the world?

  Of the many answers to these questions, one springs forth from the above mentioned qualities of Dhamma: that is ehi-passiko, whereby once having tasted pure Dhamma a meditator feels an irresistible urge to tell friends and family how good it is, how much it has helped him. This usually takes the form of urging them, for their own good, not to come and believe, but to come and see for themselves the beneficial results of Dhamma.

  Another perhaps more powerful aspect of ehi-passiko appears to be at work in the world now, and it is this feature which, I think, accounts for the present snowballing spread of Dhamma via Vipassana meditation. This feature resides in each student's behaviour and the quality of his or her interaction with other people in society. As meditators have become more and more established in sīla, samādhi and paññā (moral conduct, control of the mind, and wisdom), a concomitant change in their attitudes and values has certainly taken place. All reasonable people place much more importance on how a person acts rather than on what one says or espouses. Today as more and more meditators settle down into the business of raising families and assuming responsible roles in society, those behavioural changes fashioned by their experience and growth in Dhamma will surely be the beacons which attract others to come out of darkness.

  Now this is not to say that all meditators are automatically shining examples of Dhamma; but if they are practising properly then another two qualities of Dhamma will also be operating. One is opaneyyiko, i.e., that the Dhamma is a straight path on which no effort, no step is wasted as each step brings one closer and closer to the goal. Another quality is akāliko, whereby the fruits of Dhamma are experienced here and now at each stage along the path. This being so, the Dhamma is then beneficial in the beginning , beneficial in the middle and beneficial in the end. We all know what a struggle it is to maintain sīla, and to keep our samādhi; what it is to maintain the delicate balance of mind in a world blinded by ignorance and addicted to greed and hatred. What can it be that keeps us pressing on, other than the continuous reinforcement inherent in the Dhamma as each effort bears fruit here and now? We've seen these fruits ripen in time and become manifest in ways that, while setting us apart from the many unwholesome aspects of the world, grant us the inner strength and peace of mind to be different.

  These fruits of Dhamma are nowhere more vividly displayed than in the development of our own perfections. These ennobling qualities of generosity, virtue, patience, self-sacrifice, industriousness, truthfulness, determination, compassion, equanimity and wisdom each become strengthened by continued practice, and each by its very nature becomes an observable phenomenon in our daily lives for all to see. It is in these fruits of Dhamma (which are good, concrete, vivid, personal, here and now, observable to others as well as to the meditator) that the most powerful aspect of ehi-passiko resides. They say to all: "Here is something good, something for our welfare, something for us to aspire to." Sometimes as old students we lose sight of just how much we've changed, and we take these fruits for granted. But each of us has only to reflect on our own lives before coming to the Dhamma and the direction we were headed in at that time, to know what a great change has taken place for the better.

  It is these changes then, these fruits of Dhamma, which say to others, in the strongest language possible:  "You too, come and see." Now that a large number of meditators have been ten to twelve years in Dhamma the fruits of those struggle-filled years attract others to the path.

  Here in Japan the Dhamma community is a case in point. When a few Western meditators began arriving here in the mid seventies, they were a transient few, new to Japan and new to Dhamma. But over the years some of them became more established residents here and grew more established in Dhamma. As they developed in Dhamma, they soon realized that they were having a noticeable impact on the Japanese society as well as the foreign community here. As people had a chance to observe the behaviour of meditators over the years, they became more and more interested in them and in the Dhamma as well-so much so that the spread of Dhamma here is beginning to pick up quite a bit of momentum. The recent courses organized for Goenkaji have been huge successes. The expressed interest in future courses, group sittings and self-courses has resulted in the arising of a Dhamma house in Kyoto, to serve as a physical centre around which the various Dhamma activities revolve, as well as the formation of the Japan Vipassana Association (J.V.A.) to administer and organize the various activities.

In a land where language barriers and cultural barriers might throw up many obstacles to the spread of Vipassana, we are finding that ehi-passiko continues unimpeded on the strength of its strongest feature: the observable fruits of Dhamma.

  This very aspect of ehi-passiko sets our Dhamma work apart from that of the stereotyped missionary. We have no need to advertise ourselves or the fruits of Dhamma. We have no need to preach morality or to proselytize about the benefits of Dhamma, for these very benefits become visible in our actions in daily life and need no commercial amplification.

  Our job then, if we are really interested in the spread of Dhamma, is to get ourselves established in Dhamma, to nurture the seed our Dhamma father Goenkaji has given us to grow and bear fruit. These fruits will then perform our missionary work for us as they have for the Dhamma for 2,500 years. Our zeal for the spread of Dhamma should never lose sight of the fact that whatever good we hope to do by providing Dhamma service is only effective if our own practice receives priority. We can help no one without first having helped ourselves.

  By this process then, of one torch lighting another, may the darkness of ignorance and suffering be dispelled throughout the world.

May all beings be happy.

 

 

Jaba jaba antara jagata me, jāge citta vikāra.

Mai bhīi vyākula ho uthū, vikala karū sansāra.

 

Mai bhī vyākula banū, jagata vikala hoya.

Jīvana jīne kalā, shuddha Dharamahāi soya.

 

Whenever in the inner world mental defilements arise,

I become agitated and make the outer world agitated.

 

May I and may the world be free from agitation.

This is the art of living, this is the pure Dhamma.

-Hindi dohas of S.N. Goenka

 

 

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Svākkhāto bhagavāta dhammo sandiṭṭhiko, akāliko,

ehi-passiko, opaneyyiko paccattam veditabbo viññuhi'ti.

 

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‚±‚±“ú–{‚É‚¨‚¯‚éƒ_ƒ“ƒ}EƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒB‚ª‚»‚ÌD—á‚Å‚·B1970”N‘㔼‚΂ɔl‚̼—mláÒ‘zŽÒ‚ª“ú–{‚É‚â‚Á‚Ä—ˆ‚½“–‰‚ÍA”Þ‚ç‚Í“ú–{‚É‚àƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚É‚à“éõ‚݂̂Ȃ¢AˆêŽž“I‚È‘ØÝŽÒ‚Å‚µ‚½B‚µ‚©‚µA”Þ‚ç‚Ì’†‚ɂ͔NŒŽ‚ðŒo‚Ä‚æ‚è’è’…‚µAƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚É[‚­ª‚´‚µ‚½ŽÒ‚à‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½Bƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ĭ’·‚·‚é‚ɂ‚êA”Þ‚ç‚Í‚·‚®‚ÉA“ú–{ŽÐ‰ï‚¾‚¯‚łȂ­AŠO‘lƒRƒ~ƒ…ƒjƒeƒB‚É‚à–Ú—§‚Á‚½‰e‹¿‚ð—^‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚ƂɋC‚¢‚½‚̂ł·B’·”N‚ɂ킽‚èAlX‚ÍáÒ‘zŽÒ‚Ìs“®‚ðŠÏŽ@‚·‚é‹@‰ï‚𓾂é‚ɂ‚êA”Þ‚ç‚Æƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚Ö‚ÌŠÖS‚ª‚‚Ü‚èA‚±‚Ì’n‚É‚¨‚¯‚éƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚Ì•‹y‚à‹}‘¬‚Éi‚ÝŽn‚߂Ă¢‚Ü‚·BƒSƒGƒ“ƒJŽt‚Ì‚½‚ß‚ÉŋߊJ³‚ꂽƒR[ƒX‚͑嬌÷‚ðŽû‚߂Ă¢‚Ü‚·B¡Œã‚̃R[ƒXAƒOƒ‹[ƒvƒZƒbƒVƒ‡ƒ“A‚»‚µ‚ÄŽ©ŒÈŒ¤èr‚Ö‚ÌŠÖS‚Ì‚‚Ü‚è‚ðŽó‚¯A‹ž“s‚Ƀ_ƒ“ƒ}ƒnƒEƒX‚ªÝ—§‚³‚ê‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚±‚ê‚ÍA—lX‚ȃ_ƒ“ƒ}Šˆ“®‚Ì’†S‚ƂȂ镨—“I‚È‹’“_‚Å‚ ‚èA‚Ü‚½A—lX‚ÈŠˆ“®‚ðŠÇ—E‘gD‚·‚邽‚߂ɓú–{ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‹¦‰ïiJ.V.A.j‚àÝ—§‚³‚ê‚Ü‚µ‚½B

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ˆê‚‚̼–¾‚ª•ʂ̼–¾‚ɉ΂𓔂·‚±‚̉ߒö‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA–³’m‚Ƌꂵ‚݂̈łª¢ŠE’†‚©‚çÁ‚¦‹Ž‚è‚Ü‚·‚悤‚ÉB

‚·‚ׂĂ̶‚«‚Æ‚µ¶‚¯‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªK•Ÿ‚Å‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·‚悤‚ÉB

 

Jaba jaba antara jagata me, jāge citta vikāra.

Mai bhīi vyākula ho uthū, vikala karū sansāra.

 

Mai bhī vyākula banū, jagata vikala hoya.

Jīvana jīne kalā, shuddha Dharamahāi soya.

 

“à‚Ȃ颊E‚Ƀƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹‚̔ϔY‚ª¶‚¶‚邽‚Ñ‚ÉA

Ž„‚͉՗§‚¿AŠO‚Ì¢ŠE‚ð‰Õ—§‚¿‚³‚¹‚Ü‚·B

 

Ž„‚Æ¢ŠE‚ª“®—h‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·‚悤‚ÉB

‚±‚ê‚Ͷ‚«‚ép‚Å‚ ‚èAƒˆ‚ȃ_ƒ“ƒ}‚Å‚·B

-S.N.ƒSƒGƒ“ƒJƒW‚̃qƒ“ƒfƒB[Œêƒh[ƒn

 

 

 

Personal Experiences

 

Letter from Venerable Ashin Arseinna

    The following is an abridged translation of a letter from Ven. Ashin Arseinna sent to Goenkaji after his visit to Dhamma Giri in March 1990.

 

Sayagyi S.N. Goenka,

   On the evening of last eleventh of March, we parted company with you at Dhammagiri, and arrived back in Myanmar on the twenty-ninth of March...

  The Dhamma experiences encountered during our trip are very precious, especially, because the technique you taught... is a technique whereby the arising and passing away phenomenon which is actually taking place in the body is noted with much patience so that it is experienced as it actually is. I am truly happy that I actually experienced it and even now at this moment, am experiencing it.

  This technique is the technique that we have understood, accepted and practised. It makes me so happy and pleased to learn that your Dhamma work of dispersion of the sāsana [the Buddha's dispensation of the teaching] by this technique is spreading all over the world from India. I am earnestly wishing and sending mettā to you for further progress in your work. I also have faith that it will@definitely progress and spread...

  There is another fact that I am happy about. In ancient days, because of the Dhamma work done by Emperor Siridhamma Asoka, the Dhamma was dispersed in the nine regions: Thera Sona and Thera Uttara arrived at Suvaṇṇabhūmi (Myanmar). Then the Buddha's Dhamma spread throughout the country, and it continues to be beneficial to all. Similarly, even today, because of your diligence, the Buddha's Dhamma has reached the whole world and is benefiting many people. That is why I would like to say that you, Sayagyi, are a modern day Siridhamma Asoka...

  I have read and known about your Dhamma work even before I visited you, and have been sending mettā to you. In the future too, I will be forever sending mettā because we are both travellers to nibbāna on the path of Dhamma...

  I am sending my mettā. May you be healthy and happy both in body and mind and may your endeavour in the Dhamma work increase manyfold.

  Ashin Arseinna (Ayasma Ācinna) Karen Pariyutti Monastery, Oaklan, Bahan, Rangoon, Myanmar.

30 June 1990

 

 

Durlabha jīvanāmanuja , durlabha Dharama milāpa.

Dhanyabhāga dono mile, dūra kare bhava tāpa.

 

Rare is a human life, rare to encounter the Dhamma.

We are fortunate to have both; let us work to banish suffering.

-Hindi dohas of S.N. Goenka

 

 

 

 

 

ŒÂl“I‚ȑ̌±

ƒAƒVƒ“EƒAƒ‹ƒZƒCƒiŽt‚©‚ç‚̎莆

ˆÈ‰º‚ÍA1990”N3ŒŽ‚ÉDhamma Giri‚ð–K‚ꂽAshin ArseinnaŽt‚ªƒSƒGƒ“ƒJŽt‚É‘—‚Á‚½Žèކ‚Ì´–ó‚Å‚·B

 

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Ashin Arseinna (Ayasma Ācinna) Karen Pariyutti‘m‰@AOaklan, BahanAƒ‰ƒ“ƒO[ƒ“Aƒ~ƒƒƒ“ƒ}[

1990”N6ŒŽ30“ú

 

Durlabha jīvanāmanuja , durlabha Dharama milāpa.

Dhanyabhāga dono mile, dūra kare bhava tāpa.

 

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\S.N.ƒSƒGƒ“ƒJ‚̃qƒ“ƒfƒB[Œê‚Ì‹³‚¦

 

 

 

Letter from Venerable Bhaddanta Jotipala

  The following letter, written in the spring of 1990, is from Aggamahāpaṇḍita (foremost great scholar) Bhaddanta Jotipala.

 

The Great Dhamma Teacher, Guruji S.N. Goenka, has the following exceptional qualities:

Teaching the True Dhamma.

  Forming good relationships and dealings with others, regardless of race, religion, nationality, social status and financial standing in such a way as to make them accept the Dhamma.

  Is fully endowed with the characteristics and virtues of noble persons-such as saddha [faith], cetana [wholesome mental volitions], mettā [loving-kindness], karuā [compassion], nivāta [humility] and nimmāna [lack of conceit].

  Keeping khanti [patience] in hand in distributing the Dhamma gems to places all over the world. Because of this the Dhamma has taken root, progressed and prospered in Dhamma centres throughout the world.

  Not being satisfied with such success in the spread of Dhamma, still endeavouring for much more outstanding success in the dispersion of the Dhamma.

  Because of the above-mentioned five primary virtues, I formed the opinion that the great meditation master, S.N. Goenka is fully endowed with the above qualities and is very worthy of the honour and appellation of:

  World Dispenser of the Sāsana-Dhamma Magguddesaka

Great Lay Devotee-Mahā Upāsaka Bodhisatta King Janaka, reflecting and finding satisfaction in the success attained after his diligent endeavour1 thought:

 

Vāyametheva puriso. Na nibbindeyya paṇḍito;

Passāmi vohamattāna Udakā thalamubbhata.

 

A man of courage should indeed strive earnestly,

A man of wisdom should never turn away from the endeavour;

I see you and myself, Pulled out of the flood (of sasāra), and safe on the shore.

(Mahājanak Jātaka, verse 136)

           from Bhaddanta Jotipala State Central Executive of the Sangha,

           Kya Khut Waing Sayadaw, Kya Khut Waing Monastery, Bagu, Myanmar

 


1  In this Jātaka story King Janaka nearly drowned in a shipwreck, but due to his valiant effort he saved himself and his companions.

 

 

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saddhaiM‹ÂjAcetanaiŒ’‘S‚ȈӎujAmettāiŽœ”ßjAkaruāiŽœ”ß‚ÌSjAnivātaiŒª‹•‚³jAnimmānai–S‚ÌŒ‡”@j‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½‚Œ‰‚ÈlX‚Ì“Á«‚Æ”ü“¿‚ðŠ®‘S‚É”õ‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

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ƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚Ì•‹y‚É‚¨‚¯‚邱‚̂悤‚ȬŒ÷‚É–ž‘«‚·‚邱‚ƂȂ­Aƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚Ì•‹y‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚³‚ç‚ÉŒ°’˜‚ȬŒ÷‚ð–ÚŽw‚µ‚Ä“w—͂𑱂¯‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

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Sāsana-Dhamma Magguddesaka‚Ì¢ŠE“`“¹ŽÒ

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Vāyametheva puriso. Na nibbindeyya paṇḍito;

Passāmi vohamattāna Udakā thalamubbhata.

 

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iMahājanak Jātaka,A‘æ136ßj

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Bhaddanta JotipalaB‘m‰¾’†‰›Ž·s•”

Kya Khut Waing Sayadaw, Kya Khut Waing‘m‰@ABaguAƒ~ƒƒƒ“ƒ}[

 

 

 

Letter to a Student

by Father Anthony de Mello

  Extracts from a letter to a Vipassana student in America written on 1 April 1985.

 

It was indeed interesting to learn that Vipassana is being practised in the United States...

  Some people are more helped by Vipassana, others less. That is only natural, for no two persons are alike and some people are helped by some methods, others by others.

  What is beyond question, however, is that Vipassana is perfectly compatible with the Catholic religion. There is absolutely no opposition between the two; on the contrary, Vipassana would help one to become a better Christian and a better Catholic. And your own experience has proved this to you.

  I certainly wish you well in your spiritual quest.

      Yours sincerely, Anthony de Mello, S.J.

 

  (The late Father de Mello was a well- known author on spirituality and had attended courses at Dhamma Giri. He was the founder of the Sadhana Institute in Pune, India.)

 

 

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1985”N4ŒŽ1“ú‚ɃAƒƒŠƒJ‚̃”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[CsŽÒ‚Ɉ¶‚Ä‚½Žèކ‚©‚ç‚Ì”²ˆB

 

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Œh‹ï Anthony de Mello, S.J.

 

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Vipassana-The Non-Sectarian Way

by Sadhvi Vinodinibai

  What is sectarianism? "My sect is the best; only people of my sect are religious and can be noble and truthful."

This is the kind of thinking that goes into sectarianism.

  People do not understand the difference between sectarianism and true religion. Sectarianism has a foundation of three or four basic concepts:

1) People of different sects have faith in their own respective deities or founders.

2) Each sect has its own ideas concerning the proper kind of clothes to wear. Only those people who wear these clothes are considered religious by them; others are considered irreligious.

3) Those who perform the rites and rituals approved by the sect are the only ones considered religious by them; others are not.

4) Each sect has its own philosophy and theory. Only those who believe in it are considered to be religious; the rest are considered non-believers.

In the practice of Vipassana there is no importance given to these concepts. Pure religion is universal.

  Nature has its eternal laws. Understanding these laws, living one's life in accordance with them and liberating the mind of its impurities and defilements is the goal of Vipassana meditation. Every human being becomes agitated as a result of these defilements, and by becoming liberated from them one can enjoy peace and harmony.

  The Buddha gave three steps in this meditation- sīla, samādhi and paññā. Sīla means not harming anyone by actions of body and speech. Who in this world, belonging to any sect, can have any objection to this? By leading a good life each individual can bring about peace and harmony in his or her own family, society, country, and thus the whole world.

  The second step is samādhi, concentration of the mind. But it must be concentration without craving or aversion as its object. It is the development of concentration by observing the natural and normal breath which is universal. It is not an external, imaginary object. No sect can have any objection to this.

  The third and most important step is paññā-bhāvanāmayā-paññā [experiential wisdom]. It is by observing the sensations on the body objectively and understanding their impermanent nature, and thus developing equanimity, that one gains liberation from impurities.

  The unconscious mind generates craving and aversion every moment by identifying with pleasant and unpleasant sensations. This can be experienced only through Vipassana meditation.

  Which sect would object to a scientific method of liberating oneself from one's defilements without using an external object of concentration, and through insight meditation?

  No sect can have any special authority on this scientific technique.              Any

individual who follows the technique and makes effort can succeed.

  In this meditation practice there is no external object for meditation; no external chains. In fact, by practising this meditation technique a deeper understanding of one's own religious philosophy and theory is gained. Whoever practises this Jewel of Dhamma begins to experience the benefits of it. Total liberation from one's impurities is not possible by any other practice.

  I happened to come to a Vipassana course accidentally and I express my infinite gratitude to Goenkaji for establishing me in pure Dhamma with great love and compassion. It is a very long path. But the very fact of having found this path is itself a matter of great merit.

May everyone enjoy peace and happiness.

 

 

The world is facing serious problems. It is just the right time for everyone to take to Vipassana meditation and learn how to find a deep pool of quiet in the midst of all that is happening today.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[ \ ”ñ@”h‚Ì“¹@@Sadhvi Vinodinibai’˜

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The world is facing serious problems. It is just the right time for everyone to take to Vipassana meditation and learn how to find a deep pool of quiet in the midst of all that is happening today.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

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- ƒTƒ„ƒWEƒEEƒoEƒLƒ“

 

 

 

A Journey Into Vipassana Meditation

by Jyoti (Jayashakti) Asher

      My memories revert back to my very first Vipassana course in June 1988 at Dhamma Giri. I was completely unaware of the depth of Vipassana meditation and where the path would lead me, but this was the turning point that brought a complete change in my life.

  I was initiated in the traditional Hindu Sanyas (the path of renunciation) in the year 1969 and was plodding on in the usual way on the so-called spiritual path with rituals, ceremonies, mantra, meditation, hatha yoga, reading and recitation of the holy scriptures, attending Kumbha Melas, etc., thinking this was the be-all and end-all of truly following the sublime path of renunciation.

  Within the span of twenty years of the so- called path of renunciation neither my lurking fears of darkness, being alone, spirits, ghosts, dead bodies, etc., were reduced nor did all the spiritual practices eradicate the anger, hatred, greed and the ego.

  As head of the Yoga Ashram at Calcutta, one day I came across ten Vipassana discourse cassettes. After hearing the discourses I felt that every word that was spoken was meant for me. The lectures appealed very much to my rational mind. After hearing the ten-day discourses my mind started working on those lines and thoughts. Truly my mind was not under my control. Somehow I had generated anger and was desperately trying to control it. I tried being in silence for two days meditating and watching my thoughts. But that did not help at all.

  Then I remembered that I used to receive information and circulars about the Vipassana meditation courses held at the Jain House in Calcutta. During those years I was not the least interested in any other sort of meditation. But after hearing about the pure Dhamma from these tapes, I decided within a period of three months to take a few Vipassana courses. Then it also occurred to me that a devotee in Calcutta had presented me with a Vipassana Journal and I started reading the articles which seemed quite appealing and enlightening.

  Finally I arrived at Dhamma Giri to take my very first course in Vipassana. I went through a hectic period just trying to concentrate my flickering mind below the nostrils and above the upper lip. To my utter amazement I found that concentration, i.e., Ānāpāna on the given spot, even for ten seconds, was so difficult. My mind went all haywire, brooding about the past, planning for the future. I would think of anything but being in the present, i.e., concentrating on respiration. I was feeling miserable and was trying to fight my own battle.

  The course on the whole was a nightmare as far as I was concerned. I experienced severe constipation, loss of appetite, stomach- aches, slight heat in the head, and physical discomfort. I was unable to sit for the one hour adhiṭṭhāna (strong determination) sitting. Half an hour would be the most I could manage.

  And I remember clearly a dream that I had during that course in which an unknown person was after me and I woke up startled feeling quite relieved at the thought that it was only a dream. After waking up after midnight another sort of fear caught hold of me. The trees and the bushes outside my window of the residential quarter were casting moving and dancing shadows on the opposite wall of my room. Due to the fright I spontaneously started repeating a mantra calling out for help to the Divine Mother. (I always thought that there was an unknown entity, a power, a force, a Lord-God-Almighty who was always hearing the call of distress, and who was ever-ready to give a helping hand.) Hardly had I repeated it three times, when I collected myself and commanded my mind to stop chanting mentally since this technique did not allow any sort of verbalization. I wanted to be true to myself and desired to stick to the discipline that was required from a student. It worked and I stopped chanting the mantra at once. Still, after this turmoil I found it quite difficult to stir out of my bed that night to go to the toilet although the room had attached bathroom, because the fear was so great. However, in spite of all the different kinds of difficulties, I carried on with my meditation practice very sincerely, seriously, continuously, and completed the course.

  This was followed immediately by my first Satipaṭṭhāna course. I remember feeling rather irritated with a construction worker who was constantly banging and drilling holes in the walls of the cells. The echo was resounding in the pagoda and I was really disturbed. I approached the man concerned and mentioned to him to be more considerate towards the meditators and that I had not come all the way from Calcutta to hear the harsh sounds of drilling. But then, by afternoon, I realized that I was not the only one disturbed and besides, he was only doing his assigned duty. Later, whenever we met, he used to give me a smile. On the whole, the course felt better than the previous two; maybe because I was able to concentrate at least for half a minute.

 Then after a gap of ten days, I took another course in August which was my fourth course. During this course I was able to sit for the one hour adhiṭṭhāna without moving my body. I was able to concentrate for at least one minute. Also, I realized that the blank areas in my back and chest opened up and at times I would feel a flow of subtle sensations.

  In September I attended a twenty-day course and was able to successfully complete it with increased confidence and gratitude. After the twenty-day course I went back to the Yoga Ashram and Mission in Calcutta only to hand over my entire charge and responsibility, and resign from the Trusteeship as well. That former path, I realized, could not lead me to liberation. All those practices that I had undertaken had not improved my nature nor eradicated my impurities of craving, aversion and ignorance. Now I felt that I had the seed of enlightenment, and with the practice of Vipassana the seed was beginning to sprout. Otherwise how could I have left all that I had; how could I have given up such an important position. Everything was just natural and spontaneous.

  Returning to Dhamma Giri very soon I took another five courses. I had now sat ten courses in eight months. It was time to learn through serving.

   Gradually I understood that serving during the courses is applied Vipassana. I was trying to put into practical use this wonderful, simple and unique technique whilst working. I found it rather difficult and most of the time I was reacting to the unwanted situations. Now I understand that it was nothing outside me. I was reacting to the unpleasant sensations in my body. But I'm sure that with the constant practice of being with the bodily sensations I will gradually come out of these reacting impulses and my equanimity will increase.

  I remember an incident that occurred about one and a half months back. A very close member of my family expired. Earlier I would have been afraid to even stand beside the dead body. But here I was near the corpse and all I could do was send her mettā (loving- kindness). Even before she died I visited her daily in the hospital to be with her during her ailment and also to meditate the Vipassana way, being aware of sensations and giving her mettā. My best wishes and welfare flowed to her constantly for her peaceful exit from this earthly plane. I felt that this was the best and the only effective prayer that I could offer her. Partings due to death are difficult and I think about how emotional I would have been prior to my practice of Vipassana meditation. And although the actual incident of her death created an emotional disturbance in me for some time, I was able to be with the sensations and I found at once the emotion calmed down.

  Another change that has taken place is that earlier I would accept personal donations as a Sanyasini. But now I just can't do it. Sometimes I wonder whether it is the same me. I really don't need anything from anybody. I am happy the way I am. I remember the words of my father who is no more on this earthly plane advising me never to be at the receiving end but always to be on the giving end. Dhamma works! It looks after you, takes care of you. One doesn't feel stranded in the presence of Dhamma.

Dhammo have rakkhatu dhammacāri.

Indeed, the Dhamma protects one who walks on the path of Dhamma.

  As I started to grow more in Dhamma I found I was coming out of the outer appearances which are so deceptive. If the mind is not pure, what is the use of wearing the ochre robes and acting like a renunciate? I was not being true to myself, with the ego, anger, hatred, attachment and ignorance weighing heavy on me. It is not the clothes that matter, it is not the ceremonies, the mantras, the visualizations, the readings of holy scriptures, the rituals. These things don't make a difference. The real difference comes when true renunciation springs from the mind, and one works with sampajañña (the thorough understanding of impermanence). So I discarded my orange garb. Now I already feel a difference in my mental state and attitude. There is a change from within as I am constantly reminded of anicca (impermanence).

  To sum up, I feel that this technique is so simple, easy and effective in all respects, and worth practising for the rest of my life. And why did I not come across this kind of Vipassana meditation twenty years ago! Anyway, I shouldn't dwell on the past. It is better late than never!

  I have embarked on a very, very long journey. The task is tremendous but the path is clear. With a feeling of gratitude towards Buddha, Dhamma and the Sangha and Goenkaji who has been my constant source of great inspiration, I pledge to stand by and tread on the true and pure path of Dhamma. My head bows low at the altar of Dhamma.

 

 

Anicca is inside of everybody. It is within reach of everybody.

Just a look into oneself and there it is-anicca to be experienced... anicca is, for householders, the gem of life which they will treasure to create a reservoir of calm and balanced energy for their own well-being and for the welfare of society.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

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My First Course

by Sarah Bridgland

  This talk was given at the International Seminar on the Importance of Vedanā and Sampajañña held at Dhamma Giri in March 1990.

 

My name is Sarah and I'm ten years old.

  This is my first time doing a ten-day course and I'm here to tell you my experience doing this ten-day course.

  I loved the idea of being able to come to India, but having to do the course was a different story. I do want to, I don't want to, I do, I don't. It was like that for a few weeks, but one day my mother told me to meet Ram Singh and his wife Jagdish. So that morning I walked over with some flowers. Me and my mother sat down on the floor, but Ram Singh said we could not sit on a lower level than him and so we sat on chairs.

  I gave him the flowers and said hello, and my mother introduced me and then herself and then told Ram Singh about how my elder brother, David, went to India last year. You could say that my brief visit to Ram Singh was sukha (pleasant)- sukha, sukha, not an iota of dukkha (unsatisfactoriness). "I'm going to India!" I said, and that was definite.

  A few weeks later we arrived in India at about two o'clock in the morning Indian time. The next day we set off to Igatpuri (Dhamma Giri). Once we had settled in we went and got ready for an hour's group sit and introduction to meditation and Goenkaji.

  Next day after breakfast I got ready for eight o'clock group sit and then went to the hall. A very big amount of females went in and I went along with them. I went to my place near the front, sat down and got comfortable then closed my eyes, but after about ten seconds opened them again and looked around, and after five minutes everyone was in and a strange talking started. All the time I had my eyes open, but the strange talking said "close your eyes," so I did.

  I started concentrating on the area under the nostrils and above the upper lip. Hot, cold, fast, slow, left, right, prickly, smooth, hard, soft-these were all my sensations. But suddenly they all went, they all left me. Where had they all gone? Then soon I realized my mind had wandered, wandered to school, so off I went to find my mind, to find it and bring it back to the area of the lower nostril and upper lip. But when I found it I got pulled into the thoughts of school and my fellow classmates, and this is what happened in all my other hours, half hours, minutes and seconds of all my meditation hours.

  Until along came the wonderful technique of Vipassana. Along came day four and we were to learn Vipassana after morning group sit. Vipassana was to be taught and I closed my eyes and got comfortable. This morning, I thought, I couldn't possibly sit through two hours even if it was Vipassana, and I even expressed my feelings to my mother and two friends by the name of Debbie and Uwana who helped me get through the ten days.

  But now in the hall I was eager to learn Vipassana and I totally neglected my first thoughts. At last Goenkaji, Mataji and Vimala, the assistant teacher for females, and the male assistant teacher came in and at last I was to learn Vipassana. I paid little attention to Goenka's first minor speech but finally I was taught Vipassana. "Feeling sensations all over the body" and I did. Again I got prickly, smooth, soft, hard, fast, slow and all other sensations over my body. But again my mind wandered, but this time I brought it back and started again.

I was also taught the minor technique of mettā-bhavana.

  To finish of my rather long speech I would like to tell you about a rather important day that probably happens to most people on their courses. This day was around day five and this was probably the best day of the course. That day I was full of anger, meanness, unkindness and wouldn't do anything I didn't want to do,

 

and showed it all immensely. But late that same night I realized that that day was the day that all my sakhāras didn't like me anymore and decided to go to someone else, and then I suddenly felt happy.

  When the course was over I couldn't believe how somebody could ever be so happy as I was that day and practically vowed to myself to come back next year, maybe with my younger brother.

I'm sukha, sukha, sukha, not an iota of dukkha, a thousand times over.

Thank you.

 

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He Taught Us the Way to Control the Mind

by Kalyani G.

"The most rewarding experience of my life. Life can never be the same again!" were the first words uttered by an American student at the end of ten days of silent meditation. His experience was shared by over 180 Sri Lankans and foreigners who participated in a course of meditation conducted by that great teacher from India,

S.N. Goenka, recently in Sri Lanka.

  Goenkaji and this course in meditation has subsequently become the subject of much discussion in Buddhist and non-Buddhist circles in Colombo. It may therefore be of interest to readers to recall and recount the experience for the benefit of those who were unable to participate.

  The message of Goenkaji was an exposition of the Dhamma by a Master. It was not a message which came in the way of any organized religion. No part of it was in conflict with the preachings or teachings of the great religions. It was, nevertheless, a refreshing breath of fresh air which was exhilarating in every sense of the word.

  Goenkaji's message was a simple one. He reminded us that every word, every action has the mind as its forerunner. The mind is supreme. Everything starts in the mind. There is nothing which happens to a person which has not first been conceived in the mind. Emotional states-sadness, anger, joy-harsh words, words of love, murderous thoughts and actions, or physical acts of kindness-all have been conceived and arisen in and from the mind of man.

  This mind of ours has always been accepted as being wayward, wandering, shifting like quicksilver, and restless. It is also well-known that it is easier to tame a wild elephant or a horse than to tame and control the mind. If only this could be done, then all our thoughts, emotions, words, and actions could be controlled. Such control is the key to peace, tranquillity and happiness. Control of the mind comes through the observation of the mind. How does one observe the mind, cultivate a state of self-awareness, and engage in self- observation?

  The    mind      keeps     wandering-reliving the past, a past which has gone forever, a past which can never be obtained again; or living in the future, indulging in fantasies- dreaming away, wasting precious psychic energy.

  So the first step is to bring the roaming mind back into our bodies and to become aware of our physical bodies. In the so- called "normal" state of being, we get no sense impressions from our bodies unless we are in pain. How do we come back from our wandering to observe ourselves? The simplest way to come within ourselves and to remain in a state of self-awareness, is to be aware of our breath. This is the time-tested and most certain method, and Goenkaji introduced the students of meditation to this. With eyes closed, and seated comfortably, we concentrated on our breath. We observed our breath as we inhaled and exhaled. "Just observe" was his expression, "as if a sentry were standing at the nostrils, observing those who went in and came out."

  How simple it sounds-but how difficult it actually was! So long as the breath is hard, heavy or pronounced, one could observe it and be aware of it; but as it gets subtler, it not only becomes harder to observe, but the problem is compounded by the quicksilver mind, slipping away quietly to the past or the future. Once "discovered" (as we progress, the periods of wandering become shorter), we bring it back-bring our minds back-by breathing more consciously, and feeling the hard breath once again. This is the practice of Sammā Samādhi or Right Concentration.

  The next question that poses itself is whether this is an end in itself. The practice of Right Concentration is important, for it is through such practice that we are able to avoid dissipating our psychic energies  (there is no purpose in thinking of the past-it is gone; there is no purpose in dreaming of the future: we must be the masters of the moment). Right Concentration is the vehicle that helps us to attain a higher level of consciousness, a level of awareness that makes it possible to have a "first hand experience" of the true nature of things. This is universal truth; that all things are transient and subject to decay; that we, as well as the world around us, are subject to a state of flux.

  Almost every thinking man, whatever may be his faith or religion, accepts at an intellectual or philosophical level that all things are transient. We have only to look at an old photograph of ourselves to realize how much we have changed. I have changed both physically and psychologically. I am not even the person I was last month. Every cell of my body has changed, changed, and changed again. A living body experiences changes every moment. As long as there is life, there is continuous change. However, only when we are alive can we perceive, feel or experience this tremendous river rolling, rippling and flowing along. Just as we cannot bathe in the same river twice, so with our own lives, but the change is so fast that we can't observe it. Goenkaji compared it to the electricity in a bulb: though it seems all the while that it is the same electric current that is passing through, there is change occurring within the bulb all the time.

  The observance of this change that is going on within us is scientifically possible-and possible in the most simple way. As stated before, in the ordinary state of being we get vague or no sense impressions in our bodies. But if we develop our powers of concentration, then we can penetrate that thin partition between ordinary consciousness and a higher level which enables us to observe the changes taking place within us. Now, we in our conscious state become aware of the changes taking place.

  After four days of intense practice in the art of concentration, we were now on the threshold to being introduced into a new experience in consciousness. The concentration which we had developed we now applied to our bodies. Without a revulsion for the unpleasant sensations, or a craving for the pleasant sensations, we learned to just observe the sensations. In the course of such observations, what becomes most apparent to one is that all these sensations arise only to pass away.

  The quiet mind, deep in meditation, observes the continuous changes occurring in us, both on the surface and even within. Here we witness-not at an intellectual level or a philosophical level, or even at an emotional or devotional level, but at an actual level- the Truth that all things are transitory, are continuously changing, and will ultimately decay and pass away. We just observe these changes occurring, without aversion to the pains which arise (particularly through long hours of sitting), and without craving for the pleasant sensations we experience whilst meditating. We just observe with equanimity- upekkhā. We do not react, we just observe, for both the painful and the pleasant sensations pass away. We thereby train ourselves to be even-tempered. This is the essence of the Middle Path-awareness and equanimity!

  Awareness and equanimity are the two principal pillars of the superstructure which is essentially three-tiered. The first tier is sīla or morality, the second: sammā samādhi (right concentration), and the top tier is paññā or wisdom, achieved through bhavana or meditation. This is the essence of Buddha's teachings.

  It is not possible in a short article such as this to relate and recapture the magnitude of the experience-an experience which transported us abruptly into another level of consciousness, a level of consciousness which all of us could experience if only we observed sīla and practised samādhi. The experience enabled us to realize that what was true of us within (the changing nature of ourselves) was also true of the world outside us. Our relationship to external phenomena changes. In our daily lives we invariably blame the instability of the outer world when anything goes wrong with our lives-never the instability within us. We almost always want to change the world outside us, not the world within us...

  The introspection, the self-observation, made us alive to the illusion that is "I," alive to the realization that there is no permanent and unchangeable "I." Each time we think or say "I," this "I" is different. Some "I"s are of course stronger than others. Religion, caste, traditions, even education, could create very strong "I"s which dominate the weaker "I"s.

  Many were the realizations-some almost commonplace, some truly astounding. Yes, the experiences were many. To all of us who had the good fortune to participate in this meditation course conducted by Goenkaji, it certainly was an experience without parallel- an experience for which we shall be eternally grateful to Goenkaji and those others who made this possible.

It was undoubtedly unforgettable.

 

 

‹³‚¦‚Ä‚à‚ç‚Á‚½S‚̃Rƒ“ƒgƒ[ƒ‹–@@@Kalyani G’˜

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A Catholic Priest on Vipassana

by Father Peter Lourdes

  The following reflection was written by Father Peter Lourdes, consulting psychologist and programme director of the National Vocation Service Centre in Pune, India.

 

In February 1986, I attended a ten-day course in Vipassana offered by S.N. Goenka at the Vipassana International Academy (V.I.A.) at Igatpuri. With me was a group of four Catholic priests, two brothers and twenty-eight sisters. A priest and two sisters from my staff also joined me. I programme and direct a six-month course for Formators (church personnel in charge of the training of future brothers, sisters and priests). The Unit on Spirituality calls for an experience of other forms of spirituality respected in this part of the world. All of us were participating in this experience.

  I am a priest with a degree in psychology from Rome and a Ph.D. from Loyola University of Chicago. My doctoral thesis was "The implications of the Transcendental Meditation (TM) Program for Counselling Psychology." In a course in Comparative Mysticism at Loyola, I was asked to present TM to the class. My background in psychotherapy, comparative mysticism, TM and my personal life in a religious order were tremendous assets during my Vipassana days at V.I.A., and I seem to have touched something I was looking for over the years. I returned to Pune and continued Vipassana together with a group of sisters and priests of whom I am Spiritual Director.

  People who know I am a priest sometimes wonder what a Catholic priest is doing in a Buddhist centre! Roger Coreless of Duke University reports that Thomas Merton remarked he felt more in tune with D.T. Suzuki (a Zen Buddhist) than with the average Catholic mass-goer. I am no Merton, but I felt the same in Igatpuri and often feel so in my ministry. Spirituality has been a lifelong quest for me. I have dared to search for it in waters outside the Bark of Peter.

  How does that square with my Catholic affiliation? I think Vipassana is one way of reaching the goals of the mystical spirituality of my Catholic tradition.

  My Catholic tradition also has a theological side to it. That is the side which is usually transmitted to us from conventional catechisms, church-going, family upbringing, preaching and so on. The theory (or theology if you will) of the Vipassana technique does not generally fit my Catholic theological world view. But I do not think that is important.

  The reason why I do not think it is important is this: I consider my Christian theology just one way of interpreting and talking about transcendent experience. I think the experience is more important than talking about it. In the experience, I feel closer to the mystics of our Christian tradition, and to those of our Hindu, Muslim and Buddhist traditions, than to our theologians and mass-goers.

  In my Christian tradition, I think, "theological spirituality" is more dominant than the mystical one. I seem to find that in Goenka's variety of spirituality, the mystical is all. It reaches out so heart-warmingly to the really Real and will not settle for anything less.

  Does not the Christian tradition have the same thrust? I believe it does, but it does not seem to have a simple and clear-cut method like Vipassana. Whatever methods it had may have died with the monasteries.

  Where I am at present in my spiritual journey, I feel hungry for the ineffable God of our humanity rather than the talked-about God of our theology and Sunday school.

Although I do not wish to be messianic, I often feel sad that I cannot interest all my fellow Christians in the mystical dimensions of our common human thirst for the Beyond.

  I invite all of you to join me and all human beings in an attempt to hear and march to a different drum right within the rank and file of our own religious groups, or outside.

 

 

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A Western Christian Looks East

by Fr. Daniel J. O'Hanlon S.J.

  This article appeared in "Studies in the Spirituality of Jesuits," Vol. XVI May 1984, No. 3.

 

When I was in my early fifties, after well over thirty years as a Jesuit, I began to be interested in enriching my prayer and meditation, indeed my whole process of human and spiritual growth, through contact with traditional Asian psycho-spiritual paths. Here is a description of what that experience has been like for me...

  In December 1973, after I had been in India several months, I did a ten-day Vipassana meditation course with a remarkable man by the name of Goenka, a lay teacher from Burma. About twelve hours a day were devoted to sitting meditation practice, at times gathered together with him in the meditation hall and at times in our own space. I say space and not room, since because of the large number of participants, the majority of them young Westerners, the physical accommodations were very primitive. Along with a couple of others I had a few square feet of space on the solid stone floor of a small curtained-off area of the Benares Burmese Buddhist Temple. And that December in Benares was a wintry one. The practice which we worked at hour after hour, day after day, was simply awareness of sensation in our bodies, just attending to these sensations without either clinging to them or pushing them away. That was the basic practice.

  Although I had never been taught this kind of practice before, I did not, even at that time, feel it to be in any way out of tune with my previous experience of meditation and prayer. Somewhat later-I don't remember exactly how much later-when I read The Cloud of Unknowing for the first time and reread the writings of St. John of the Cross, I found descriptions in a Christian framework of a kind of awareness much like that which was part of the Vipassana practice taught by Goenka. Of course, I had learned along the way many other methods of stilling the "monkey mind" and allowing the awareness of inner reality deeper than words or concepts to come alive. But I mention Goenka explicitly because I think those ten days in the cold and drafty Benares Buddhist temple were especially powerful. I gained a better sense of what Buddhism is all about from those ten days of practice than from all the books and lectures I had previously been through. I had begun this sabbatical year with the conviction that direct experience of these religious traditions was the best way to really get to know them, and these ten days confirmed that conviction in me.

  Let me illustrate one of the ways in which just that one ten-day experience changed me. When the ten days were over, I got on a crowded third- class train for Bodh Gaya, an overnight journey eastward from Benares. As frequently happens, there was no place to sleep but on the floor in one of the crowded compartments, and I was lucky to find even that instead of having to sit or stand. Several young Bengali lads on their way back to Calcutta saw me there and began to poke fun at this "old Western hippie." Now one might expect that under the circumstances, trying to sleep on the floor of a moving train after a week and a half of strenuous days sitting in silent meditation, I would find it hard not to answer in kind, or at least be pretty annoyed. What actually happened was that I too found the situation amusing, laughed and joked about it with them and they ended up sharing their food with me.

  But to come back to the connection between my earlier patterns of spiritual practice and things I learned from the East: I think that the principal new thing for me was the discovery of very simple and effective ways of stilling the agitation of mind and body in order to allow a deeper, wordless kind of awareness to come alive...

  I made two new discoveries through contact with Asian practice. First, I found that one can move toward the goal of prayer, beyond just words and concepts, without necessarily beginning with words and concepts. I discovered that by such simple things as watching my breath, observing sensations in my body, practicing hatha yoga with emphasis on simple immediate awareness, and chanting or silently repeating a mantra with no attention paid to analysis of the words, it was possible to move into the later stages of the process Guigo described (as contemplation). My first discovery, then: one does not need to begin with words or ideas.

  My second discovery was that it is possible to allow love to simply emerge out of awareness, without making its cultivation the first object of concern. Note what I am saying here: not that love is unimportant, not that its direct cultivation is a poorer path to follow, but that there are other ways to go as well. In the East great attention is paid to awareness, free of clinging to what is there or trying to get rid of it. More attention is given to this simple awareness, this bare immediate attention, than to the direct cultivation or excitation of feelings and desires. This practice seems to spring out of the conviction that love and compassion are the natural movement of our true self. When the surface mind and disordered desires are still, the true self awakens without need of any further assistance from us. Indeed, our clumsy efforts to poke at it and deliberately rouse it often have the same effect as poking at a sea anemone. It simply closes up tight. But give it stillness, leave it undisturbed, and it opens wide like a water lily in full bloom...

  As I continued to enrich my life of prayer and meditation with Eastern resources, I found that there were many effective ways of entering into it without beginning with words, and that the direct practice of simple immediate awareness released in me without further effort such "affective" fruits as compassion, love, patience, and empathy.

 

 

 

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  In December 1973, after I had been in India several months, I did a ten-day Vipassana meditation course with a remarkable man by the name of Goenka, a lay teacher from Burma. About twelve hours a day were devoted to sitting meditation practice, at times gathered together with him in the meditation hall and at times in our own space. I say space and not room, since because of the large number of participants, the majority of them young Westerners, the physical accommodations were very primitive. Along with a couple of others I had a few square feet of space on the solid stone floor of a small curtained-off area of the Benares Burmese Buddhist Temple. And that December in Benares was a wintry one. The practice which we worked at hour after hour, day after day, was simply awareness of sensation in our bodies, just attending to these sensations without either clinging to them or pushing them away. That was the basic practice.

  Although I had never been taught this kind of practice before, I did not, even at that time, feel it to be in any way out of tune with my previous experience of meditation and prayer. Somewhat later-I don't remember exactly how much later-when I read The Cloud of Unknowing for the first time and reread the writings of St. John of the Cross, I found descriptions in a Christian framework of a kind of awareness much like that which was part of the Vipassana practice taught by Goenka. Of course, I had learned along the way many other methods of stilling the "monkey mind" and allowing the awareness of inner reality deeper than words or concepts to come alive. But I mention Goenka explicitly because I think those ten days in the cold and drafty Benares Buddhist temple were especially powerful. I gained a better sense of what Buddhism is all about from those ten days of practice than from all the books and lectures I had previously been through. I had begun this sabbatical year with the conviction that direct experience of these religious traditions was the best way to really get to know them, and these ten days confirmed that conviction in me.

  Let me illustrate one of the ways in which just that one ten-day experience changed me. When the ten days were over, I got on a crowded third- class train for Bodh Gaya, an overnight journey eastward from Benares. As frequently happens, there was no place to sleep but on the floor in one of the crowded compartments, and I was lucky to find even that instead of having to sit or stand. Several young Bengali lads on their way back to Calcutta saw me there and began to poke fun at this "old Western hippie." Now one might expect that under the circumstances, trying to sleep on the floor of a moving train after a week and a half of strenuous days sitting in silent meditation, I would find it hard not to answer in kind, or at least be pretty annoyed. What actually happened was that I too found the situation amusing, laughed and joked about it with them and they ended up sharing their food with me.

  But to come back to the connection between my earlier patterns of spiritual practice and things I learned from the East: I think that the principal new thing for me was the discovery of very simple and effective ways of stilling the agitation of mind and body in order to allow a deeper, wordless kind of awareness to come alive...

  I made two new discoveries through contact with Asian practice. First, I found that one can move toward the goal of prayer, beyond just words and concepts, without necessarily beginning with words and concepts. I discovered that by such simple things as watching my breath, observing sensations in my body, practicing hatha yoga with emphasis on simple immediate awareness, and chanting or silently repeating a mantra with no attention paid to analysis of the words, it was possible to move into the later stages of the process Guigo described (as contemplation). My first discovery, then: one does not need to begin with words or ideas.

  My second discovery was that it is possible to allow love to simply emerge out of awareness, without making its cultivation the first object of concern. Note what I am saying here: not that love is unimportant, not that its direct cultivation is a poorer path to follow, but that there are other ways to go as well. In the East great attention is paid to awareness, free of clinging to what is there or trying to get rid of it. More attention is given to this simple awareness, this bare immediate attention, than to the direct cultivation or excitation of feelings and desires. This practice seems to spring out of the conviction that love and compassion are the natural movement of our true self. When the surface mind and disordered desires are still, the true self awakens without need of any further assistance from us. Indeed, our clumsy efforts to poke at it and deliberately rouse it often have the same effect as poking at a sea anemone. It simply closes up tight. But give it stillness, leave it undisturbed, and it opens wide like a water lily in full bloom...

  As I continued to enrich my life of prayer and meditation with Eastern resources, I found that there were many effective ways of entering into it without beginning with words, and that the direct practice of simple immediate awareness released in me without further effort such "affective" fruits as compassion, love, patience, and empathy.

 

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Vipassana: My Spiritual Pilgrimage

by Mohammed Arif Joiya

   In 1976 I went to Arogya Mandir, a nature cure institute at Gorakhpur, and benefited greatly from my stay there. In those days I also read many spiritual books and entered into religious discussions with various colleagues. All this awakened me but did not quench my thirst. On the contrary, it made me more agitated and spurred me on to a further search. I was looking for a teacher who would really make me experience the truth. I wanted to realize within myself the esoteric expressions in the form of living peace and energy. Not being satisfied with entertaining discourses, I wanted to realize and experience the truth for myself.

  Temples, mosques, pagodas, and gurudwaras [Sikh temples] along with all the scriptures could not hold my mind. I was still overwhelmed by an empty, unsatisfied life. In such a wounded state, I opened myself and expressed my spiritual aspirations before Dr. Vithaldas Modi, founder of Arogya Mandir, and demanded a way out. He advised me to attend a Vipassana meditation course and sent me a small pamphlet and application form for Vipassana. I read and understood it, but was frightened: "Oh! This is the religion of Buddhists, atheists. These Buddhists don't believe in Soul and God. What can they teach? I am a Muslim. I cannot commit this crime." But my heart within again said that the advice of Dr. Modi should be obeyed. "Why should he wish ill of me? Whatever he advises is certainly for my benefit and welfare. Let me try and see." So I went to the Vipassana International Meditation Centre near Hyderabad in February 1978 to attend a Vipassana course.

I arrived late but was pleased to find the place very quiet and peaceful. Mr. Bachubhai Shah, who was an organizer, received me with great love and hospitality. He said, " Arifbhai, you have missed a day but I am sure that Goenkaji will accept you on the course. Don't worry. You may take a bath and have breakfast while I go and speak to him about you." I was pleased with this pure, affectionate reception and reassurance from Mr. Bachubhai.

  While I was waiting I started looking around at the students observing Noble Silence. And I was experiencing a slight fever which I had been feeling from the moment I had stepped onto this holy land. This was the fever of some unknown fear. I felt that my ego was going to be sacrificed, and I was ready for it.

  Goenkaji sent for me. I went, bowed down and smiled. He and his wife were seated on chairs. He appeared to be a scientist, a doctor, or a literary person.

"Come and sit down."

I sat on the border of the carpet and smiled. "What is the nature of your work?"

"I am a physical training teacher in Udasar, Sir."

"Hmmm... What is the problem?" "Stammering speech, Sir. A little difficulty." "Okay. It will be alright. There will be instructions in the evening. Until then observe your breath and remain aware of it." "Very good, Sir."

"Then go," he said smilingly.

I bowed down, paid respects, and smilingly came out of the hall.

  I started thinking, "What sort of Guru have I got? He is a worldly person. Could there be a Guru like this? Married! Householder! No beard, no moustache, clean shaven? No marks on the forehead? No long hair? No ochre robes? He had on a terylene half-sleeved shirt, and colourful checked lungi. At least he should have been wearing khādi (home-spun) cloth. Absolutely modern, very ordinary. How can he teach meditation? Never mind, I have come, so let me try and see."

  After a short while when I, along with hundreds of meditators, started following the instructions of Goenkaji of observing and remaining aware of the breath and feeling its touch, a silent voice within me arose and whispered, "Oh! This is exactly what I was looking for. I've got it. I must work hard. I'm already one day late so I should not waste a single moment." I started meditating with great enthusiasm.

  In the evening the instructions were given. Goenkaji said, "Repeat what I say in Pāli." I repeated that for the duration of the meditation course I would abstain from killing, theft, sexual misconduct, speaking lies and taking intoxicants. I liked the five precepts. But along with them I had to repeat, "I take refuge in Buddha. I take refuge in Dhamma. I take refuge in Sangha." At that moment I refrained, but later there was a little discontentment in the mind. "Look, Modiji trapped me. He put me in a whole new position as if a snake has swallowed a rat. Oh! Khan Saheb, these people have sunk your ship. Now go in your society as a Buddhist."

  At any rate I recovered and started to observe the breath. Again the same train of thought came. But when the awareness of breath steadied a little, this problem automatically and gradually resolved itself. Now I didn't want to think of these problems. I started progressing. During the rest period, even after finishing lunch, etc., I continued meditation. The fact that I was a day late and other meditators must be farther advanced inspired me more. I continued meditation without any other thought.

  A television screen started shining before my closed eyes. I very clearly perceived the shaping of dormant impurities of the mind starting to arise and pass away. It was like the dirtiest, wildest film I had ever seen. Such obnoxious prejudices appeared which made me feel like vomiting. But I understood at the same time that it was doing me good. Impurities were coming out. It was a good thing.

  On the fourth day Vipassana was given. A new voice arose within my heart. "I have practised this technique some time in the past. It is very simple and familiar!" I continued to progress from the gross to the subtle.

  By day seven I realized that this technique of meditation is so simple that any child or even an illiterate person can learn and effectively practise it. Just to observe the natural breath with closed eyes and continued awareness that it is coming in, going out, and it is touching somewhere. Continuing to observe the breath, the witnessing faculty of the mind establishes automatically. And then one has to observe objectively the sensations throughout the body from head to toe in a particular order. Sensations may be pleasant or painful. Both have to be observed with equanimity. By repeating the same process over and over again, quiet concentration of the mind and equanimity gradually increase.

  As I slept that night, a terrible thing happened. It was almost midnight. I saw that a very ferocious demon had seized my neck with both hands and had started shaking my head around and around and said, "Oh evil soul! You have brought me here in this ashram! Just wait, I will show you." And with enormous force he threw my body on the ground. Along with it the very sweet voice of Goenkaji came to my ears, "Son, do not worry. Come near me. Come, do not be frightened." I awoke fearful and frightened, looked around with open eyes and saw the foreign meditators who were my roommates fast asleep. Immediately I understood that it was a nightmare. It was a play of my mind. It was a trick to force me to leave the course by any means. Impurities were being eradicated. All the torture was due to that. I came out of the room; saw the lights on and the trees standing with their branches and leaves swinging and singing, as if some quiet festival was being celebrated. I started listening and then realized, "Oh! This is a conspiracy of the unconscious mind. I now understand. I am not leaving without completing the course." I relaxed, smilingly returned to bed, and meditating while lying down, eventually went to sleep.

  Dawn broke. There was meditation in the hall. After lunch I was overwhelmed with another experience. I felt that my head and hands were swinging as though they belonged to someone else. I was in a very tranquil, detached, equanimous witnessing state. "Oh Gotama Buddha! How did you discover this unique meditation technique? You kept on teaching people this sacred art. And once again this art has become available for people's welfare. Salutations to you, my Lord. Again and again I prostrate before your compassionate feet. Endless prostrations." I now understood the meaning of "I take refuge in Buddha" as refuge in one's own bodhi or enlightenment, not the personality of Siddhārtha Gotama. The meaning of "I take refuge in Dhamma" is that one has to be established in one's own true nature, not in any sectarian religion. The meaning of "I take refuge in Sangha" is to take refuge in those noble ones who have become well-established in Dhamma, whatever their race, colour or nationality. From this sacred moment onwards, the word death, full of theories and tears, just melted from the book of my life and flowed away like melted snow. Oh, no! No being dies. Death is impossible. Everyone keeps on moving on the journey according to one's own actions. And the final destination of the journey is nirvana. Now I understood what one's own religion is and what the religion of others is. Without purifying the mind of impurities by Vipassana and realizing our own nature, life is lived in the religion of others. Living in one's own nature is Svadharma, the true Dhamma.

  On the ninth day a new meditation technique was taught-the technique of mettā bhavana whereby one shares one's own merits with beings all around. This meditation filled me with love and compassion and made me cry.

  When I came out of the course I felt that I had no enemies. All were my relatives. My mind was filled with love, compassion and sympathetic joy towards everyone. I thought that I must have performed some good action in a past life, and as a consequence of that I was born in the lap of the affectionate and compassionate Mother-India: salutations to you, Mother-India. Now I really understood why India is designated as the "world teacher." A sort of pride arose in me to be an Indian. I felt one with all created beings of the earth.

  Now the only religion for me is to help miserable people to be free of their miseries: may all beings walk on the path of pure Dhamma; may all be religious in the true sense of the term. By adopting the practice of Vipassana I have found the right direction in life and this has made life worthwhile. The path is long but it becomes straight and easy.

  Vipassana has naturally helped me to come out of bad habits. It has given me the strength to smile in desperate situations. It has also given me the strength to discharge my responsibilities. I feel less nervous. Day by day I am gaining strength to address bigger and bigger audiences. My life was incomplete without Vipassana.

  I would like to tell my young educated Muslims that they should really try Vipassana and see the results. It is a necessity today that people of all different walks of life unite. By escaping from harmful sectarianism they can help establish a really strong national unity. Vipassana is the only solution to all the problems of mankind, because it is universal and it gives such positive fruits.

  I bow my head down to my teacher Sri Satya Narayan Goenka and assistant teacher Dr. Vithaldas Modi.

 Salutations to Buddha! Salutations to Dhamma! Salutations to Sangha!

 

 

Appreciations

  I have realized that meditation is a unique course which could show me a new life. Being of Iranian nationality and Muslim religion, I heartily advise not only all my Muslim brothers to participate in this wonderful technique, but also all human beings of different religions and to all humanists. So far I have attended four courses, and the more I come to the camps, the more I gain something new which is really beneficial in my life. Being more faithful to the masses, and realizing the nature of myself and the others, I had gone through many psychological books; but I found that while psychology is the foundation of the life, this meditation technique is the base of psychology itself.

  May all human beings develop their wisdom, purify themselves to reach an absolute humanity through Buddha's thought: sīla, samādhi, paññā.

- Khusrow Dehdasht Heidari

    Hyderabad December 1976

 

I am so much impressed by the course that I can not resist expressing my appreciation, but on the other hand, the fear of underestimating the real merit and the beauty of it do not permit me to dare make any comment but to suggest that the proper way to comprehend and appreciate the Vipassana meditation course will be to experience it personally.

- His Excellency Mohammed Mehrdel

Bomba

 

 

The basis of any healthy harmonious society is always the healthy and harmonious individuals who populate it.

Only if each individual has a pure, peaceful mind can we expect peace in society.

-S.N. Goenka

 

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I Have Found My Path

by Dr. Chandrakala

I heard of Vipassana ten or twelve years ago, but my first encounter with it came at Dhammathali, Jaipur in July 1987.

  For the first three days of the course the practice of Ānāpāna was followed continuously. The technique appeared acceptable and easily tangible as well, but to practise it was hard. We tried to control our mind with the help of our natural breath. Until then I was aware only of external, imaginary means of taming the mind, so in Ānāpāna it was amazing to find self- reliance in the object of focusing the mind.

  We were taught Vipassana on the fourth day and with that my course started as well. The required hard labour of the practice together with the daily one hour sittings of adhiṭṭhāna (sitting without moving) threatened to be beyond me. On the fifth day the intense heat produced in the body totally disheartened me, and my enthusiasm started ebbing. To top everything, at times I could not even grasp the technique of Vipassana properly.

  I had great apprehension in my mind regarding sensations which we were told was the foundation for the practice of Vipassana. When I could not work any further I put off working with sensation, and spent time working on Ānāpāna. I made a firm resolve to keep the practice going with full allegiance and devotion.

  After mettā (loving-kindness meditation) on day ten I had an unprecedented experience. I felt a happy change in and out of my body. It felt light and weightless and full of rapture; the mind too was highly delighted, inundated with happiness. Cheerfulness appeared to be scattered all over me. At the conclusion of the course I decided to take another course right then and there.

  Having wandered for long in the quest for the ultimate, stumbling at every door, being frustrated in every way, from every place, thoroughly disappointed, dejected, weary and exhausted I arrived at the gate of the Vipassana Centre and the refreshing touch of soothing vibrations granted me great relief. It appeared as though I had arrived at my destination. In my heart there was devotion for Lord Buddha; therefore it was easy and natural to have faith in the path shown by him. Very soon the coloured curtains started shifting from the eyes, the heavy coatings of paint and varnish started peeling off the intellect and all illusions and delusions were removed. I was relieved of the beliefs, empty rites and rituals, and baseless blind faith. A great load appeared to have lifted off my mind and intellect.

  The true path of Dhamma was revealed and understood. As soon as I found Vipassana all my hustle and bustle came to an end. Now there is absolutely no need to run and wander about. All quintessence is confined within this three and a half cubit long body. Herein lies the attainment and also the means to attain it. Herein lies our bondage and also our freedom. This is our suffering and is also the way out of that suffering. Inside also lies the mostly-only- talked-about ultimate truth.

  Some wise person has said, "Blessed are those who have found their work." I am really fortunate that I have found my path. My quest is accomplished.

 

 

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Breath of Freedom: Ānāpāna In Prison

by Michael Lane

    Prison inmates lie at the bottom of the social ladder. They are despised by some, who regard them as no better than subhumans or animals. Inmates must live with this humiliating knowledge and are likely to project it onto themselves: "If I am an animal, I will act like one." The truth is that we all suffer from the same dual ailment of attachment and aversion. These self-made complexities generate frustration and may erupt in verbal or physical violence. Those of us who have so far managed to escape incarceration (whether by habit, brains, or luck) have no reason to feel proud as long as

we are still sick.

  The medicine for this sickness of complexity is simplicity, according to assistant teacher Dr. Sneh Jindal. In her twelve years in the Psychology Department at the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, she left a legacy of "Ānāpāna" (breath meditation) that continues to work changes in the lives of inmates and ex-inmates. The practice she gave them was simple-focus on the breath coming in, going out, coming in, going out and then focus on sensation on the upper lip and nostrils, where the breath passes. That's all-so simple that no one can do it and remain tangled in complexities.

  Inmates' and ex-inmates' own words in letters to Dr. Jindal and others, testify to the condition they had faced. Stressful lives had led to their crime and incarceration in the first place. On top of that, the hardships of prison life and the cynical indifference or contempt of prison officials made their lives perpetually stressful. Ten inmates, in a joint letter to the editor of the prison newsletter, wrote, "We... were confused in life and faced a variety of charges and various crimes. We were very secure in our ways of thinking and sure that all others, plus the whole world, were wrong. We assured ourselves that our actions were right and that society had no right to put us in prison. This very idea created anger, dissatisfaction, and a very strong desire for revenge."

  One inmate wrote, "My feelings were of a person that didn't care about life itself. I had a bad outlook on life and didn't really care what really was in the future for me. All I did was live day by day, and tomorrow didn't matter... I didn't go along with none of their programs... I didn't bother with too many people, for I was a loner and wanted it to stay that way. Most of the time I found myself fighting and landing right back in the hole." Others reported similar experiences: "I approached [everything] with indifference, defiance, hostility"-"I was depressed most of the time, and my mind seemed to be running all the time. My way of thinking was always on the negative side of things. It was hard for me to concentrate on any one thing for very long"-"The prison system does something to us. A lot of us build in our system an extreme amount of anger."

  Inmates attended meditation sessions with Dr. Jindal for two hours a week and were urged to practise on their own daily in the morning and in the evening. One reported, "After a couple of weeks I seemed to be able to relax more, and I was less depressed. I became less short-tempered with my fellow inmates... After... about three to four weeks I was able to totally block out the noises and confusion around me." A self-described "six- time loser" (working on his sixth sentence) wrote, "I soon learned through practice and a sincere desire to change that I could prevent anger from welling up within me simply by reminding myself that only I could make me angry... Meditation has taught me how to relax completely. It puts me in a frame of mind that allows me to deal with the ordinary stress and strain that will creep up on a person as he goes about his daily life. Even being locked away in a prison doesn't bother me the way it used to." Another found, "In becoming aware, one learns that he himself is solely responsible for the way he feels, thinks, and acts." Letter after letter tells the same story: "She is showing us how to get rid of this anger"-"I stay poised, serene, balanced, and calm"-"By being able to go within myself, I have learned how to make the necessary change in my attitude, thinking and behavior"-"Your training has helped me so much"-"She helped me find myself"-"I feel better inside and about things around me since I started this therapy"-"I have found the right way to deal with the pressures of life-stress, something I thought I would always be a slave to"-"You taught me and others how to meditate, how to relax, how to get rid of anger"-"You've shown me a magic ingredient." The ten authors of the joint letter wrote, "This meditation technique... is very simple and understanding. It is... a positive and sure approach towards self-awareness, inner development...We now realize that nearly all of the difficulties that we have had to face throughout our past were due to our own projections...The practice of meditation...has paved the path for us to live and grow spiritually, physically, mentally, and morally both within and outside of the walls of confinement." The same letter expresses the conviction that meditation did not challenge, but rather enhanced, their various religious faiths.

  The following experience is unusually complete, interesting, and well-told and gives a hint of Dr. Jindal's good-humored perseverance that won the hearts of the men: "My first unusual [meditation] experience was frightening and left me feeling that I'd entered into something that I could neither understand or cope with.  I wanted no part of something that had frightened me and which I could not explain...Dr. Jindal, despite my telling her not to send me any more passes, continued to send passes for me." The writer goes on, "It's difficult to say when the transformation took place...At any rate, I decided to really give it my sincere efforts for a few days. As the days passed, I found myself drawn deeper and deeper into the joys of meditation and the peace I found in, or as a result of, meditation. It's difficult to explain how it is that in learning to expect nothing- no particular experience, that is-you begin to receive so much. Meditation instills in you a kind of unselfishness, a nonpossessiveness, that seems to provide you with everything."

  Although Dr. Jindal, whom inmates came to love "as a mother," is no longer in the Psychology Department, Ānāpāna is there to stay: "I meditate every night... Meditation is a way of life for me now"-"I meditate two times a day, never less than an hour and a half"-"Meditation will be a part of my life"-"Meditation is my way of life... and I shall have it with me for every step of the remainder."

  These are powerful lessons in self-discovery and hope from a group of men for whom one might think there was little hope. The simple technique of Ānāpāna turned around the lives of men who were considered to be, and considered themselves to be, failures. They tried it, and it proved its solid worth in their own practical experience. Let's take this lesson to heart and, if we have not already done so, take a first step-even if it has to be a baby step- toward breaking down the invisible, and therefore more effective, walls that imprison us.

  The above excerpts are from numerous letters written by students of Ānāpāna at the Chillicothe Correctional Institute, Chillicothe,

Ohio, U.S.A.

 

 

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How Vipassana Helped Free Me from Drugs

by Praveen Ramakrishnan

My introduction into Vipassana was by sheer fate. Even today, it amazes me that such a fickle-minded person as me could change and develop a strong sense of willpower.

  I was led into the world of narcotics at the age of fifteen, upon my admission into college in 1978. First, mild intoxicants and then- since one finds dissatisfaction in milder forms of pleasure-I moved on to the use of heroin, and its derivatives. This habit of mine started initially just for the thrill of it, but I began to realize that I could do nothing without the assistance of the drug. I tried many times to reason with myself, but since I lacked willpower, I could never face the fact that I was a drug addict. Soon the matter came to be known by my near and dear ones. I lost face in society, and even after trying to quit the habit, I was drawn to the drug because of an emptiness which no amount of reasoning could help.

  Soon the hospital trips started. I was detoxified many times but the effect would last for a maximum period of one month. Then there would be a relapse. The counselling from the doctors, who were purely commercially motivated, had stopped having the mild impact it had once made on me. My studies started faltering. The peace at home was destroyed. Soon even my own family members were against me. Fortunately, they had not given up on me entirely. My life became intolerable.

  One day, out of the blue, one of my father's close friends, who had taken a ten-day course of Vipassana, convinced my father that a course or two would help me, and that even if it failed, I had nothing to lose. So, in March 1983, I made a trip to the hospital and was detoxified for the last time. Then my journey to Dhammagiri started.

  I was brought to Dhammagiri against my wishes, and my first impression of the place was of an open jail with closed boundaries.

  The camp was conducted by an assistant teacher, and on entry into the place, I was taken to be introduced to him. A Dhamma worker was then assigned for my welfare, and I checked in. Now the journey began.

 

  The course began as usual with Ānāpāna. Since my mind was not used to even the mildest forms of concentration without any external help, I found it extremely difficult. I thought about running away on the first day, but I knew that without any money, I would not get very far. Therefore I decided to stay, with a little compulsion from the Dhamma worker. The love shown by him was one of the turning points. Though he was only a year or two older than me, the maturity and the wisdom he possessed were far beyond my comprehension. I tried to make him angry, but he would not change his outlook towards me. This further encouraged me, and then Vipassana was taught on the fourth day. Initially I would not adhere to the rule of adhiṭṭhāna (strong determination) but on the ninth day I decided to give it a try. I managed to sit through the torture of a whole hour without changing my posture, and that somehow opened my outlook. I decided that if this pain could be tolerated for an hour, then in the same manner, I would be able to give up drugs, though the task was not an easy one.

  Some rules of the camp were amended for my convenience. The rules of noble silence and seriousness were waived. Also, I was served dinner, which was to my benefit, since I was physically quite weak.

  After I got out of the camp, my first thought was to go to Bombay, and to have a mild dose of the drug. But on my arrival, I found that my craving was reduced. I decided to put it off for a day. The day turned into two, and then day by day I found out that I could do without the drug. I have been free of drugs for the last six years, and the craving for the drug is no longer there.

  I returned to Dhammagiri in 1986, and served and sat courses for nine months, which helped me to further strengthen my foundation in life, and to improve my practice.

  In conclusion, the pains which were brought on during every withdrawal process, which made me succumb to the drug, were finally eliminated with the help of Vipassana. Now, I feel that I am a socially useful and normal human being.

 

 

What is happiness? For all that science has achieved in the field of materialism, are the peoples of the world happy? They may find sensual pleasures off and on, but in their heart of hearts, they are not happy when they realize what has happened, what is happening and what may happen next. Why?

This is because, while man has mastery over matter, he is still lacking in mastery over his mind.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

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‚₪‚Ēʉ@‚ªŽn‚Ü‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½B‰½“x‚à’†“ÅŽ¡—ÂðŽó‚¯‚Ü‚µ‚½‚ªAŒø‰Ê‚Í‚¹‚¢‚º‚¢1ƒ–ŒŽ‚ÅA‚»‚ÌŒã‚ÍÄ”­‚ðŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½Bƒˆ‚ɤ‹Æ“I‚È“®‹@‚ÅŽ¡—Âɂ ‚½‚éˆãŽt‚É‚æ‚éƒJƒEƒ“ƒZƒŠƒ“ƒO‚ÍA‚©‚‚Ă̂悤‚ȉ¸‚â‚©‚ÈŒø‰Ê‚ð‚à‚½‚炳‚È‚­‚È‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½BŠw‹Æ‚à’â‘Ø‚µŽn‚ßA‰Æ’ë‚Ì•½˜a‚Í•ö‚ꋎ‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚₪‚ĉƑ°‚³‚¦‚àŽ„‚É”½‘΂·‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚µ‚½BK‚¢‚É‚àA”Þ‚ç‚ÍŽ„‚ðŠ®‘S‚ÉŒ©ŽÌ‚Ä‚½‚킯‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½BŽ„‚Ìl¶‚͑ς¦“ï‚¢‚à‚̂ɂȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½B

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  I was led into the world of narcotics at the age of fifteen, upon my admission into college in 1978. First, mild intoxicants and then- since one finds dissatisfaction in milder forms of pleasure-I moved on to the use of heroin, and its derivatives. This habit of mine started initially just for the thrill of it, but I began to realize that I could do nothing without the assistance of the drug. I tried many times to reason with myself, but since I lacked willpower, I could never face the fact that I was a drug addict. Soon the matter came to be known by my near and dear ones. I lost face in society, and even after trying to quit the habit, I was drawn to the drug because of an emptiness which no amount of reasoning could help.

  Soon the hospital trips started. I was detoxified many times but the effect would last for a maximum period of one month. Then there would be a relapse. The counselling from the doctors, who were purely commercially motivated, had stopped having the mild impact it had once made on me. My studies started faltering. The peace at home was destroyed. Soon even my own family members were against me. Fortunately, they had not given up on me entirely. My life became intolerable.

 

  One day, out of the blue, one of my father's close friends, who had taken a ten-day course of Vipassana, convinced my father that a course or two would help me, and that even if it failed, I had nothing to lose. So, in March 1983, I made a trip to the hospital and was detoxified for the last time. Then my journey to Dhammagiri started.

 

  I was brought to Dhammagiri against my wishes, and my first impression of the place was of an open jail with closed boundaries.

  The camp was conducted by an assistant teacher, and on entry into the place, I was taken to be introduced to him. A Dhamma worker was then assigned for my welfare, and I checked in. Now the journey began.

 

  The course began as usual with Ānāpāna. Since my mind was not used to even the mildest forms of concentration without any external help, I found it extremely difficult. I thought about running away on the first day, but I knew that without any money, I would not get very far. Therefore I decided to stay, with a little compulsion from the Dhamma worker. The love shown by him was one of the turning points. Though he was only a year or two older than me, the maturity and the wisdom he possessed were far beyond my comprehension. I tried to make him angry, but he would not change his outlook towards me. This further encouraged me, and then Vipassana was taught on the fourth day. Initially I would not adhere to the rule of adhiṭṭhāna (strong determination) but on the ninth day I decided to give it a try. I managed to sit through the torture of a whole hour without changing my posture, and that somehow opened my outlook. I decided that if this pain could be tolerated for an hour, then in the same manner, I would be able to give up drugs, though the task was not an easy one.

 

  Some rules of the camp were amended for my convenience. The rules of noble silence and seriousness were waived. Also, I was served dinner, which was to my benefit, since I was physically quite weak.

  After I got out of the camp, my first thought was to go to Bombay, and to have a mild dose of the drug. But on my arrival, I found that my craving was reduced. I decided to put it off for a day. The day turned into two, and then day by day I found out that I could do without the drug. I have been free of drugs for the last six years, and the craving for the drug is no longer there.

  I returned to Dhammagiri in 1986, and served and sat courses for nine months, which helped me to further strengthen my foundation in life, and to improve my practice.

 

  In conclusion, the pains which were brought on during every withdrawal process, which made me succumb to the drug, were finally eliminated with the help of Vipassana. Now, I feel that I am a socially useful and normal human being.

 

 

What is happiness? For all that science has achieved in the field of materialism, are the peoples of the world happy? They may find sensual pleasures off and on, but in their heart of hearts, they are not happy when they realize what has happened, what is happening and what may happen next. Why?

This is because, while man has mastery over matter, he is still lacking in mastery over his mind.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

ƒR[ƒX‚ÍĀnāpāna‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½BŠO•”‚©‚ç‚Ì•‚¯‚È‚µ‚Å‚ÍA‚²‚­Œy‚¢W’†—Í‚³‚¦‚àg‚É•t‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚È‚©‚Á‚½Ž„‚ÍA”ñí‚É¢“ï‚ðŠ´‚¶‚Ü‚µ‚½B‰“ú‚Í“¦‚°o‚»‚¤‚©‚Æ‚àŽv‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½‚ªA‚¨‹à‚ª‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂»‚Ìæ‚Ö‚Ís‚¯‚È‚¢‚±‚Ƃ͕ª‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚»‚±‚ÅAƒ_ƒ“ƒ}Eƒ[ƒJ[‚ÌŠ©‚ß‚ÅA‚»‚±‚ÉŽc‚邱‚Ƃɂµ‚Ü‚µ‚½B”Þ‚©‚玦‚³‚ꂽˆ¤î‚ªA“]‹@‚̈ê‚‚ƂȂè‚Ü‚µ‚½B”Þ‚ÍŽ„‚æ‚èˆêA“ñΔNã‚Å‚µ‚½‚ªA”ނ̬n“x‚Æ’mŒb‚ÍŽ„‚Ì—‰ð‚ð‚͂邩‚É’´‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½BŽ„‚͔ނð“{‚点‚悤‚Æ‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½‚ªA”Þ‚ÍŽ„‚ɑ΂·‚錩•û‚ð•Ï‚¦‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½B‚±‚Ì‚±‚Æ‚ªŽ„‚ð‚³‚ç‚É—E‹C‚¯A4“ú–ڂɃ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÌŽw“±‚ðŽó‚¯‚Ü‚µ‚½B“–‰AŽ„‚Íadhiṭṭhānai‹­‚¢ŒˆˆÓj‚̃‹[ƒ‹‚ðŽç‚낤‚Ƃ͎v‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½‚ªA9“ú–Ú‚É‚»‚ê‚ðŽŽ‚µ‚Ă݂邱‚Ƃɂµ‚Ü‚µ‚½B1ŽžŠÔ‚à‚ÌŠÔAŽp¨‚ð•Ï‚¦‚邱‚ƂȂ­‹ê’ɂɑς¦‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«A‚»‚ê‚ªŽ„‚ÌŒ©’Ê‚µ‚𖾂邭‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚±‚̒ɂ݂É1ŽžŠÔ‘Ï‚¦‚ç‚ê‚é‚̂ȂçA“¯‚¶‚悤‚É–ò•¨‚ð’f‚‚±‚Æ‚à‚Å‚«‚邯ŒˆˆÓ‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚µ‚©‚µA—eˆÕ‚È‚±‚Ƃł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½B

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1986”N‚ÉDhamma Giri‚É–ß‚èA9ƒ–ŒŽŠÔA•òŽd‚ÆuK‚ðŽó‚¯‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚±‚ê‚É‚æ‚èAl¶‚ÌŠî”Õ‚ª‚³‚ç‚É‹­ŒÅ‚ɂȂèACs‚ðŒüコ‚¹‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½B

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The Vipassana Research Institute

An Introduction

  The Vipassana Research Institute (V.R.I.) was established in 1985 for the purpose of conducting research into the sources and applications of the Vipassana technique. V.R.I. is adjacent to the Vipassana International Academy (V.I.A.), known as Dhamma Giri ("hill of Dhamma"), located in the small town of Igatpuri in the state of Maharashtra, India. This small town is 136 kms (c. eighty-five miles) northeast of Bombay in the Western Ghat mountains. V.I.A. is one of the world's largest centres for the practice of Vipassana, offering on-going meditation courses for up to 500 people per course, throughout the year.

  Goenkaji realized the importance of establishing a research institute when, eight years ago, he began to teach courses on the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, the main discourse in which the Buddha systematically explains the technique of Vipassana. Goenkaji noticed that students attending the Satipaṭṭhāna courses, who are studying the words of the Buddha while at the same time applying them in their meditation practice, feel inspired and filled with gratitude. They experience the positive quality of confidence that comes when they compare their own experience with the Buddha's words. Naturally, some of them feel inspired to undertake further study; and, to provide this opportunity, the Vipassana Research Institute was established.

  The Institute's research work focuses on two main areas: translation and publication of the Pāli texts, and research into the application of Vipassana in daily life.

  Pāli was the lingua franca of northern India twenty-five centuries ago, the dialect in which the Buddha taught. Just as Sanskrit is the canonical language of Hinduism, and Latin the canonical language of Catholicism, Pāli is the classical language in which the teachings of the Buddha have been preserved. The Pāli sources are the Tipiaka (the Pāli canon); the commentaries, called the Aṭṭhakathā; the subcommentaries, called ika and other subsubcommentaries such as Anu-ika, Madhu-ika, etc.  

  While it is lesser-known than other classical languages, Pāli has its own august tradition. Within three months after the Buddha passed into parinibbāna (the final extinction of a fully liberated being), a special council of five hundred arahants (enlightened ones) was convened. Their express purpose was to collect and arrange the voluminous teachings of the Buddha, whose ministry had spanned forty-five years. They organized the Buddha's teaching into what is now commonly known as the Tipiaka (which means literally "three baskets"). The Tipiaka consists of three collections: the Vinaya-Piaka (collection of monastic discipline); the Sutta-Piaka (collection of popular discourses); and the Abhidhamma-Piaka (collection of profound teachings).

  The collected teachings of the Buddha were maintained in an oral tradition until several centuries after the conclusion of the first Great Council. The Tipiaka is a vast record, in forty- one volumes, containing 82,000 discourses given by the Buddha, and 2,000 discourses given by his chief disciples. The commentarial literature is also extensive, exceeding the Tipiaka in length.

  Since the first Great Council, five other councils of monks and scholars have been held to review and purify the Pāli canon, the most recent council having been held in Burma in 1954-56. This demonstrates the concerted effort, consistent in different languages and countries through 2,500 years, to maintain the purity of the teaching by keeping the recorded words of the Buddha as close as possible to the original.

  While the Tipiaka and commentarial literature are available in the languages and scripts of the different Theravada Buddhist countries, they are, unfortunately, out of print in Devanāgari (the script of Hindi, Sanskrit and many other Indian languages). Therefore, the words of the Buddha are not readily available to those who speak the languages of the country in which the Buddha's teachings originated.

  V.R.I. has entered the entire Pāli canon, its Aṭṭhakathā, and ika on computer in Devanāgari and is preparing to publish simultaneously the Tipiaka, Aṭṭhakathā and ika, not only for its own research purposes, but for the use of various educational and research institutions in India and abroad. In this series the first set of eleven volumes of Dighanikāya with its commentaries and subcommentaries is now available. Eleven volumes of Majjhimanikāya, the second set, are under print. Each volume will contain a critical introduction highlighting the relevance of the various suttas (discourses) to Vipassana meditation. Translation into Hindi will follow the publication of the Pāli texts. The Institute is also publishing the Pāli texts in Roman script. At present, only those texts which have not been published by the Pāli Text Society, London, are being published.

  V.R.I. has also produced a CD-ROM in 1997, which contains the entire Tipitaka, Attakathās, Tikas and Anutikās, as authenticated by the Sixth Council (Chattha Sangāyana). This is available in Devanāgari, Burmese and Roman scripts, and offers an easy-to-use search and navigation facility through the voluminous text, serving as a valuable tool for those researching the teaching of the Buddha

  Work has started on a new version of the CD ROM which will contain more Attakathās, Tikas, books on grammar, Pāli-English dictionary in Roman script and Ashokan inscriptiong in Devanagari script. It will also include two more scripts: Thai and Sinhalese.

  In addition to researching the Pāli texts, the Institute conducts research into the personal and interpersonal effects of Vipassana meditation. This work includes studying the effects of controlling and purifying the mind, and improved moral conduct and harmonious personality development, which is the result of practising Vipassana. The application of Vipassana in the areas of health, education and social development is also being studied This research will enable a comparison with the results that are mentioned in the Pāli texts and the commentaries.

  From time to time, V.R.I. sponsors international seminars on various aspects of the research work as it applies to the actual experience of Vipassana. Their special feature is the opportunity for the participants to practise Vipassana in a ten-day course prior to the presentation of the seminar papers. The experiential aspect of these conferences has proven to be popular, as well as beneficial. In a very tangible way, the practice of meditation throws light on the research presented in the papers.

  Over the centuries, some of the terms used in the Pāli texts have lost their original meanings, and have not been clearly interpreted in the currently-available translations. This fact becomes evident to a serious student of Vipassana, when, through practice, one grasps the deeper significance of these terms. When we consider the relevance of the technique in transforming individuals and, through them, social groups, we can appreciate the importance of thorough study of the precise meanings of terms used in the Pāli sources. Right understanding aids in right practice.

  Clearly, the research work is best done by those with direct experience of the Buddha's teaching. V.R.I. offers an annual year- long residential Vipassana and Pāli Studies Programme. Those who participate, both students and teachers, are regular meditators. Since its inception in 1986, more than one hundred students have completed the programme, some of whom are currently assisting in the research work. The programme provides a foundation in both the theory and practice of Vipassana. Periods of academic study are alternated with participation in the V.I.A. meditation programme. Daily meditation practice, intensive retreats, and service at the Academy are integral parts of the curriculum: they give depth to the academic experience, and this in turn deepens the experience of meditation and service. This combination of scholarly and meditative approaches makes the Pāli programme unique.

V.R.I. is one of the few places in the world where Dhamma students can integrate both pariyatti (theory) and paipatti (what Goenkaji calls "the gem set in gold") in one setting.

  The Institute also publishes works of historical research and interest to Vipassana meditators, such as this journal.

  Presented here are a few short papers which were prepared for some of the earlier seminars.

  From time to time, V.R.I. sponsors international seminars on various aspects of the research work as it applies to the actual experience of Vipassana.

 

 

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The Gem Set in Gold: Pariyatti with Paipatti

by S.N. Goenka

  The following article by Goenkaji, inaugurating the Vipassana Research Institute, appeared in the Hindi language Vipashyana Patrika, January-February 1985. It has been translated and slightly adapted.

 

 On 19 January 1971, my dear teacher Sayagyi U Ba Khin, to whom I am ever grateful, passed away. It was always the deep wish of Sayagyi to help repay Burma's debt to the Buddha and to the land of the Buddha, India, by re-establishing the Dhamma there in the country of its birth. He hoped that the Ganges of Dhamma, which long ago flowed from India to Burma, could now be channelled back to the land of its source in order to slake the thirst of millions of suffering people. A seedling from the tree of Dhamma which gives fruit in every season had been transplanted centuries ago in Burma from India. The mother tree had withered, but the seedling had flourished and grown. Now a cutting must be taken from it and planted in the fertile soil of India, to give sweet fruit and cool, pleasant shade. And this invaluable jewel of the Indian heritage should also be shared with every land throughout the world.

  To realize this holy wish of Sayagyi, only a small step had been taken in his lifetime. In the fifteen years since he breathed his last, many more steps have been achieved, and if the progress at times was slow, it has been sure and steady. Now, with the gathering momentum of all these years of work, the time has come for the Dhamma to spread at a greater pace. Up until now, centres have arisen in various places in India and abroad, and nearly fifty assistant teachers have started conducting courses for the good and happiness of many. Now still more courses must be offered in many more areas by more assistant teachers. Not only that, but meditators must be helped to experience the teaching at deeper levels.

  I remember well my own experiences on the path. After I first learned the technique while living in Burma, I kept up a regular daily practice but had to devote much more of my time to my business and family responsibilities. Suddenly, however, there came a change in fortune: in 1964, the government took over all businesses and industries. This action, unfortunate for me in the eyes of others, was actually my good fortune, since a heavy burden was now lifted from my shoulders.

  The following five years were the golden age of my life. I had always longed to study and absorb the words of the Buddha relating to Vipassana, but in the hurly-burly of active life how to find the time? Now here I was with unlimited time and with my teacher close at hand. The result was that my practice took wing. In meditation I could go more deeply than ever before, and when I read the words of the Buddha I would feel a thrill of delight throughout my body. I felt sometimes as if the Buddha was speaking directly to me, as if every word was aimed specifically at me. At home, I would read a sutta and then go to my teacher, who would take up certain points from it and expound deeply upon them. This was a veritable shower of nectar, the nectar of Dhamma.

 Sayagyi, that incarnation of compassion, was always ready to discuss Dhamma with me. Even while sick in bed and badly needing rest, if he came to know that his Dhamma son was waiting to see him, compassion and joy

arose in him and he would speak with me, explaining in depth a Dhamma text. As someone might card cotton or wool, combing out snarls and tangles, Sayagyi would remove all confusions, all ambiguities. The translations gave only grammatical explanations. But the explanation of this Vipassana yogi, this king of yogis, was of a different order altogether. He explained according to the experience of meditation, and in this way he could penetrate to the most profound meaning of the text.

  His words always filled me with joy and inspiration. And then, after explaining Dhamma to me, he would tell me to go and meditate. At such times I was able to penetrate deeply at the experiential level as well. Layer after layer of illusions and delusions would pass away, leaving the truth crystal clear. By the time I rose from meditating I would feel freed of all knots, liberated from all confusion.

  From these experiences boundless gratitude would arise in me, first to the Buddha and then to his Dhamma sons, the chain of teachers and pupils extending link by link from the Buddha to Sayagyi U Ba Khin. To all of them I felt deep gratitude for preserving this technique in its original purity without any admixture whatsoever. At the same time gratitude would arise in me towards all those who had preserved the words of the Buddha free from any corruptions, so that today it is still possible to read them and be inspired by them. Pariyatti and paipatti-study accompanied by practice-these two seemed to me like a gem, the beauty of which is enhanced by its golden setting.

  How greatly I benefited from these experiences, yet how little are such experiences accessible to meditators today! Although the Tipiaka (Pāli canon) has appeared in Devanāgari script in India, for many years these books have been out of print. Further, whatever portion of the Tipiaka was translated into Hindi decades ago is also unavailable now, while little if anything has been translated into other Indian languages. Meditators in India are, therefore, cut off from the words of the Buddha.

  In the West, it would seem that students are more fortunate, since the entire Tipiaka has appeared in Roman script and has been translated into English. But, in fact, the passages of it relating directly to meditation have presented unusual difficulties to most scholars. These passages have been translated in a way that sometimes creates confusion in the minds of meditators who read them.

  When students participate in courses on the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta, studying the words of the Buddha while at the same time applying them in meditation, they are inspired and filled with gratitude. They feel as if the technique is revealed to them for the first time in all its brilliant clarity. Naturally they would like to study even more. How happy they would be if they could study in their own language, not only the Tipiaka, but also the voluminous literature of the commentaries!

  It is not expected or necessary that all should be motivated to study the texts, but certainly there are many who are able and eager to do so, who could easily plunge into the ocean of the Tipiaka. For them the opportunity must be provided.

  Not only the Pāli texts, but also those in Sanskrit and Prākrit contain references to Vipassana. If a meditator undertakes the necessary research, this technique will be revealed as the essence of the entire Indian spiritual tradition. It is a large task, no doubt, but the time has come to make a beginning, no matter how small.

  Doing so, however, must never be at the expense of meditation practice. Otherwise, Vipassana centres might degenerate into places where people merely read, write or talk about the Dhamma, and the real purpose might be lost. Our aim is always to experience the Dhamma within ourselves in order to emerge from all suffering. The means to do so is the practice of Vipassana meditation. Reading, writing and study are merely to find guidance and inspiration in order to go more deeply in the practice, and thus to come closer to the goal of liberation.

  Without sacrificing this object, opportunities should be created near all the centres for pariyatti, study of Dhamma. It must begin at the main centre, Dhamma Giri. At the foot of the hill, on the approach to the Academy, is a suitable place to establish facilities for the study of Pāli and for research on the original texts. All who participate, not only students but also teachers, must be regular meditators, and meditation must be an important part of the curriculum. If this is the case, their study will enable the participants to meditate more deeply and experience Dhamma more profoundly within themselves.

 

The Dhamma can stand the test of those who are anxious to do so.

They can know for themselves what the benefits are.

-Sayagyi U Ba Khin

 

 

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Vedanā and the Four Noble Truths

Vipassana Research Institute

The Four Noble Truths are the essence of the Buddha's teaching. In the Aguttara-Nikāya the Buddha said:

Vediyamanassa kho panāha, bhikkhave, ida dukkha ti paññāpemi aya dukkha-samudayo ti paññāpemi

aya dukkha-nirodho ti paññāpemi aya dukkha-nirodha-gāmini-paipadā ti paññāpemi.1

 

To one who experiences sensations, meditators, I teach the truth of suffering,

I teach the truth of the arising of suffering,

I teach the truth of the cessation of suffering and I teach the truth of the path leading

to the cessation of suffering.

  In this passage the Buddha states unequivocally that the Four Noble Truths can be understoood, realized and practised only through the experience of vedanā (sensation).

  He further analysed the Noble Truths in the light of vedanā by saying:

Ya kiñci vedayita, ta pi dukkhasmi.2

Whatever sensations one experiences, all are suffering.

  Not only is dukkha vedanā (unpleasant sensation) suffering, but sukha vedanā (pleasant sensation) and adukkhamasukha vedanā (neutral sensation) are also suffering, because of their impermanent nature. Arising and passing away, anicca (impermanence), is the characteristic of vedanā. Every pleasant sensation has a seed of dukkha in it because it is bound to pass away. We are so bound by ignorance that when a pleasant sensation arises, without knowing its real nature of impermanence, we react to it by developing craving and clinging towards it. This leads to suffering: tahā dukkhassa sambhava-craving is the origin of suffering.3

  In fact, craving is not only the origin of suffering but suffering itself. As craving arises, suffering arises. The Buddha elucidated the second of the Four Noble Truths not as tahā-paccaya dukkha but instead as dukkha- samudaya. In other words, craving is not merely the precondition of suffering; it is itself inseparable from suffering. The same emphasis is apparent in the statement tahā dukkhassa sambhava. Verily tahā and dukkha are sahajāta (conascent). As soon as tahā arises, one loses the balance of the mind, becoming agitated and tense. In other words, one experiences dukkha.

  Similarly, when vedanā arises and results in tahā, it is dukkha. Thus whenever the term vedanā is used in relation to the practice of Dhamma, it conveys the sense of dukkha. Even a neutral sensation is dukkha if its impermanent nature is ignored. Therefore, not only for dukkha vedanā but for sukha vedanā and adukkhamasukha vedanā as well, the Buddha correctly used the word vedanā as a synonym for dukkha.

  Emphasizing this fact again in relation to the Four Noble Truths, the Buddha said in the Dvayatanupassanā-sutta of the Suttanipāta:

Ya kiñci dukkha sambhoti sabba vedanāpaccayā ti-

ayamekānupassanā.

Vedanāna tveva asesavirāga-nirodhā natthi dukkhasssa sambhāvo ti-

aya dutiyānupassanā.4

 

Whatever suffering arises, it is because of sensation-this is the first anupassanā (constant observation). With the complete cessation of sensation there is no further arising of suffering-this is the second anupassanā.

  The first anupassanā is the constant observation of vedanā as dukkha. The second anupassanā consists of the reality which is beyond the field of vedanā as well as beyond the field of phassa (contact) and of saāyatana (the six sense doors). This is the stage of nirodha-samāpatti of an arahant (fully liberated one), the experience of the state of nibbāna. By this second anupassanā, the meditator realizes the truth that in the field of nirodha-samāpatti there is no dukkha, because there is no vedanā. It is the field beyond the sphere of vedanā.

The Buddha continues in the same sutta:

Sukha yadi dukkha, adukkhamasukha saha ajjhatta ca bahiddhā ca, ya kiñci atthi vedita.

Eta dukkha ti ñatvāna mosadhamma palokina phussa phussa vaya passa, eva tattha virajjati Vedanāna khayā bhikkhu, nicchāto parinibbuto.5

Whatever sensations one experiences in the body, pleasant, unpleasant or neutral, inside or outside, all are suffering, all are illusory, all are ephemeral. A meditator observes that wherever there is a contact in the body, sensations pass away (as soon as they arise). Realizing this truth with the extinction of sensation, the meditator is freed from craving, fully liberated.

 A person well-established in this truth becomes liberated from the habit of craving and clinging towards sensation and reaches the state where there is no more vedanā (vedanā- khaya). (This is the stage of nibbāna reached in the second anupassanā.) A meditator who has experienced this state of arahata-phala becomes nicchāto (freed from all desires). Such a person becomes parinibbuta (totally liberated).

Therefore, to experience and understand dukkha-sacca (suffering), samudaya-sacca (its arising), nirodha-sacca (its cessation) and dukkha- nirodha-gāmini- paipadā-sacca (the path leading to the cessation of suffering), one has to work with sensations and realize the truth of vedanā (vedanāsacca), the arising of vedanā (vedanā-samudaya-sacca), the cessation of vedanā (vedanā-nirodhā-sacca) and the path leading to the cessation of vedanā (vedanā-nirodhā-gāminī-paipadā-sacca).

  This process is clearly described in the Samādhi-sutta of the Vedanā-sayutta:

Samāhitosampajāno, sato Buddhassa sāvako

Vedanā ca pajānāti, vedanāna ca sambhava.

Yattha cetā nirujjhanti, magga ca khayagāmina.

Vedanāna khayā, bhikkhu nicchāto parinibbuto ti.6

  A follower of the Buddha, with concentration, awareness and constant thorough understanding of impermanence, knows with wisdom the sensations, their arising, their cessation and the path leading to their end. A meditator who has reached the end of sensations is freed from craving, fully liberated.

  The Buddha further says very emphatically that the practice of the ariyo aṭṭhaugiko maggo (the Noble Eightfold Path) has the purpose of understanding vedanā and reaching the state of vedanā-nirodhā (cessation of sensations):@

Tisso imā, bhikkhave, vedanā. Katamā tisso? Sukhā vedanā, dukkhā vedanā, adukkamasukhā vedanā. Imā kho, bhikkhave, tisso vedanā. Imāsa kho, bhikkhave, tissanna vedanāna abhiññāya pariññāya parikkhayaya pahānāya...aya ariyo aṭṭhaugiko maggo bhāvetabbo...7@@@

There are these three types of bodily sensations. What are the three? Pleasant sensation, unpleasant sensation and sensation which is neutral. Meditators, the Noble Eightfold Path should be practised for the complete knowledge, the full realization, the gradual eradication and the abandonment of these three bodily sensations.

  Sensations (vedanā) are the tools by which we can practise the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path; and by realizing the characteristic of anicca (impermanence) we free ourselves from the bonds of avijjā and tahā and penetrate to the ultimate truth: nibbāna, freedom from suffering, a state which is beyond the field of vedanā, beyond the field of nāma-rūpa (mind and matter).

 

Notes:

1. Aguttara-Nikāya I, Nal. 163, PTS 176.

2. Majjhima-Nikāya III, Nal. 288, PTS 208.

3. Suttanipāta, Nal. 383, PTS 140.

4. Ibid., Nal. 383, PTS 139.

5. Loc. cit.

6. Sayutta-Nikāya IV, Nal. 183, PTS 204.

7. Ibid. V, Nal. 56, PTS 57.

 

 

 

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sakhāra-dukkha@@¨ suffering inherent in conditioned processes

 

dukkha‚ðsuffering‚ÆŠµK“I‚ɖ󂵂Ă¢‚邪AŒo“T‚Æ“éõ‚Ý‚ª­‚È‚¢l‚½‚¿‚ɑ΂µ‚Ä‚ÍAsuffering‚æ‚è‚àA

vanityAempty Ain vainAno availAmeaningless Afruitless‚̂ق¤‚ªŽÀŠ´‚ª’݂͂·‚¢‚̂ł͂Ȃ¢‚¾‚낤‚©H

 

‡B ‚È‚ºu‰õ‚à‹êv‚ɂȂé‚Ì‚©H

ƒuƒbƒ_‚̘_—‚͇@ vedanā ‚ª¶‚¶‚é‡A Šì‚Ôinandij‡B Ž·’…iupādānaj‡C ޏ‚¤‡D ‹ê@‚±‚ꂪƒƒ“ƒZƒbƒgB

‚¾‚©‚çvedanā’P‘Ì‚ªˆ«‚ł͂Ȃ­Avedanā{–³–¾ ‚ª“ÅB

‡D ‚±‚̋傪Žg‚í‚ê‚é–{“–‚Ì–Ú“I

‚±‚Ì‹å‚͈ê”ÊŒü‚¯‚ÉŒê‚ç‚ꂽl¶˜_‚ł͂Ȃ­A‘ÎÛ‚ÍCsŽÒ‚Ìu”÷ׂȎ·’…vA“Á‚ÉuáÒ‘z‹CŽ‚¿‚¢‚¢•av‚ւ̃JƒEƒ“ƒ^[B

u¡“ú‚ÌÀ‘T‚æ‚©‚Á‚½vu‚±‚̯‚³Å‚vu‚±‚Ì•½ˆÀ‚¸‚Á‚Æ—~‚µ‚¢v‚Æ‚¢‚¤CsŽÒ‚ɑ΂µ‚Äu‚»‚ê‚à‹ê‚ÌŽí‚Èv‚Æà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚éBB

‚±‚Ì‹å‚Ì–{‹`‚ÍAl¶‚͋ꂾ‚¼AŠ´‚¶‚é‚ÈAŠy‚µ‚Þ‚ÈA‚ł͂Ȃ¢B

 u‚Ç‚ñ‚ȉõ‚àAŽ·’…‚·‚ê‚ΓłɂȂévu‚¾‚©‚çŠÏŽ@‚µ‚ëvu‚¾‚©‚玩—R‚ɂȂêv

 

Whatever is felt is suffering‚Æ–ó‚·‚ÆuŠ´‚¶‚鈫v‚Ƀ~ƒXƒŠ[ƒfƒBƒ“ƒO‚·‚é‰Â”\«‚ª‚ ‚é‚Ì‚ÅA

ŽŽˆÄ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA

‡@@@u‚¢‚©‚Ȃ銴Žó‚Å‚ ‚êA‚»‚ê‚Í–³í‚Ȃ邪‚䂦‚É‹ê‚Ì«Ž¿‚ð‚à‚Âv

‡A@@u‚Ç‚ñ‚ÈŠ´Šo‚àAŽ·’…‚·‚ê‚ΕK‚¸‹ê‚É“]‚¸‚év

‡B@@u‚Ç‚ñ‚ȉõ‚³‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚àA‚»‚ê‚É‚µ‚ª‚݂‚¯‚΋ê‚ÌŒ´ˆö‚ɂȂév

 

‚Ü‚½Aˆê”Ê“I‚Å‚ ‚éāmisaŒn‚̃^ƒO‚ð‚‚¯‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¤ˆê”Êl‚Ìvedanā‚͋ꂵ‚݂ƌ‹‚т‚­‚ªAnirāmisŒn‚̃^ƒO‚ð‚‚¯‚½vedanā‚ÍŽã‚­u“Å«‚ª‚Ù‚Ú–³‚¢vB

‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎA‘T’è‚Ìnirāmisa sukha‚ÍA–@‰xA•½ˆÀA’qŒd‚ÌŠì‚Ñ‚¾‚ªA‚±‚ê‚àAðŒ¶A–³íAÁ–łȂ̂Å\‘¢“I‚É‚Í dukkha‚¾‚ªA‹ê‚É“]‚тɂ­‚¢‚¾‚¯‚ł͂Ȃ­A‚Þ‚µ‚ë‰ð’E‚ÉŒü‚©‚¤“¥‚Ý‘ä‚ɂȂé‚Ì‚ÅAŒo“T‚Å‚ÍFuŽÌ‚Ä‚æv‚Ƃ͌¾‚í‚È‚¢‚ÅAuŽ·‚é‚Èv‚ÆŒ¾‚¤B SN 22.5 Samādhisutta

 

dukkha vedanāi•s‰õ‚ÈŠ´Šoj‚ª‹ê‚µ‚݂ł ‚邾‚¯‚łȂ­Asukha vedanāi‰õ‚¢Š´Šoj‚Æadukkhamasukha vedanāi‚Ç‚¿‚ç‚Å‚à‚È‚¢Š´Šoj‚à‚Ü‚½A‚»‚Ì–³í«‚䂦‚ɋꂵ‚݂ł ‚éB¶–Å‚·‚é–³íianiccaj‚ÍAvedanā‚Ì“Á’¥‚Å‚·B‚ ‚ç‚ä‚é‰õ‚¢Š´Šo‚ÍA•K‚¸–Å‚·‚邪‚䂦‚ÉA‚»‚Ì’†‚Édukkha‚ÌŽíŽq‚ðh‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·BŽ„‚½‚¿‚Í–³’m‚É”›‚ç‚ê‚·‚¬‚Ä‚¢‚ÄA‰õ‚¢Š´Šo‚ª¶‚¶‚Ä‚àA‚»‚Ì–{Ž¿‚Å‚ ‚é–³í‚ð’m‚炸‚ÉAЉ–]‚ð¶‚¶‚³‚¹A‚»‚ê‚ÉŽ·’…‚µ‚Ä”½‰ž‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ꂪ‹ê‚µ‚݂ɂ‚Ȃª‚è‚Ü‚·B

tahā dukkhassa sambhava-.3@@craving is the origin of suffering@@

 

@ŽÀÛAЉ–]‚͋ꂵ‚݂̪Œ¹‚Å‚ ‚邾‚¯‚łȂ­A‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚Å‚à‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·BЉ–]‚ª¶‚¶‚邯A‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ª¶‚¶‚Ü‚·Bƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍŽl¹’ú‚Ì“ñ”Ô–Ú‚ðutahā paccaya dukkhav‚ł͂Ȃ­udukkha-samudayav‚Æà‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½BŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎAЉ–]‚Í’P‚ɋꂵ‚݂̑O’ñðŒ‚Å‚ ‚邾‚¯‚łȂ­A‚»‚ꎩ‘Ì‚ª‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÆØ‚è—£‚¹‚È‚¢‚à‚̂ł·Butahā dukkhassa sambhava.v‚Æ‚¢‚¤•\Œ»‚É‚àA“¯‚¶‹­’²‚ªŒ©‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚·B‚Ü‚±‚Æ‚ÉAta‚Ædukkha‚Ísahajātaiˆê’vj‚Å‚·Bta‚ª¶‚¶‚邯‚·‚®‚ÉAl‚ÍS‚̃oƒ‰ƒ“ƒX‚ðŽ¸‚¢A“®—h‚µA‹Ù’£‚µ‚Ü‚·BŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎAdukkhai‹êj‚ðŒoŒ±‚·‚é‚̂ł·B

 

@“¯—l‚ÉAvedanā‚ª¶‚¶AtaiЉ–]j‚ÉŽŠ‚é‚Æ‚«A‚»‚ê‚Ídukkha‚Å‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAƒ_ƒ“ƒ}‚ÌCs‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚µ‚Ävedan₯‚¢‚¤Œê‹å‚ªŽg‚í‚ê‚邯‚«‚Í‚¢‚‚łàA‚»‚ê‚Ídukkhai‹êj‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð“`‚¦‚Ü‚·B‚½‚Æ‚¦’†—§“I‚ÈŠ´Šo‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚àA‚»‚Ì–³í«‚𖳎‹‚·‚ê‚Îdukkha‚ƂȂè‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAƒuƒbƒ_‚Ídukkha vedan₾‚¯‚łȂ­Asukha vedan₯adukkhamasukha vedanā‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä‚àAvedan₯‚¢‚¤Œê‹å‚ðdukkha‚Ì“¯‹`Œê‚Æ‚µ‚ij‚µ‚­—p‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B

 

@Šm‚©‚Ƀuƒbƒ_‚ªŒ¾‚¤’Ê‚èA‚±‚Ì¢‚Ì‚à‚̂͂·‚ׂĂªdukkha‚Å‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ädukkha ‚Ívedanā‚ÉŒÀ’肳‚ꂽ‚±‚Ƃł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñBã‹L‚Ì•¶Í‚͉½‚àŠÔˆá‚Á‚Ä‚¨‚炸‚»‚̂Ƃ¨‚è‚Å‚·‚ªA‚±‚̂悤‚É‘‚­‚Ævedanā‚É“Á•ʂ̖â‘肪‚ ‚邿‚¤‚Ɏ󂯎æ‚é“ÇŽÒ‚à‚łĂ«‚ÄA’†‚ɂ͊´‚¶‚邱‚ÆŽ–‘Ô‚ð”Û’è‚·‚邿‚¤‚ȃ~ƒXƒŠ[ƒfƒBƒ“ƒO‚ÉŒ‹‚т‚­‰Â”\«‚à‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·BŽÀÛ‚Íanicca‚ðŽÀŠ´‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢vedanā‚ª‹ê‚µ‚݂ɓ±‚­‚̂ł ‚Á‚ÄAƒjƒ‰ƒ~ƒXŒn‚Ìvedanā‚͈¢—…Š¿‚½‚¿‚à‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B

@

ƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍŽl¹’ú‚Ƃ̊֘A‚Å‚±‚ÌŽ–ŽÀ‚ð‰ü‚߂ċ­’²‚µASuttanipāta‚ÌDvayatanupassanā-sutt‚Ì’†‚Å‚±‚¤à‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

Ya kiñci dukkha sambhoti sabba vedanāpaccayā ti-ayamekānupassanā.

Vedanāna tveva asesavirāga-nirodhā natthi dukkhasssa sambhāvo ti-aya dutiyānupassanā.4

 

‚¢‚©‚È‚é‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚àAŠ´Šo‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ķ‚¶‚éB‚±‚ꂪ‘æˆê‚Ìānupassanāi•s’f‚ÌŠÏŽ@j‚Å‚ ‚éBŠ´Šo‚ªŠ®‘S‚ÉÁ–Å‚·‚ê‚ÎA‚à‚Í‚â‹ê‚µ‚݂Ͷ‚¶‚È‚¢B‚±‚ꂪ‘æ“ñ‚Ìānupassanā‚Å‚ ‚éB

 

vedanāna tveva asesavirāga-nirodhā

vedanāna = Š´Žóu‚ɂ‚¢‚Äv@vedanāiŠ´Žój‚Ì ‘®Ši•¡”@‚±‚±‚Å‘ÎÛ‚Í‚à‚¤ŒÀ’肳‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB

tv-eva@@tu + eva@@@u‚µ‚©‚µvu‚Ü‚³‚Évu〜‚¾‚¯‚Ív@‚±‚êA‹­’²‚ÆŒÀ’è‚̃_ƒuƒ‹ƒpƒ“ƒ`Bu‚Ü‚³‚ÉŠ´Žó‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ÄŒ¾‚¦‚Îv

asesaF‚·‚ׂĂÌ@[adjD] entire; allD

virāga = æÃ—~‚ª—£‚ê‚邱‚Æ

nirodha =–Å‚·‚邱‚Æ@@‚±‚Ì•¶–¬‚Å‚ÍæÃ—~‚ª‚È‚­‚Ȃ邱‚Æ

‚‚܂è–Å‚·‚é‚Ì‚Í vedanā ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­A rāga‚Ȃ̂ÅA“ú–{Œê–ó‚ÍuŠ´Žó‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚ÄAæÃ—~‚ªŠ®‘S‚É—£‚ê‚Ä–Å‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Äv

 

V‚µ‚¢–ó‚Ì’ñˆÄ

gWhatever suffering arises, all of it arises dependent on feeling.h This is the first contemplation.

gBut when craving with regard to feelings has completely faded away and ceased, there is no arising of suffering.h

@h This is the second contemplation.

 

‚È‚ºuŠ´Žó‚Ì–Åv‚ÆŒë–󂳂ê‚é‚Ì‚©H

‡@ ƒp[ƒŠŒê‚Ì‘®ŠiƒgƒŠƒbƒN@@ƒp[ƒŠŒê‚Ì‘®Ši‚ÍA‰pŒê‚ł͎åŒê‚ÉŒ©‚¦‚éŒXŒü‚ª‚ ‚éB

‡A ‘T’è•¶–¬‚Ƃ̬ü@@@@@‘T’è‚ł͉‘TˆÈã‚ÅuŠ´Šo‚ªÁ‚¦‚½v‚Ƒ̌±‚³‚ê‚é‚Ì‚ð‚±‚ÌŒo“T‚̉ðŽß‚ɉ^—p‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½B

‡B –|–óŽÒ‚Ì‘PˆÓ@@@@@@uׂ©‚­‘‚­‚Æ’·‚¢‚©‚çÈ‚±‚¤v¨ È‚¢‚½uŠÔ‚É–{ˆÓ‚ª•Ï‚í‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½B

 

@‘æˆê‚Ìanupassan₯‚ÍAiˆê”Êl‚Ìjvedanā‚ðdukkha‚Æ‚µ‚Ä₦‚¸ŠÏŽ@‚·‚邱‚Ƃł·B‘æ“ñ‚Ìanupassanā‚ÍAvedanā‚̗̈悾‚¯‚łȂ­AphassaiÚGj‚Ì—Ìˆæ‚Æsaāyatanai˜Z‚‚̊´Šo–åj‚̗̈æ‚à’´‚¦‚½Œ»ŽÀ‚©‚笂è‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍAˆ¢—…Š¿iŠ®‘S‚ȉð’EŽÒj‚Ìnirodha-samāpatti‚Ì’iŠKA‚·‚Ȃ킿Ÿ¸žÏ‚Ì‹«’n‚ÌŒoŒ±‚Å‚·B‚±‚Ì‘æ“ñ‚Ìanupassanā‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAáÒ‘zŽÒ‚Ínirodha-samāpatti‚̗̈æ‚É‚Ívedanā‚ª‚È‚¢‚½‚ßAdukkhai‹ê‚µ‚Ýj‚à‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤^—‚ðŒå‚è‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ê‚Ívedanā‚̗̈æ‚ð’´‚¦‚½—̈æ‚Å‚·B

 

ã‹L’Ê‚èAŠ´Žó‚ª‚ ‚é‚©–³‚¢‚©‚ł͂Ȃ­AŠ´Žó‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄæÃ—~irāgaj‚ð‘«‚·‚©A‘«‚³‚È‚¢‚©‚¾‚¯‚ªA‹ê‚ª¶‚¶‚é‚©A¶‚¶‚È‚¢‚©‚ðŒˆ‚ß‚éB

Š´Šo‚ª‚È‚¢‚©‚ç‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ª‚È‚¢‚̂ł͂Ȃ¢AæÃ—~irāgaj‚ª‚È‚¢‚©‚ç‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ª‚È‚¢‚̂ł ‚éB

Š´Žó‚Í“G‚ł͂Ȃ¢B—~‚àˆ«–ð‚Å‚·‚ç‚È‚¢B‚µ‚©‚µA‚Q‚‚𑫂µ‚½uŠÔ‚ÉA‚½‚¾‚ÌÞ—¿‚ª•Ší‚ɂȂéB

uŠ´Šo‚ðÁ‚¹v‚ł͂Ȃ¢BuŠ´Šo‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄæÃ—~irāgaj‚ð‘«‚·‚Èv

 

ƒuƒbƒ_‚Í“¯‚¶Œo•¶‚Ì’†‚Å‚±‚¤‘±‚¯‚Ü‚·B

Sukha yadi dukkha, adukkhamasukha saha ajjhatta ca bahiddhā ca, ya kiñci atthi vedita.

Eta dukkha ti ñatvāna mosadhamma palokina phussa phussa vaya passa, eva tattha virajjati Vedanāna khayā bhikkhu, nicchāto parinibbuto.5

 

g‘̂ŌoŒ±‚·‚銴Šo‚ÍA‰õ‚¢‚à‚̂ł ‚ê•s‰õ‚Å‚ ‚êA“à“I‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚êŠO“I‚È‚à‚̂ł ‚êA‚·‚ׂĂ͋ꂵ‚݂ł ‚èA‚·‚ׂĂ͌¶‚Å‚ ‚èA‚·‚ׂĂ͂͂©‚È‚¢‚à‚̂ł ‚éBáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍAg‘̂̂ǂ±‚ÉÚG‚ª‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚àAŠ´Šo‚Íi¶‚¶‚邯‚·‚®‚ÉjÁ‚¦‹Ž‚邱‚ƂɋC‚­‚¾‚낤BŠ´Šo‚ÌÁ–łƂƂà‚É‚±‚Ì^—‚ðŒå‚éiRealizing this truth with the extinction of sensationj‚±‚Æ‚ÅAáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍŠ‰ˆ¤‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚êAŠ®‘S‚ɉð’E‚·‚éB

 

 

•¶–@‚É‚æ‚é‰ðŽß

Vedanāna khayā bhikkhu, nicchāto parinibbuto.

‚Ü‚¸A\•¶‚ð•ª‰ð‚·‚é

vedanāna@vedanāiŠ´Žój‚Ì •¡”E‘®Ši‚Ȃ̂ŎåŒê‚ł͂Ȃ¢@@ uŠ´Žóg‚Ìhv‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄuŠ´Žóg‚ªhv‚ł͂Ȃ¢

khayā@@@ khayais–ÅEŒÍЉj‚Ì ‹ïŠiE’DŠiŒ`‚Ȃ̂Åu〜‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ävu〜‚©‚çvu〜‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄvA ŽžŠÔ“I‚Èu〜‚ƂƂà‚Év‚ł͂Ȃ¢

bhikkhu@@ ’P”EŽåŠi‚ÅA—Bˆê‚ÌŽåŒê@@ Á‚¦‚é‚Ì‚àŒå‚é‚Ì‚àA‚±‚ÌlB

nicchāto@@ Œ`—eŽŒ@uЉ‚«‚È‚«vu—~‚È‚«v

parinibbuto@‰ß‹Ž•ªŽŒuŠ®‘S‚É’Á‚Ü‚Á‚½vu”R‚¦s‚«‚½v

 

•¶–@“I‚ɉ”\‚ȓǂݕû

\•¶‚ð“ú–{ŒêŒê‡‚É‚·‚邯F

uŠ´Žó‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚és–Åikhyāj‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA”ä‹u‚ÍAЉ‚«‚È‚«ŽÒ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAŠ®‘S‚É’Á‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚év

d—v‚Ȃ̂ÍAkhyā ‚Ì‘ÎÛ‚Í vedanā ‚»‚Ì‚à‚̂ł͂Ȃ¢B‘®Ši vedanāna ‚ª‚»‚ê‚ð‹ÖŽ~‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é

 

‚È‚ºuŠ´Šo‚ÌÁ–Åv‚ɂ͂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚©

‚à‚µuŠ´Žó‚ªÁ–Å‚·‚év‚È‚ç‚Îuvedanā khīyatiiŠ´Žó‚ª–Å‚·‚éjv‚ƃp[ƒŠŒê‚ł͑‚­

•Ê•¶–¬‚È‚ç‚ÎAvedanāna nirodhāiŠ´Žó‚̖łɂæ‚Á‚Äj‚Æ‚¢‚¤•\Œ»‚à‚ ‚肤‚邪A

‚±‚±‚Å‚Ívedanāna khayā@‘®Ši{’ŠÛ–¼ŽŒ‚Ȃ̂ÅA

ˆÓ–¡‚ÍuŠ´Žóg‚ÉŠÖ‚µ‚Ähs‚«‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªs‚«‚½v

 

‚Å‚Íus‚«‚½‚à‚Ìv‚Ƃ͉½‚©

•¶–¬‚Í’¼‘O‚Å‚±‚¤Œ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚éFphussa phussa vaya passa@G‚ê‚Ä‚ÍA–Å‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚­‚Ì‚ðŠÏ‚é

‚‚܂èAŠ´Žó‚Í‹N‚«‚éAG‚ê‚éAÁ‚¦‚éƒvƒƒZƒX‚ð‰½“x‚àŠÏ‚é

‚»‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚Äs‚«‚é‚Ì‚ÍH

”½‰žA Љˆ¤itahā / rāgajA‚Æ‚¢‚¤”R—¿‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄAŠ´Žó‚»‚Ì‚à‚̂ł͂Ȃ¢B

 

uŒå‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚ª‚Ç‚±‚É‚à–³‚¢——R

‚±‚Ì•¶Í‚É‚ÍAñāai’qjApajānātiiŒå‚éjAabhisambujjhatiiŠo‚éj‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‹å‚͂Ȃ­A

‚ ‚é‚Ì‚ÍAnicchātoiЉ‚«‚ª–³‚¢ó‘ÔjAparinibbutoiŒ‹‰Êó‘Ôj

‚±‚ê‚ÍuŒå‚Á‚½uŠÔv‚ł͂Ȃ­uŒå‚è‚ªŠ®¬‚µ‚½ó‘Ôv‚‚܂èAŒ»ÝŠ®—¹Œ`‚ł͂Ȃ­A‰ß‹ŽŠ®—¹‚Ìó‘Ô‚ÌŒp‘±

 

u〜‚ƂƂà‚ÉŒå‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤–󂪔j’]‚·‚é——R

ŽžŠÔÚ‘±‚ðŽ¦‚·Œê‚ªˆê؂Ȃ¢‚Ì‚ÅAŒå‚è“®ŽŒ‚ª‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢

khayā ‚Í•Às‚ł͂Ȃ­ˆö‰Ê‚Å‚ ‚èA‘®Ši‚ªŽåŒê‰»‚ð‹‘”Û‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é

‚‚܂èA•¶–@“I‚ÉAu〜‚ƂƂà‚ÉŒå‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤–󂪗§‚¿ã‚ª‚鑫ꂪ‚È‚¢B

 

Ši•ω»•\‚ðŽg‚Á‚½•¶–@“IŠm”F

‚±‚Ì‹å‚ÍAŠ´Žó‚ªÁ‚¦‚½guŠÔh‚ð•`ŽÊ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂ł͂Ȃ­AŠ´Žó‚ɑ΂·‚锽‰ž‚ªŠ®‘S‚És‚«‚½gŒ‹‰Êó‘Ôh‚ðq‚ׂĂ¢‚Ü‚·B

‚à‚µuŠ´Žó‚ªÁ‚¦‚ÄŒå‚év‚ÆŒ¾‚¢‚½‚¢‚È‚çAƒp[ƒŠŒê‚Í•K‚¸•ʂ̓®ŽŒ‚ÆŠi‚ðŽg‚¢‚Ü‚·Bˆê‚ÉAŠi•ω»•\‚ðŒ©‚Ä‚Ý‚Ü‚µ‚傤B

 

Vedanāna khayā bhikkhu, nicchāto parinibbuto.

uŠ´Šo‚ÌÁ–łƂƂà‚Éi‚»‚ÌuŠÔ‚Éj^—‚ðŒå‚év‚ª•¶–@“I‚É–³—‚È–|–ó‚Å

uŠ´Žó‚Ì–Ås‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä^Š´Žó‚ªs‚«‚½Œ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA”ä‹u‚ÍŠ‰ˆ¤‚È‚­Š®‘S‚ÉŸ¸žÏ‚µ‚½v‚ɂȂ闗R‚Í

 

–â‘è‚ÌŠjS‚Í kha i–łɂæ‚Á‚Äj ‚ÌŠi

ŠY“–‰ÓŠ@Vedanāna khayā

Œê          @@@Œ´Œ`          Ši                    ˆÓ–¡

vedanāna@@vedanā     ‘®Ši       •¡”       Š´Žó‚Ì

khayā    @@@ khaya      ‹ïŠi       ’P”       –łɂæ‚Á‚Ä^–ł̌‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä

 

‹ïŠiiinstrumentalj‚ÌŠî–{—p–@

‹ïŠi‚̈Ӗ¡‚ÍA〜‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄA〜‚ðŒ´ˆö‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA〜‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚Ä@@‚‚܂莞ŠÔ“I“¯Žž«‚Í•\‚³‚È‚¢B

‚à‚µu〜‚ƂƂà‚Évu〜‚·‚é‚â”Û‚âv‚ðŒ¾‚¢‚½‚¢‚È‚çsahaAsamayaAyadāc tadāc‚±‚¤‚¢‚¤Œê‚ª•K—vB

 

Š´Šo‚ÌÁ–łƂƂà‚ÉŒå‚év‚ª¬—§‚µ‚È‚¢——R

uŠ´Šo‚ÌÁ–łƂƂà‚ÉŒå‚év‚Ɩ󂵂½‚¢l‚ÍAkhayā ‚ðŽžŠÔ•›ŽŒ‚̂悤‚Ɉµ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邪Akhaya ‚Í –¼ŽŒi–Åj‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄAkhayā‚Í –¼ŽŒ‚Ì‹ïŠi‚Ȃ̂ł±‚Ì‹å‚ɂ͓®ŽŒ‚ª‚È‚¢B

uŒå‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ÌŒê‚à‚È‚¢‚Ì‚ÉA‚±‚Ì‹å‚É‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢“®ŽŒ‚ðŸŽè‚ɕ₢AŠi‚Ì‹@”\‚àŸŽè‚É•ÏX‚µ‚ÄA‰ðŽßŽÒ‚É“s‡‚Ì‚¢‚¢ƒXƒg[ƒŠ[‚ð’“ü‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邾‚¯‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄA•¶–@“I‚ɂ͌ë•TB

 

•¶‘S‘Ì‚Ì\‘¢‚ð—v‘f‚Æ‹@”\‚É•ª‰ð‚·‚é

Vedanāna khayā bhikkhu, nicchāto parinibbuto.

 

—v‘f       @@@@@@@@–ðŠ„E‹@”\

Vedanāna khayā            Œ´ˆöEðŒi‹ïŠi‹åj

bhikkhu @@@@@@@@ŽåŒê

nicchāto@@@@@           Œ`—eŽŒuЉˆ¤‚È‚«v

parinibbuto         @@@@‰ß‹Ž•ªŽŒuŠ®‘S‚ÉŸ¸žÏ‚µ‚½v

 

\•¶‚ÍuA‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAB‚ÍC‚ƂȂÁ‚½v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Š®¬‘Š‚Ì–qŒ`Ž®B

‚‚܂èAiAjVedanāna khayā‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAiBjbhikkhu‚Í@iCjŸ¸žÏ‚ÉŽŠ‚Á‚½B

 

³Šm‚ȈӖ¡ŠÖŒW

–Å‚µ‚½‚Ì‚Í vedanā‘S‘̂ł͂Ȃ¢

–Å‚µ‚½‚Ì‚Í rāgaiЉˆ¤j‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚­‰Â”\«‚Ì‚ ‚Á‚½vedanāA‚·‚Ȃ킿samphassa ja vedana‚Å‚ ‚éB

‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAuiЉˆ¤‚Æ‚¢‚¤”R—¿‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚­‰Â”\«‚Ì‚ ‚éjŠ´Žó‚ªs‚«‚½Œ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA”ä‹u‚ÍŠ‰ˆ¤‚È‚­AŠ®‘S‚ÉŸ¸žÏ‚µ‚½Bv

‚±‚±‚Éu“¯Žž‚ÉŒå‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤—v‘f‚͂Ȃ¢B

 

khayā ‚ª‹ïŠi‚Å‚ ‚邱‚ÆArealizing‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒ‚ª‚È‚¢

khayā ‚ª‹ïŠi‚Å‚ ‚éˆÈãAŽžŠÔ“I“¯Žž«‚ðŽ¦‚·Œê‚ªˆê؂Ȃ¢‚Ì‚ÅAu〜‚ƂƂà‚Év‚Æ‚¢‚¤–ó‚ͬ—§‚µ‚È‚¢

uŽÀŠ´‚·‚érealizingv‚Æ‚¢‚¤“®ŽŒ‚ª•¶’†‚É‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢

 

‰pŒê–ó—á

gWhether it is pleasant or painful,or neither painful nor pleasant,whether internal or external,whatever feeling there is that is experienced.

Having known: eThis is suffering,fdeceptive by nature, liable to break apart,touching again and again,seeing its passing away,

one thus becomes dispassionate towards it. With the exhaustion of feelings, the monk is hungerless, fully extinguished.h

 

‚±‚̘ó‚ÍŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ÍAŠ´Šo‚ðÁ‚¹AŠ´Šo‚ðŽÕ’f‚µ‚ëAŠ´Žó‚ª–³‚­‚È‚ê‚Ήð’E‚¾

‚±‚̘󂪌¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邱‚Æ‚ÍAŠ´Šo‚Í‘S•”‚»‚̂܂܊ςëAŠyE‹êE•s‹ê•sŠyA‘S•”“¯—ñA“àŠO‚Ì‹æ•Ê‚·‚ç‹C‚É‚·‚é‚È

Š´Šo‚Ímosadhammai‹\‚­«Ž¿j‚»‚µ‚Äpalokinai•ö‰ó‚·‚髎¿j‚Å‚ ‚邯AŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ’m‚ê

Š´Šo‚ðÁ‚»‚¤‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚鎞“_‚ÅA‚à‚¤‰½‚©‚ð‘«‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB‚»‚êˆÈãA‰½‚à‚·‚é‚ÈB‚»‚ꂾ‚¯B‚»‚µ‚Ä‚»‚ꂪA‚¢‚¿‚΂ñ“‚¢B

 

phussa phussa vaya passa

uG‚ê‚Ä‚ÍG‚ê‚ÄA‚»‚ÌÁ–Å‚ðŠÏ‚év‚±‚ê‚ÍAuŠ´Šo‚ðÁ‚·v‚ł͂Ȃ­AuÁ‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚­‚Ì‚ðŠm”F‚·‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡B

 

 

@‚±‚Ì^—‚ð[‚­—‰ð‚µ‚½l‚ÍAŠ´Šo‚Ö‚ÌŠ‰–]‚ÆŽ·’…‚ÌKе‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚êA‚à‚Í‚âvedanāivedanā- khayaj‚̂Ȃ¢‹«’n‚É’B‚µ‚Ü‚·Bi‚±‚ê‚Í‘æ“ñ‚Ìanupassanā‚Å“ž’B‚·‚énibbāna‚Ì’iŠK‚Å‚·Bj‚±‚Ìarahata-phala‚Ì‹«’n‚ðŒoŒ±‚µ‚½áÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍAnicchātoi‚ ‚ç‚ä‚é—~–]‚©‚ç‚̉ð•új‚É’B‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚»‚̂悤‚Èl‚ÍparinibbutaiŠ®‘S‚ȉð•új‚É’B‚µ‚Ü‚·B

‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAdukkha-saccai‹ê‚µ‚ÝjAsamudaya-saccai‹ê‚µ‚݂̔­¶jAnirodha -saccai‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÌÁ–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹jA‚»‚µ‚Ädukkha- nirodha-gāmini- paipadā-saccai‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÌÁ–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹j‚ðŒoŒ±‚µ—‰ð‚·‚邽‚߂ɂÍAŠ´Šo‚É“­‚«‚©‚¯Avedanā‚Ì^—(vedanā-sacca)‚ðŽÀŠ´‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚·‚Ȃ킿vedanā‚Ì”­¶ (vedanā-samudaya-sacca)Avedanā‚ÌÁ–Å (vedanā-nirodhā-sacca)A‚»‚µ‚Ä vedanā‚ÌI‰‰‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹ (vedanā-nirodhā-gāminī-paipadā-sacca)‚Å‚·B

 

ƒp[ƒŠŒ´“T‚Å gvedanā-saccah ‚â gvedanā-nirodhā-sacca^vedanā-nirodhā-gāminī-paipadā-saccah ‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŒöŽ®—pŒê‚ª‚»‚̂܂Üo‚邱‚Ƃ͂Ȃ¢‚à‚Ì‚ÌAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[Œn‚ÌŒ»‘ã•¶Œ£‚â‰ðà‚Å‚ÍuŠ´Šo‚ð^—‚Æ‚µ‚Ä’m‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚±‚̌ꂪŽg‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍAŽl’ú‚ð vedanā ƒŒƒxƒ‹‚ő̌±‚µ—‰ð‚·‚邱‚Æ‚©‚ç—ˆ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

—Ⴆ‚ÎAƒ”ƒF[ƒ_ƒi[iŠ´Žój‚ðŽ²‚ÉŽl’ú‚ð—‰ð‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ªà‚©‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‹Lq‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·F

 gcto experience and understand dukkha-sacca c one has to work with sensations and realize the truth of vedanā (vedanā-sacca), the cessation of vedanā (vedanā-nirodhā-sacca) and the path leading to the cessation of vedanā (vedanā-nirodhā-gāminī-paipadā-sacca).h

‚±‚Ìl‚¦•û‚ÍAŒ»‘ã‚̃”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[Œn‚Ì•ª‚©‚è‚â‚·‚¢˜g•t‚¯‚Å‚ ‚èAŽÀۂ̌ÓTƒeƒLƒXƒg‚Ì‹³‚¦‚ðŽl’ú‚Ì•¶–¬‚œǂݑւ¦‚½‚à‚̂ł·B

 

‡A ‘ã•\“I‚ȌÓT“Iª‹’

Dvayatana SuttaiSutta Nipātaj‚Å‚ÍAŠ´Žóivedanāj‚ðŽl’ú‚ÆŠÖ˜A‚¯‚Äà‚«‚Ü‚·B

gYa kiñci vedayita, ta pi dukkhasmi.h

‚±‚ê‚É‚æ‚èAuŒoŒ±‚³‚ê‚銴Žó‚Í‚·‚ׂċê‚Ì‘¤–Ê‚ðŽ‚Âv‚Æ‚³‚êAŠ´Žó‚ð’Ê‚¶‚½Žl’ú‚̑̌±‚ªà‚©‚ê‚Ü‚·B

 

Samādhi SuttaiVedanā-Sayuttaj‚É‚ÍAŠ´Žó‚̶‹NEÁ–ÅEÁ–łւ̓¹‚Æ‚¢‚¤\‘¢‚ªŒ»‚êAŠ´ŽóƒŒƒxƒ‹‚ł̊ώ@‚ÆCs‚ªŽl’ú‚̬A‚ɂ‚Ȃª‚邱‚Æ‚ªŒê‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

—Ⴆ‚ÎAŠ´Žó‚̶‹Nvedanāna sambhavam‚⊴Žó‚Ì–Åvedanāna khaya‚ÆŠ´Žó‚̶–Å‚ÆCs‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚ª‘Ήž‚·‚é‹Lq‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B

 

‡B gnirodha-gāminī-paipadāh ‚Ì•¶–¬

AN 6.63 ‚Å‚Íu’m‚é‚ׂ«€–Úv‚Æ‚µ‚Äq‚ׂç‚ê‚Ü‚·F

vedanā-nirodho veditabbo, vedanā-nirodha-gāminī paipadā veditabbo

cŠ´Šo‚Ì–Å‚ÆAŠ´Šo‚Ì–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚éCs‚ª’m‚é‚ׂ«‚à‚̂ł ‚éB

 

‚±‚±‚Å‚Í Žl’úi‹êEWE–ÅE“¹j‚ðŠ´Žó‚ÌŠÏ“_‚Å’m‚é‚ׂ«‚à‚̂Ƃµ‚Ä‹“‚°‚Ä‚¢‚邽‚ßA‰pŒê–ó•¶Œ£‚Åuvedanā-nirodhā-gāminī-paipadā-saccav‚ȂǂÆà–¾‚³‚ê‚骋’‚ɂȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

AN 6.63 ‚Íl‚ðŠoÁ‚³‚¹‚én•¨‚Ȃ̂ÉAˆµ‚¢‚ðŠÔˆá‚¦‚邯дŠo–•ŽEƒ}ƒjƒ…ƒAƒ‹‚É‚³‚ê‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

’¼–󂷂邯Šm‚©‚ÉuŠ´Žó‚̖ł͒m‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚èAŠ´Žó‚Ì–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹‚Í’m‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚év‚Æ‚ ‚é‚Ì‚ÅA‚±‚±‚Å‘½‚­‚Ìl‚ª’Z—‚µ‚ÄA

u‚‚܂芴Šo‚ðÁ‚·‚Ì‚ªCs‚Ȃ̂Ëv‚Æ—‰ð‚µ‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¤‚ªA‚±‚ê‚̓uƒbƒ_‚̈Ó}‚Ƃ͑傫‚­ˆá‚¢‚Ü‚·B

 

‚Ü‚¸Œˆ’è“I‚ɉŸ‚³‚¦‚éˆê“_‚Íuveditabba = ’m‚é‚ׂ«v‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‹å‚Å‚·B

‚±‚ê‚ÍA‚»‚Ì󋵂̈ێ‚â‚»‚ê‚ð–Ú•W‚É‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ðà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚é‚킯‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB

’m‚é‚ׂ«u—‰ð‚Ì‘ÎÛv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ÅAƒuƒbƒ_‚Í‚±‚±‚ÅuŠ´Žó‚ð–Å‚¹‚æv‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂ł͂Ȃ­AuŠ´Žó‚̖łƂ͉½‚©‚ð—‰ð‚¹‚æv

‚Æà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

 

‚Å‚ÍAuŠ´Žó‚Ì–Åivedanā-nirodhajv‚Ƃ͉½‚©H

Š´Žó‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ÍAŠáEލE•@EãEgEˆÓ ‚ª‚ ‚éŒÀ‚èAðŒ‚ª‚»‚낦‚ΕK‚¸‹N‚«‚é‚Ì‚ÅAƒuƒbƒ_‚͈ê“x‚àu¶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚éŠÔ‚ÉŠ´Žó‚ª‹N‚«‚È‚­‚È‚év‚Ƃ͌¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚¹‚ñB

‚ł͉½‚ªu–Åv‚Ȃ̂©B

–Å‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ÍAuŠ´Žó ‚©‚ç Š‰ˆ¤‚ª¶‚¶A ‹ê‚ÉŽŠ‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹@”\A‚‚܂èAvedanā ‚Í‹N‚«‚éA‚µ‚©‚µ ta‚ª¶‚¶‚È‚¢A‚æ‚Á‚Ä dukkha ‚ª¬—§‚µ‚È‚¢‚Ì‚ª vedanā-nirodha ‚Ì’†g‚Å‚·B

 

‚È‚ºuŠ´Žó‚Ì–Åv‚ÆŒ¾‚¤‚Ì‚©H

‹ê‚ð¶‚ÞŠ´Žó‚Æ‚¢‚¤‹@”\‚ª‚à‚¤“­‚©‚¸A–Å‚µ‚½‚©‚ç‚Å‚·B

Š´ŠoŽhŒƒ‚Í—ˆ‚éA‚·‚Ȃ킿‰õ‚à•s‰õ‚à’mŠo‚³‚ê‚邪 uЉˆ¤tai•t’…j‚ðŒÄ‚Ño‚·‘•’uv‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̊´Žó‚ª’âŽ~‚µ‚½A‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚·B

vedanā-nirodho veditabbo‚Ƃ͊´Žó‚ªu‹ê‚ð¶‚Þ‹@”\‚Æ‚µ‚ÄI‚í‚é\‘¢v‚ð—‰ð‚¹‚æA‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·B

uŠ´Šo‚ðÁ‚¹v‚ł͂Ȃ­AÁ‚¦‚é‚̂͊‰ˆ¤‚Ì•t’…A‚·‚Ȃ킿”½ŽË“I”½‰ž‚Å‚ ‚Á‚ÄAŠ´Žó‚ÍŽc‚è‚Ü‚·B

 

uŠ´Žó‚Ì–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹vvedanā-nirodha-gāminī paipad₯‚͉½‚©H

‚±‚ê‚ÍAŠ´ŠoŽÕ’fƒgƒŒ[ƒjƒ“ƒOA–³Š´Šo‚ɂȂéW’†–@‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB

‚»‚Ì“à—e‚ÍŠ´Žó‚ð’ǂ킸A‹‘‚Ü‚¸AŠ—L‚¹‚¸AðŒ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŒ©‚éipaccaya-dassanaj‚Å‚·B

‚‚܂èAŠ´Žó‚ÉuŽ„vuŽ„‚Ìvu‰õ‚¾‚©‚çŽæ‚évu•s‰õ‚¾‚©‚ç”rœv‚Æ‚¢‚Á‚½ˆÓ–¡•t‚¯‚ðˆêØ•t—^‚µ‚È‚¢ŒP—û‚ªu“¹v‚Ì’†g‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·B

 

ƒuƒbƒ_‚ªŠ´Šo‚ðÁ‚¹‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚È‚çA˜Zˆisaāyatanaj‚àAŒÜå]‚àA‰ð’EŒã‚̶‘¶’†‚ÉI‚í‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Í‚¸‚Å‚·B

‚µ‚©‚µAŒo“T‚͈êŠÑ‚µ‚Äu‹N‚«‚é‚à‚̂͋N‚«‚év‚ÆŒ¾‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

ƒuƒbƒ_‚É–Å‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂͊´Šo‚ł͂Ȃ­AŠ´Šo‚ɈӖ¡‚ð·‚éu•Èv‚Å‚·B

Vedanāna khayā bhikkhu, nicchāto parinibbuto

‚ÍuŠ´Šo‚ªƒ[ƒ‚ɂȂÁ‚½Œå‚èv‚ł͂Ȃ­AuŠ´Šo‚ɉ½‚à‘«‚³‚ê‚È‚­‚È‚Á‚½ŠoÁv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

 

‚±‚̃vƒƒZƒX‚ÍAVedanā-sayutta ‚ÌSamādhi-sutta‚É–¾Šm‚Éà–¾‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

Samāhitosampajāno, sato Buddhassa sāvako

Vedanā ca pajānāti, vedanāna ca sambhava.

Yattha cetā nirujjhanti, magga ca khayagāmina.

Vedanāna khayā, bhikkhu nicchāto parinibbuto ti.6

 

ƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì’íŽq‚ÍAW’†—ÍAˆÓޝA‚»‚µ‚Ä–³í‚ɑ΂·‚é₦ŠÔ‚È‚¢“O’ꂵ‚½—‰ð‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAŠ´Šo‚Æ‚»‚̶‹NA–ÅA‚»‚µ‚Ä‚»‚ê‚ç‚ÌIà‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹‚ð’qŒd‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä’m‚è‚Ü‚·BŠ´Šo‚ÌIà‚É’B‚µ‚½áÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍAЉˆ¤‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚êAŠ®‘S‚ɉð’E‚µ‚Ü‚·B

@ƒuƒbƒ_‚Í‚³‚ç‚ÉAariyo aṭṭhaugiko maggoi¹‚Ȃ锪³“¹j‚ÌCs‚ÍAvedanā‚ð—‰ð‚µAvedanā-nirodhā iŠ´Šo‚Ì–Åj‚Ì‹«’n‚É“ž’B‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ð–Ú“I‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯A‹­‚­—Íà‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

 

Samāhitosampajāno, sato Buddhassa sāvako W’†‚µA–¾’m‚µA”O‚ð”õ‚¦‚½ƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì’íŽq‚Í

Vedanā ca pajānāti, vedanāna ca sambava. Š´Žó‚ðA‚»‚µ‚ÄŠ´Žó‚̶‹N‚ð”@ŽÀ‚É’m‚é

Yattha cetā nirujjhanti, magga ca khayagāmina. ‚»‚ê‚炪‚Ç‚±‚Å–Å‚·‚é‚Ì‚©A‚»‚µ‚Ä–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹‚ði’m‚éj

Vedanāna khayā, bhikkhu nicchāto parinibbuto ti. Š´Žó‚Ìs‚«‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚ÄA”ä‹u‚ÍŠ‰ˆ¤‚𗣂êA”ÊŸ¸žÏ‚·‚é

 

–â‘è“_Fcessation and the path leading to their enduŠ´Šo‚ÌIà‚É’B‚µ‚½v

Š´Žó‚̶‹N‚ð’m‚邱‚Æ‚ÅAЉˆ¤ta‚ð¶‚¶‚³‚¹‚È‚¢Š´Žó‚ð’m‚èAЉˆ¤ta‚ð¶‚¶‚³‚¹‚銴Žó‚ð‚Ç‚±‚Å–Å‚·‚é‚Ì‚©‚ð’m‚èA‚»‚ê‚ÉŽŠ‚éƒvƒƒZƒX‚Æ•û–@‚ð’m‚éB

Vedanāna khayā ‚Íã‹L‚Æ“¯—l‚ÉAŠ´Šo‚ª–Å‚µ‚½‚̂ł͂Ȃ­AŠ´Šo‚Ì”R—¿‚Å‚ ‚銉ˆ¤‚ªs‚«‚½i–Å‚³‚ꂽjó‘Ô‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚é‚Ì‚ÅA‚»‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAŠ´Žó‚ÍgðŒ‚¯‚ç‚ꂽ‹ê‚Æ‚µ‚Ĭ—§‚µ‚È‚­‚È‚éhB

‚‚܂èAŠ´Šo‚ÌIà‚É’B‚µ‚½áÒ‘zŽÒ‚ðuŠ´ŠoƒIƒtCsv‚ÆŒë“Ç‚³‚ê‚é‚̂ł͂Ȃ­A

Љˆ¤ta‚ªs‚«‚½Š´Šo‚ÆŠ‰ˆ¤‚ªŽc‚銴Šo‚ª‚ ‚èAЉˆ¤‚ªs‚«‚½Š´Šo‚Í”ä‹u‚ð—~–]‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚ꂽ”ÊŸ¸žÏ‚É‚·‚é‚Æà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚éB

Samādhi-sutta ‚ÌŽå’£‚ÍAuŠ´Žó‚É rāga ‚ð¬“ü‚³‚¹‚é\‘¢‚ðŒ©”²‚¯v‚Ȃ̂ÅA

Vedanā ‚Ì khayai–Åsj‚Æ‚Í rāga‚Æ‚¢‚¤”R—¿‚ðØ’f‚·‚邱‚ƂȂ̂ÅAparinibbāna‚Æ ‚ÍŠ´ŠoŽÕ’f‚ł͂Ȃ­A•t’…itaj•s”\ó‘Ô‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ĭ—§‚µ‚Ü‚·B

 

Tisso imā, bhikkhave, vedanā. Katamā tisso? Sukhā vedanā, dukkhā vedanā, adukkamasukhā vedanā. Imā kho, bhikkhave, tisso vedanā. Imāsa kho, bhikkhave, tissanna vedanāna abhiññāya pariññāya parikkhayaya pahānāya...aya ariyo aṭṭhaugiko maggo bhāvetabbo...7@@@

Sayutta Nikāya 45.169  Vedanāsutta@@Sayutta-Nikāya V, Nal. 56, PTS 57  

 

‡@‘æ1•¶Žå‘è’ñަ

Imā kho, bhikkhave, tisso vedanā.

Œê          Œ`          ˆÓ–¡

Imā       Žwަ‘ã–¼ŽŒE—•¡Žå          ‚±‚ê‚ç‚Í

kho        ‹­’²ŽŒ   ‚Ü‚³‚É^ŽÀ‚É

bhikkhave           ŒÄŠi       ”ä‹u‚½‚¿‚æ

tisso      ”ŽŒE—•¡Žå       ŽO‚‚Ì

vedanā  –¼ŽŒE—•¡Žå       Š´Žó

\‘¢@@Imā = tisso vedanāu‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÍŽO‚‚̊´Žó‚Å‚ ‚év –¼ŽŒ•¶ibe“®ŽŒ‚È‚µj

 

‡A ‘æ2•¶F‘®Ši\•¶i–Ú“I’ñަj

Imāsa kho, bhikkhave, tissanna vedanāna

Œê          Œ`          ˆÓ–¡

Imāsa ‘ã–¼ŽŒE‘®•¡       ‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì

kho        ‹­’²       ŽÀ‚É

bhikkhave           ŒÄŠi       ”ä‹u‚½‚¿‚æ

tissanna           ”ŽŒE‘®•¡          ŽO‚‚Ì

vedanāna         –¼ŽŒE‘®•¡          Š´Žó‚Ì

\‘¢@‘S•”u‘®Šiv@u‚±‚ê‚çŽO‚‚̊´Žó‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Ìcv Œã‚ë‚É‚©‚©‚途õ

 

‡B ‘æ3•”•ªF—^Ši–Ú“I—ñ‹“i`‚Ì‚½‚ß‚É\•¶j

abhiññāya pariññāya parikkhayāya pahānāya

‘S•”››āyau—^Šiv 〜‚Ì‚½‚߂ɠ  ‚ÌŽl’iŠKƒvƒƒZƒX‚ɂȂÁ‚Ä‚¢‚éB

Œê          Œêª       Œ`          ˆÓ–¡

abhiññāya           abhi-jñā —^Ši       ’¼Ú’m‚Ì‚½‚ß‚É

pariññāya           pari-jñā —^Ši       Š®‘S—‰ð‚Ì‚½‚ß‚É

parikkhayāya      khī         —^Ši       –Ås‚Ì‚½‚ß‚É

pahānāya                      —^Ši       ŽÌ’f‚Ì‚½‚ß‚É

 

‡C ‘æ4•¶FŽå•¶iŒ‹˜_j

aya ariyo aṭṭhagiko maggo bhāvetabbo

Œê          Œ`          ˆÓ–¡

aya     Žwަ‘ã–¼ŽŒEŽå   ‚±‚Ì

ariyo      Œ`—eŽŒ   ¹‚È‚é

aṭṭhagiko           Œ`—eŽŒ   ”ªŽx‚Ì

maggo   –¼ŽŒEŽå              “¹

bhāvetabbo         “®ŽŒEŽó“®–¢—ˆ•ªŽŒ          CK‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«

bhāvetabbo‚Æ‚ÍbhāvetiiCK‚·‚éj¨ bhāvetabbai‚·‚ׂ«j¨ bhāvetabboi’j«ŽåŠijuCK‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚év‹`–±\•¶B

 

‡D ‘S‘̘̂_—\‘¢‚܂Ƃß

A. Žå‘è’ñަ@@@@@Imā tisso vedanā ŽO‚‚̊´Žó‚ª‚ ‚é

B. ‘®Ši‚Å‘ÎÛŽw’è@@Imāsa tissanna vedanāna ‚»‚ê‚çŽO‚‚̊´Žó‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä

C. —^Ši‚Å–Ú“I—ñ‹“@@abhiññāya...pahānāya ’m‚邽‚ß‚ÉE—‰ð‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉE–Å‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉEŽÌ‚Ă邽‚ß‚É

D. Œ‹˜_@@@@@@@ayacmaggo bhāvetabbo ‚±‚Ì”ª³“¹‚ªCs‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚¾

 

  g‘̂̊´Šo‚É‚Í3Ží—Þ‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚»‚Ì3‚‚Ƃ͉½‚Å‚µ‚傤‚©H‰õ‚¢Š´ŠoA•s‰õ‚ÈŠ´ŠoA‚»‚µ‚Ä’†—§“I‚ÈŠ´Šo‚Å‚·BáÒ‘zŽÒ‚æA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì3‚‚Ìg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚ðŠ®‘S‚É”Fޝ‚µAŠ®‘S‚É—‰ð‚µA™X‚ɪ₵A•úŠü‚·‚邽‚ß‚Éithe gradual eradication and the abandonment of these three bodily sensationsj”ª³“¹‚ðCs‚·‚ׂ«‚Å‚·B

  Š´Šoivedanāj‚ÍAŽ„‚½‚¿‚ªŽl¹’ú‚Æ”ª³“¹‚ðCs‚·‚邽‚߂̓¹‹ï‚Å‚·B‚»‚µ‚ÄA–³íianiccaj‚Ì“Á«‚ðŽÀŠ´‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚ÄAŽ„‚½‚¿‚Íavijjāi–³íj‚ÆtaiíZj‚Ì‘©”›‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚êA‹†‹É‚Ì^—A‚·‚Ȃ킿nibbānaA‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚©‚ç‚̉ð•úAvedanā‚Ì—Ìˆæ‚Ænāma-rūpaiS‚Æ•¨Ž¿j‚̗̈æ‚ð’´‚¦‚½‹«’n‚Ö‚ÆŽŠ‚è‚Ü‚·B

 

™X‚ɪ₵parikkhayāyaA•úŠü‚·‚épahānāya‚Ì‚Í3Ží‚Ìg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚ł͂Ȃ­A”Ï”Y‚Ì—¬‚ê‚ÌÁ–łł ‚éB

‚·‚Ȃ킿Avedanā-parikkhaya‚Æ‚ÍAŠ´Šo‚»‚Ì‚à‚ÌÁ–łł͂Ȃ­ āsavai”Ï”Y‚Ì—¬‚êj‚ÌÁ–Å‚ðŠÜˆÓ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é

 

1) uŽóivedanāj‚ÍŒoŒ±‚³‚ꑱ‚¯‚é‚ªŽ·’…‚ªÁ‚¦‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤“T‹’

SN 36.6Sallasutta Š´Žóì—p‚Í‚ ‚邪”½‰ž‚ª–³‚¢—áBgŽó‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ÍÁ‚¦‚È‚¢h ‚Æ‚¢‚¤˜_—“I“y‘äB

vedanā‚Í ariyasāvako ‚É‚à•’Ê‚Ìl‚ɂං¶‚邪Aarīyasāvako ‚Í‚»‚ê‚𔽉ži”ß’QE’Q‚«E¬—j‚Æ‚µ‚đ̌±‚µ‚È‚¢ ‚Æ‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B

 

2)@u–³FŠE‚Íiƒ}ƒCƒ“ƒhˆÈŠO‚ÌjŠ´Šo‚ª‚È‚¢‚ª‰ð’E‚Å‚«‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢v

MN 26 Pāsarāsisuttaƒuƒbƒ_‚ª–³FŠE‚Ì’iŠK‚É“ž’B‚µ‚½‚±‚Æ‚ªŒê‚ç‚ê‚邪A‚»‚ꂪ‹†‹É‚̉ð’E‚ł͂Ȃ¢‚Æ‹Lq‚³‚ê‚éB
Š´Šo‚ª‚È‚­‚È‚Á‚Ä‚àŸ¸žÏnibbāna‚É“ž’B‚µ‚È‚¢

3) uāsavai”Ï”Y‚Ì—¬‚êj‚ÌÁ–Åv‚ªŒo“Tã‚̃S[ƒ‹‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤ª‹’

SN 36.12@Pahamākaāsa SuttaŠ´Žóì—p‚ÌŠ®‘S—‰ðipariññāj‚Æ”ñ”Ï”Yianāsavoj‚Å”Fޝ‚·‚é•¶–¬

āsava Œ‡”@Ÿ¸žÏ ‚Æ‚¢‚¤Šî–{“I‚È’è‹`‚ª‚ ‚é‚Ì‚ÅAparikkhaya‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œê‚ª gāsavah ‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚­•¶–¬‚͔ϔYÁ–Å‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚é B

gso vedanā pariññāya diṭṭhe dhamme anāsavoh

uŠ´Šoi‰õE•s‰õE’†«j‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µ‚«‚Á‚½ŽÒ‚ÍA‚±‚̶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚éŠÔ‚ÉA”Ï”Y‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚ê‚éBv

 

4) parikkhaya vs āsava-khaya ‚ª‘Ήž‚µ‚Ä‚¨‚èAkhaya ‚Í g”Ï”Yi”½‰ž/—¬‚êjÁ–Åh ‚ðŽw‚·

AN 9.36@Jhānasutta uƒvƒƒZƒX‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÌÁ–Åikhayajv‚ª Š´Šo‚»‚Ì‚à‚̂ł͂Ȃ­āsavai”Ï”Yj‚ÌÁ–Å‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB

gcpahamampāha jhāna nissāya āsavāna khaya vadāmich

gcdutiyac tatiyac catutthac saññā-vedayita-nirodha pāhach etc.

‚±‚±‚Å‚Í vedanā ‚Å‚Í‚È‚­ āsavai”Ï”YŒXŒüj‚»‚Ì‚à‚Ì‚ªÁ–Å‚·‚é ‚Æ–¾Šm‚Éo‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 

ƒVƒXƒeƒ€‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‚ÌØ–¾

’P”­‚̋傾‚¯‚ł͂Ȃ­AŽŸ‚̂悤‚Ș_—\‘¢‚Å—§Ø‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·F

‘O’ñ AFŠ´Žóì—pivedanāj‚Í݂邪A”½‰ž‚Æ‚µ‚Ă̋ê^‰õŠy‚Ö‚ÌŽ·’…‚͉z‚¦‚ç‚ê‚éiSN36.6jB

‘O’ñ BF–³FŠE‚Íiƒ}ƒCƒ“ƒhˆÈŠO‚ÌjŠ´Šo‚ª‚È‚¢‚ª‰ð’E‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢ Š´ŠoƒIƒt = ‰ð’E@ ˆÓ–¡ƒIƒt = ‰ð’E‚ÌØ–¾B

‘O’ñCFāsavai”Ï”Y‚Ì—¬‚êj‚ÍŽ©‰äŠ´Šo‚Ɖ‹N‚̘A½‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚«A‚±‚ꂪÁ–Å‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ªŸ¸žÏ‚Å‚ ‚éi’è‹`jB

‘O’ñDFŒo“T‚Å‚Íkhaya ‚Í gāsava-khayai”Ï”YÁ–Åjh ‚ðŽw‚·‚±‚Æ‚ªŒJ‚è•Ô‚µŒê‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éiAN9.36jB

Œ‹˜_FparikkhayaiÁ–Åj‚ª•¶–¬“I‚É ’P‚Ȃ銴ŠoÁޏ‚ł͂Ȃ­A”Ï”YiāsavajƒŒƒxƒ‹‚ÌÁ–Å‚ðŠÜˆÓ‚·‚é ‚±‚Æ‚Í\•ª‚ÉŽxŽ‚³‚ê‚éB

‚æ‚Á‚Äuvedanā-parikkhaya = āsava-parikkhayav‚Ɠǂނ̂ªƒuƒbƒ_‚ÌŒ¾—t‚Ì•¶–¬‚É®‡“IB

 

 

 

’F

1. Aguttara-Nikāya I, Nal. 163, PTS 176.

2. Majjhima-Nikāya III, Nal. 288, PTS 208.

3. Suttanipāta, Nal. 383, PTS 140.

4. Ibid., Nal. 383, PTS 139.

5. Loc. cit.

6. Sayutta-Nikāya IV, Nal. 183, PTS 204.

7. Ibid. V, Nal. 56, PTS 57.

 

 

 

Sampajañña-the Constant Thorough Understanding of Impermanence

Vipassana Research Institute

  In this paper, we will discuss how sampajañña (orsampajāno) is explained by the Buddha in the suttas and how the term can be correctly translated into English.

  Whenever the Buddha was asked to describe sati (mindfulness or awareness), his explanation invariably included the term sampajañña.

Katama ca, bhikkhave, sammā- sati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye

kāyānupassi viharati ātapisampajāno

satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhā- domanassa.1

And what, meditators, is right awareness? Here, a meditator dwells ardently, with constant thorough understanding and right awareness, observing the body in the body, having removed craving and aversion towards this world (of mind and matter).

  From this it becomes evident that according to the Buddha, whenever there is sammā-sati or Satipaṭṭhāna, it is always with sampajañña. That means it is with paññā (wisdom). Otherwise it is mere sati, which is mere remembrance or awareness.

  In the Sutta Piaka, the Buddha gave two explanations of the term sampajañña. In the Sayutta-Nikāya the Buddha definessampajāno as follows:

Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhusampajāno hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno viditā vedanā uppajjanti, vidita upaṭṭhahanti, vidita abbhattha gacchanti; viditā saññā uppajjanti, viditā upaṭṭhahanti, viditā abbhattha gacchanti; viditā vitakkā uppajjanti, viditā upaṭṭhahanti, viditā abbhattha gacchanti. Eva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhusampajāno hoti.2

And how, meditators, does a meditator understand thoroughly? Herein, meditators, a meditator knows sensations arising in him, knows their persisting, and knows their vanishing; he knows perceptions arising in him, knows their persisting, and knows their vanishing;

he knows each initial application (of the mind on an object) arising in him, knows its persisting, and knows its vanishing.

This, meditators, is how a meditator understands thoroughly.

  In the above statement, it becomes clear that one issampajāno only when one realizes the characteristic of impermanence, and that too on the basis of experience of sensation (viditā vedanā). If this is not realized through vedanā, then it is merely an intellectualization, as our fundamental contact with the world is based on sensation. It is through sensation that direct experience occurs. The statement further indicates that sampajāno lies in experiencing the impermanence of vedanā, vitakka (the initial application of the mind on an object) and saññā (perception). Here we should note that impermanence of vedanā is to be realized first because according to the Buddha:@

Vedanā-samosaraṇā sabbe dhammā.3 Everything that arises in the mind is accompanied by sensation.

  The second explanation given by the Buddha of sampajañña emphasizes that it must be continuous. He states:

Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhusampajāno hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu abhikkante paikkante sampajānakāri hoti. Ālokite vilokite sampajānakāri hoti. Samiñjite pasārite sampajānakāri hoti. Saghai-patta- civara-dharae sampajānakāri hoti.

Asite pīte khāyite sāyite sampajānakāri hoti. Uccāra-passāva-kamme sampajānakāri hoti. Gate hite nisinne sutte jāgarite bhāsite tuhī-bhāve sampajānakāri hoti.4

And how, meditators, does a meditator understand thoroughly? Again, meditators, a meditator in going forwards and backwards understands impermanence thoroughly, in looking straight ahead and sideways understands impermanence thoroughly, in bending

and stretching understands impermanence thoroughly, in wearing the robes and carrying the bowl understands impermanence thoroughly, in chewing and drinking, eating and savouring understands impermanence thoroughly, in attending to the calls of nature understands impermanence thoroughly, in walking, standing, sitting, sleeping and waking, speaking and remaining silent understands impermanence thoroughly.

  The same passage has been repeated in other suttas, including the section on sampajañña under Kāyānupassanā in the MahāSatipaṭṭhāna-sutta.

  The emphasis on the continuity of sampajañña is very clear. One should develop constant thorough understanding of impermanence in whatever one does: in walking forward and backward, in looking straight and sideways, in bending and stretching, in wearing robes and so on. In sitting, in standing and even in sleeping one has to experience constant thorough understanding of impermanence. This is sampajañña.

 

It becomes clear that the Buddha's teaching is not for intellectual entertainment but for direct experience, because this alone can free one from the ingrained habit pattern of reacting with craving and aversion.

 

With proper understanding of the teaching of the Buddha, it becomes clear that if this continuous sampajañña consists only of the thorough understanding of the processes of walking, eating and other activities of the body, then it is merely sati. If, however, the constant thorough understanding includes the characteristic of arising and passing away of vedanā while the meditator is performing these activities, then this is paññā. This is what the Buddha wanted people to practise.

  The Buddha describes this more specifically in a passage from the Aguttara-Nikāya, using language that is bound to bring to mind the sampajāna-pabba of the MahāSatipaṭṭhāna- sutta:

Yata care yata tiṭṭhe, yata acche yata saye, yata samiñjaye bhikkhu, yatamena pasāraye, uddha

tiriya apacina, yāvatā jagato gati, samavekkhitā ca dhammāna khandāna udayabbaya.5

Whether the meditator walks or stands or sits or lies, whether he bends or stretches, above, across, backwards, whatever his course in the world, he observes the arising and passing away of the aggregates.

  Thus the emphasis is on the continuity of awareness of anicca (impermanence) with the base of body sensation. The Buddha frequently stressed that the meditator should not lose the thorough understanding of impermanence even for a moment: sampajañña na riñcati.6

 For a meditator who follows his advice on the proper practice of Vipassana, beingsampajāno without any interruption, the Buddha gives the following assurance: either the meditator will attain the highest stage (arahata) or the penultimate stage (anāgāmitā).7

  Every language, however rich it may be, has its limitations and we cannot expect even the richest of languages to be capable of giving precise equivalents to the technical Pāli words used by the Buddha. If the term sampajañña is translated too concisely into English its meaning can be lost. It has usually been translated as "clear comprehension," "bare comprehension," etc. Superficially these translations appear to be correct. Some have taken this to mean that one must merely have clear comprehension of bodily activities. The limitations of this translation may have had the effect of misleading some meditators on the path of Dhamma. The Buddha clearly emphasized the thorough understanding of anicca in all bodily and mental activities. Therefore, to understand the term sampajañña, we have translated it as: "The constant thorough understanding of impermanence." It is felt that this translation conveys more fully the precise meaning of the term used by the Buddha.

 

Notes:

1. Digha-Nikāya II, Nal. 2Ā, PTS 314.

2. Sayutta-Nikāya V, Nal. 155-6, PTS 180-1.

3. Aguttara-Nikāya, Nal. IV. 184, PTS V. 107.

4. Digha-Nikāya II, Nal. 76, PTS 95.

5. Aguttara-Nikāya II, Nal. 16, PTS 14.

6. Sayutta-Nikāya IV, Nal. 194, PTS 218.

7. Digha-Nikāya II, Nal. 235, PTS 251.

 

 

 

Sampajañña \ –³í‚Ì“O’ꂵ‚½—‰ð

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Katama ca, bhikkhave, sammā- sati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye

kāyānupassi viharati ātapisampajāno

satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhā- domanassa.1

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Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno viditā vedanā uppajjanti, vidita upaṭṭhahanti, vidita abbhattha gacchanti; viditā saññā uppajjanti, viditā upaṭṭhahanti, viditā abbhattha gacchanti; viditā vitakkā uppajjanti, viditā upaṭṭhahanti, viditā abbhattha gacchanti. Eva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhusampajāno hoti.2

‚Å‚ÍA”ä‹uiáÒ‘zŽÒj‚½‚¿‚æAáÒ‘zŽÒ‚͂ǂ̂悤‚É‚µ‚ÄŠ®‘S‚É—‰ð‚·‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©BáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍŽ©•ª‚Ì’†‚ɶ‚¶‚銴Šo‚ð’m‚èA‚»‚ÌŽ‘±‚ð’m‚èA‚»‚ÌÁ–Å‚ð’m‚è‚Ü‚·BáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍŽ©•ª‚Ì’†‚ɶ‚¶‚é’mŠo‚ð’m‚èA‚»‚ÌŽ‘±‚ð’m‚èA‚»‚ÌÁ–Å‚ð’m‚è‚Ü‚·B

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áÒ‘zŽÒ‚æA‚±‚ꂪáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ªŠ®‘S‚É—‰ð‚·‚é•û–@‚Å‚·B

@ã‹L‚Ì‹Lq‚©‚çAl‚Í–³í‚Ì“Á«‚ðŽÀŠ´‚µ‚½‚Æ‚«‚ɂ̂ÝA‚µ‚©‚àŠ´Šo‚ÌŒoŒ±ividitā vedanāj‚ÉŠî‚¢‚ÄAsampajāno‚ƂȂ邱‚Æ‚ª–¾‚ç‚©‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·B‚à‚µ‚±‚ꂪvedanā‚ð’Ê‚µ‚ÄŽÀŒ»‚³‚ê‚È‚¢‚È‚çA‚»‚ê‚Í’P‚È‚é’m«‰»‚ɉ߂¬‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚È‚º‚È‚çAŽ„‚½‚¿‚Ì¢ŠE‚Ƃ̪–{“I‚ÈÚG‚ÍŠ´Šo‚ÉŠî‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚·B’¼Ú“I‚ÈŒoŒ±‚ÍŠ´Šo‚ð’Ê‚µ‚Ä‹N‚±‚é‚̂ł·B‚±‚Ì‹Lq‚Í‚³‚ç‚ÉAsampajāno‚Æ‚ÍAvedanāAvitakkai‘ÎÛ‚Ö‚ÌS‚Ìʼn‚Ì“­‚«jA‚»‚µ‚Äsaññāi’mŠoj‚Ì–³í‚ðŒoŒ±‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚±‚ÅAƒuƒbƒ_‚É‚æ‚ê‚ÎAvedanā‚Ì–³í«‚ªÅ‰‚É”Fޝ‚³‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚ ‚邱‚ƂɒˆÓ‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B

Vedanā-samosaraā sabbe dhammā.3 S‚ɶ‚¶‚é‚·‚ׂĂ̂à‚̂ɂ͊´Šo‚ª”º‚¢‚Ü‚·B

  ƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì2 ”Ô–Ú‚Ìsampajañña ‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Ìà–¾‚ÍA‚»‚ꂪŒp‘±“I‚łȂ¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ð‹­’²‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B”Þ‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚Éà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhusampajāno hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu abhikkante paikkante sampajānakāri hoti. Ālokite vilokite sampajānakāri hoti. Samiñjite pasārite sampajānakāri hoti. Saghai-patta- civara-dharae sampajānakāri hoti.

Asite pīte khāyite sāyite sampajānakāri hoti. Uccāra-passāva-kamme sampajānakāri hoti. Gate hite nisinne sutte jāgarite bhāsite tuhī-bhāve sampajānakāri hoti.4

‚»‚µ‚ÄA”ä‹uiáÒ‘zŽÒj‚ÌŠF‚³‚ñAáÒ‘zŽÒ‚͂ǂ̂悤‚É‚µ‚ÄŠ®‘S‚É—‰ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H‚Ü‚½AáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍA‘O‚Éi‚ñ‚¾‚èŒã‚ë‚É–ß‚Á‚½‚è‚·‚鎞‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µA‘O‚ðŒü‚¢‚½‚艡‚ðŒü‚¢‚½‚è‚·‚鎞‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µA‘Ì‚ð‹È‚°‚½‚èL‚΂µ‚½‚è‚·‚鎞‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µAŒU¾‚ð’…‚½‚è˜o‚ðŽ‚Á‚½‚è‚·‚鎞‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µAŠš‚ñ‚¾‚èˆù‚ñ‚¾‚èH‚ׂ½‚肵‚Ä–¡‚í‚¤Žž‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µA‘å•ւ⬕ւ̎ž‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µA•à‚«A—§‚¿AÀ‚èA–°‚èA–ÚŠo‚ßA˜b‚µA–Ù‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚鎞‚É‚à–³í‚ð“O’ê“I‚É—‰ð‚µ‚Ü‚·B

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Yata care yata tiṭṭhe, yata acche yata saye, yata samiñjaye bhikkhu, yatamena pasāraye, uddha

tiriya apacina, yāvatā jagato gati, samavekkhitā ca dhammāna khandāna udayabbaya.5

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sampajañña na riñcati.6 @@sampajañña‚ª’f‚½‚ê‚邱‚ƂȂ­iŽÌ‚Ä‚ç‚ê‚邱‚ƂȂ­j

@ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚̳‚µ‚¢Cs‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì•Œ¾‚É]‚¢A’†’f‚·‚邱‚ƂȂ­sampajāno‚ð•Û‚ÂáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ɑ΂µ‚ÄAƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍŽŸ‚̂悤‚É•ÛØ‚µ‚Ü‚·BuáÒ‘zŽÒ‚ÍÅ‚‚Ì‹«’niarahataj‚©AŌォ‚ç“ñ”Ô–Ú‚Ì‹«’nianāgāmitāj‚É’B‚·‚é‚Å‚µ‚傤Bv7

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’F

1. Digha-Nikāya II, Nal. 2Ā, PTS 314.

2. Sayutta-Nikāya V, Nal. 155-6, PTS 180-1.

3. Aguttara-Nikāya, Nal. IV. 184, PTS V. 107.

4. Digha-Nikāya II, Nal. 76, PTS 95.

5. Aguttara-Nikāya II, Nal. 16, PTS 14.

6. Sayutta-Nikāya IV, Nal. 194, PTS 218.

7. Digha-Nikāya II, Nal. 235, PTS 251.

 

 

 

Vedanā in Paicca samuppāda

Vipassana Research Institute

    Paiccasamuppāda (the Law of Dependent Origination)  is fundamental to the teaching of the Buddha. Emphasizing its importance, the Buddha said:

Yo paiccasamuppāda passati, so dhamma passati.

Yo dhamma passati,

so paiccasamuppāda passati.1

One who sees paicca samuppāda sees the Dhamma.

One who sees the Dhamma sees paicca samuppāda.

  Paicca samuppāda explains that sasāra, the process of repeated existences, is perpetuated by a chain of interconnected links of cause and effect; it also reveals the method of breaking this chain and putting an end to the process.

The Buddha said:

Tahādutiyo puriso, dighamaddhāna sasāra Itthabhāvaññathābhāva, sasāra nātivattati.2

The man with craving as his companion has been flowing in the stream of repeated existences from time immemorial. He comes into being, experiences various types of miseries, dies again and again, and does not put an end to this unbroken process of becoming.

  This is sasāra, the world of suffering, as explained by the Buddha. He further said:

Etamādinava ñtvā,

ta dukkhassa sambhava Vītataho anādāno,

sato bhikkhu paribbaje.3

Rightly understanding the perils of this process, realizing fully craving as its cause,

becoming free from craving and attachment, one should mindfully lead the life of detachment.

  Such an approach, he said, will have great benefit:

Nandī-sayojano loko, vitakkassa vicārana Tahāya vippahanena, nibbāna iti vuccati.4

Pleasure is the binding force in the world.

Rolling thought processes are its ever- changing base.

With the complete eradication of craving, The state called nibbāna is attained.

  These statements made by the Buddha describe the nature of sasāra, the state of suffering, and the nature of nibbāna, the state of final emancipation. But how can detachment be developed, and craving eradicated?

  This is the practical aspect of Dhamma discovered by Siddhattha Gotama, the realization that made him a Buddha (enlightened one), and that he in turn revealed to the world by the doctrine of Paiccasamuppāda.

  According to this doctrine, twelve links form the wheel of becoming (bhava-cakka). They are:

 

1. avijjā         (ignorance)

2. sakhāra         (volitional activities)

3. viññāa           (consciousness)

4. nāma-rūpa      (mind and matter)

5. saāyatana      (six sense doors)

6. phassa             (contact)

7. vedanā            (sensation)

8. ta          (craving)

9. upādāna          (clinging)

10. bhava            (becoming)

11. jati           (birth)

12. jara-maraa  (decay and death)

 

Dependent on avijjā there arises sakhāra;

dependent on sakhāra there arises viññāa;

dependent on viññāa there arises nāma- rūpa;

dependent on nāma-rūpa there arises saāyatana;

dependent on saāyatana there arises phassa;

dependent on phassa there arises vedanā; dependent on vedanā there arises tahā; dependent on tahā there arises upādāna.

Thus this vicious circle of misery rotates on and on.

  In other words, the origin of each link depends upon the preceding one. As long as this chain of twelve causal relations operates, the wheel of becoming (bhava-cakka) keeps turning, bringing nothing but suffering. This process of cause and effect is called anuloma- paicca samuppāda (the Law of Dependent Origination in forward order). Every link of anuloma results in misery (dukkha), as a result of avijjā which is at the base of every link. Thus the process of anuloma clarifies the first two Noble Truths, dukkha-sacca (suffering), and samudaya-sacca (its origination and multiplication).

  Our task is to emerge from this bhava- cakka of dukkha. Explaining how to do so, the Buddha said that when any one of the links of the chain is broken, the wheel of becoming comes to an end, resulting in the cessation of suffering. This is called pailoma- paicca samuppāda (the Law of Dependent Origination in reverse order) which clarifies the third and fourth Noble Truths, nirodha- sacca (the cessation of suffering), and nirodha-gāminī-paipadā-sacca (the path that leads to the cessation of suffering). How can that be achieved? Which link of the chain can be broken?

  Through deep insight, the Buddha discovered that the crucial link is vedanā. In the anuloma-paicca samuppāda, he says "vedanā-paccaya tahā" (with the base of sensation, craving and aversion arise). Vedanā is the cause of tahā, which gives rise to dukkha. In order to remove the cause of dukkha or tahā, therefore, one must not allow vedanā to connect with tahā; in other words, one must practise Vipassana meditation at this juncture so that avijjā becomes vijjā, or paññā (wisdom). One has to observe vedanā, to experience and to comprehend the truth of its arising and passing away, i.e., anicca.

  Through Vipassana meditation, as one experiences vedanā properly, one comes out of the delusion of nicca-saññā (perception of permanence) by the development of anicca-bodha or aniccavijjā (the wisdom of impermanence) towards vedanā. This is practised by observing with equanimity the arising and passing away of vedanā. With anicca-bodha, the habit pattern of the mind changes. Instead of the earlier pattern of vedanā-paccaya tahā, through aniccavijjā it becomes vedanā-paccaya paññā (with the base of sensation wisdom arises). As paññā becomes stronger and stronger, naturally the saññā, and with it tahā, becomes weaker and weaker. The process of the multiplication of suffering with the base of avijjā then becomes the process of the cessation of suffering, with vijjā as the base. As this process continues, a time comes where there is the complete cessation of vedanā as well as tahā: "vedanā-nirodhā, tahā-nirodho" (with the cessation of sensation, craving and aversion cease).

  This state of emancipation is a state beyond mind and matter, where both vedanā and saññā cease. One can experience this for a few seconds, minutes, hours, or days when, according to one's own capacity, one becomes established in nirodha-samāpatti by practising Vipassana. After the period of nirodha-samāpatti (the attainment of cessation), when one comes back to the sensual field of mind and matter, one again experiences vedanā. But now the whole habit pattern of the mind has been changed, and continued practice leads to the stage where one does not generate aversion or craving at all because the anusaya kilesa and the asava (the deep-rooted mental impurities) are eradicated. In this way by the breaking of one link, vedanā, the whole process is shattered and the wheel of repeated existence is broken completely.

  If we want to advance on the path of liberation, we have to work at the level of vedanā because it is here that the rotation of the wheel of misery can be arrested. With vedanā starts the turning of the bhava-cakka (wheel of becoming), leading (because of avijjā) to vedanā-paccaya tahā, which causes suffering. This is the path which ignorant persons (puthujjana) follow, since they react to vedanā and generate tahā. And from here also the Dhamma-cakka, (wheel of Dhamma) or the wheel of cessation of suffering (dukkha- nirodha-gāminī-paipāda) can start to rotate, leading to vedanā-nirodhā, tahā-nirodho: the end of craving, as a result of aniccavijjā or paññā, leading to the cessation of suffering. This is the path which wise persons (sapaññā) follow by not reacting to vedanā, because they have developed anicca-bodha by the practice of Vipassana.

  Many of the contemporaries of the Buddha held the view that craving causes suffering and that to remove suffering one has to abstain from the objects of craving. In order to develop detachment, the Buddha tackled the problem in a different way. Having learned to examine the depths of his own mind, he realized that between the external object and the mental reflex of craving is a missing link: vedanā (sensation). Whenever we encounter an object through the five physical senses or the mind, a sensation arises; and based on the sensation, tahā arises. If the sensation is pleasant we crave to prolong it, and if it is unpleasant we crave to be rid of it. It is in the chain of Dependent Origination that the Buddha expressed his profound discovery.

Phassa-paccaya vedanā Vedanā-paccaya tahā.5

Dependent on contact, sensation arises. Dependent on sensation, craving arises.

  The immediate cause for the arising of craving and of suffering is, therefore, not something outside of us but rather the sensations that occur within us. To free ourselves from craving and suffering we must deal with this inner reality of sensations. Doing so is the practical way to emerge from suffering. By developing aniccavijjā (the wisdom of impermanence) we learn to cut the knots of our misery and witness the true nature of Dhamma. Vedanā then is the cause of our bondage when not properly observed, as well as the means of our liberation when properly observed by understanding the Dhamma, the law of paicca samuppāda.

 

Notes

1. Majjhima-Nikāya I, Nal. 241, PTS 191.

2. Suttanipāta, verse 339, Nal. 383, PTS 139.

3. Ibid., verse Ā0, Nal. 383, PTS 140.

4. Sayutta-Nikāya I, Nal. 37, PTS 39; Suttanipāta,

verse 1Ā, Nal. 436, PTS 202.

5. Vinaya, Mahāvagga, Nal. 3, PTS 2.

 

 

Paicca samuppāda ‚Ì Vedanā

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 Paiccasamuppādai‰‹N‚Ì–@‘¥j‚̓uƒbƒ_‚Ì‹³‚¦‚ÌŠî–{‚Å‚·Bƒuƒbƒ_‚Í‚»‚Ìd—v«‚ð‹­’²‚µ‚ÄŽŸ‚̂悤‚ÉŒ¾‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B

 

Yo paiccasamuppāda passati, so dhamma passati.

Yo dhamma passati,so paiccasamuppāda passati.1

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Tahādutiyo puriso, dighamaddhāna sasāra Itthabhāvaññathābhāva, sasāra nātivattati.2

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Etamādinava ñtvā,

ta dukkhassa sambhava Vītataho anādāno,

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@Œ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎA‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚ÌƒŠƒ“ƒN‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚ÍA‘O‚ÌƒŠƒ“ƒN‚Ɉˋ’‚µ‚Ă܂·B‚±‚Ì12‚̈ö‰ÊŠÖŒW‚̘A½‚ª‹@”\‚·‚éŒÀ‚èA¶¬‚Ì—Öibhava-cakkaj‚͉ñ‚葱‚¯A‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚¾‚¯‚ð‚à‚½‚炵‚Ü‚·B‚±‚̈ö‰Ê‚̉ߒö‚ÍAanuloma- paicca samuppāda (i‡•ûŒü‚̉‹N‚Ì–@‘¥j‚ƌĂ΂ê‚éBanuloma‚Ì‚ ‚ç‚ä‚é—Ö‚ÍA‚ ‚ç‚ä‚é—ւ̪’ê‚É‚ ‚éavijjāi–³’mj‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄA‹ê‚µ‚Ýidukkhaj‚ð‚à‚½‚炵‚Ü‚·B‚±‚̂悤‚ÉAanuloma‚̉ߒö‚ÍAʼn‚Ì“ñ‚‚̹‚È‚é^—Adukkha saccai‹ê‚µ‚Ýj‚Æsamudaya-saccai‹ê‚µ‚݂̋NŒ¹‚Æ‘Bj‚𖾂炩‚É‚µ‚Ü‚·B

@Ž„‚½‚¿‚̉ۑè‚ÍA‚±‚Ìdukkha‚Ìbhava-cakkai¶¬‚Ì—Öj‚©‚ç’E‹p‚·‚邱‚Ƃł·B‚»‚Ì•û–@‚ðà–¾‚·‚é‚É‚ ‚½‚èAƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍA—ւ̽‚̈ê‚Â‚Å‚àØ‚ê‚ÎA¶¬‚Ì—Ö‚ªI‚í‚èA‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ªÁ–Å‚·‚é‚Æà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚Ípailoma- paicca samuppādai‰‹N‚Ì–@‘¥‚Ì‹t‡j‚ƌĂ΂êA‘æŽO‚Æ‘æŽl‚̹‚È‚é^—Anirodha saccai‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÌÁ–Åjnirodha-gāminī-paipadā-saccai‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÌÁ–Å‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹j‚𖾂炩‚É‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚ǂ̂悤‚É‚µ‚Ä‚»‚ê‚Í’B¬‚Å‚«‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H½‚̂ǂ̗ւð’f‚¿Ø‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H

[‚¢“´Ž@‚ð’Ê‚µ‚ÄAƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍŒˆ’è“I‚ÈŒq‚ª‚è‚Ívedanā‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Ƃ𔭌©‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B”Þ‚Íuvedanā paccaya taviŠ´Šo‚ðŠî”Õ‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠ‰ˆ¤‚ÆŒ™ˆ«‚ª¶‚¶‚éj‚Æanuloma-paicca samuppāda‚Ì’†‚Åà‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·Bvedanā‚Íta‚ÌŒ´ˆö‚Å‚ ‚èAta‚Ídukkhai‹êj‚ðˆø‚«‹N‚±‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAdukkhaA‚·‚Ȃ킿ta‚ÌŒ´ˆö‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚­‚½‚߂ɂÍAvedanā‚ªta‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚­‚±‚Æ‚ð‹–‚µ‚Ă͂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñBŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎA‚±‚Ì’iŠK‚Ń”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ðŽÀ‘H‚µA–³’miavijjāj‚ª‰b’qivijjājA‚·‚Ȃ킿paññāi’qŒdj‚Æ‚È‚é‚æ‚¤‚É‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñBl‚Ívedanā‚ðŠÏŽ@‚µA‚»‚̶–Å‚Ì^—A‚·‚Ȃ킿–³íianiccaj‚ð‘ÌŒ±‚µA—‰ð‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñB

@ƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[áÒ‘z‚ð’Ê‚µ‚ÄAvedanā‚𳂵‚­‘ÌŒ±‚·‚é‚ɂ‚ê‚ÄAl‚Í–³í‚ÌŽÀŠ´ianicca-bodhaj‚·‚Ȃ킿vedanā ‚É‘Î‚·‚éaniccavijjāi–³í‚Ì’qŒdj‚ð”­“W‚³‚¹‚邱‚Æ‚ÅAnicca-saññāi‰i‘±«‚Ì”Fޝj‚Æ‚¢‚¤–Ï‘z‚©‚甲‚¯o‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍAvedanā‚̶–Å‚ð•½Ã‚ÉŠÏŽ@‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚ÄŽÀ‘H‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B

@–³í‚ÌŽÀŠ´ianicca-bodhaj‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAS‚ÌK«‚͕ω»‚µ‚Ü‚·BˆÈ‘O‚Ìvedanā paccaya taiŠ´Šo‚ðŠî”Õ‚Æ‚µ‚½Š‰ˆ¤‚Ì”­¶j‚Æ‚¢‚¤ƒpƒ^[ƒ“‚©‚çA–³í‚Ì’qŒdianicca vijjāj‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ävedanā paccaya paññāiŠ´Šo‚ðŠî”Õ‚Æ‚µ‚½’qŒd‚Ì”­¶j‚ւƕω»‚µ‚Ü‚·B

@paññā[‚ª‚Ü‚·‚Ü‚·‹­‚­‚È‚é‚ɂ‚êAsaññāA‚»‚µ‚Ä‚»‚ê‚Æ‚Æ‚à‚Éta‚àŽ©‘R‚ɂ܂·‚Ü‚·Žã‚Ü‚è‚Ü‚·B–³’miavijjāj‚ðŠî”Õ‚Æ‚µ‚½‹ê‚Ì‘B‰ß’ö‚ÍAvijjā‚ðŠî”Õ‚Æ‚µ‚½‹ê‚ÌÁ–ʼnߒö‚ւƕω»‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚̉ߒö‚ª‘±‚­‚ÆAЉˆ¤‚Æ“¯—l‚ÉŠ´Šo‚ÍÁ–Å‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚·‚Ȃ킿Avedan₯ta‚ªŠ®‘S‚ÉÁ–Å‚·‚鎞‚ª—ˆ‚Ü‚·Buvedanā-nirodhā, tahā-nirodhoviŠ´Šo‚ÌÁ–łƂƂà‚ÉŠ‰ˆ¤‚ÆŒ™ˆ«‚àÁ–Å‚·‚éj

there is the complete cessation of vedanā as well as tahā: "vedanā-nirodhā, tahā-nirodho" (with the cessation of sensation, craving and aversion cease).

@‚±‚̉ð’E‚Ì‹«’n‚ÍAS‚Æ•¨Ž¿‚ð’´‰z‚µ‚½‹«’n‚Å‚ ‚èAvedan₯saññā‚Ì—¼•û‚ªÁ–Å‚µ‚Ü‚·B

 

 

Tipitaka‚É‚ ‚édhamma‚ÌŠT”O‚Ìà–¾‚ÍAuuddēsaAniddēsaApainiddēsav‚Ì 3‚‚̃JƒeƒSƒŠ[‚É•ª—Þ‚³‚êA“`’B—p‚ÌŠÈ—ª‚É‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éuuddēsav‚·‚Ȃ킿u”­˜bvAuNiddēsav‚ÍuŠÈŒ‰‚Èà–¾vAupainiddēsav‚ÍA—á‚ð‹“‚°‚ÄÚׂÉà–¾‚µAu“ï‰ð‚Èv“_‚𖾂炩‚É‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 

‚Ü‚½Tipitaka‚É‚ÍAPaisambhidāmaggaANettipakaraaAPeakopadesa‚Æ‚¢‚¤3‚‚̉Šú‚Ì’Žß‚ª•Û‘¶‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚ÄA‚»‚Ì’†‚Ésamphassajā vedan₯‚ ‚éB—Ⴆ‚ÎA

Katamā ca, bhikkhave, vedanā? Chayime, bhikkhave, vedanākāyācakkhusamphassajā vedanā, sotasamphassajā vedanā, ghānasamphassajā vedanā, jivhāsamphassajā vedanā, kāyasamphassajā vedanā, manosamphassajā vedanāAya vuccati, bhikkhave, vedanā.

 

ã‹L‚Ì’Žß‘‚¾‚¯‚ł͂Ȃ­Œo“T‚É‚ ‚é—á‚Å‚ÍASN36.22 Aṭṭhasata SuttaiPāli‰p–ój‚Éphassa‚Ésam‚ª‚‚¢‚ÄsamphassaA‚‚܂èæÃáÑ’s‚ð¶‚¶‚³‚¹‚éÚGB‚Æ•\‹L‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éB

 

‚±‚Ì•¶–¬‚Ìvedanā‚ÍÈ—ªŒ`‚Ȃ̂ÅA³Šm‚ɂ͂½‚¾‚Ìvedanā‚ł͂Ȃ­samphassa ja vēdanā‚ªÁ–Å‚µ‚½‚̂ł ‚Á‚ÄAˆ¢—…Š¿‚ɂȂÁ‚Ä‚ànirāmisa sukhaAnirāmisa dukhaAnirāmisa upekkha‚̃^ƒO‚ª‚‚¢‚½vedanā‚Ì‹@”\‚ªÁ‚¦‚é‚킯‚ł͂Ȃ¢B

SN 36.31 NirāmisasuttaiŒ´•¶E‰pŒê•¹‹Lj

 

 

‚Ü‚½ˆ¢—…Š¿‚ɂȂÁ‚Äsaññā‚ÍÁ‚¦‚Ü‚¹‚ñBÁ‚¦‚é‚Ì‚Ímicchāivipallāsajsaññā‚Å‚·B

saññā ‚Í“Á’¥‚ð‚‚©‚ñ‚щƒxƒ‹•t‚¯‚·‚é“­‚«‚ÅAFE‰¹EŠ´G‚ð‹æ•Ê‚·‚é“úí“I”Fޝ‚Ì‹@”\‚Ȃ̂ÅA¶‚«‚Ä‚éŒÀ‚è•K{‚ÌŒÜå]‚̈ê‚‚ł·B

saññā ‚ªŠ®‘S‚É–³‚­‚È‚é‚Æ”Fޝ•s”\‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·Bˆ¢—…Š¿‚Åu‚È‚­‚È‚é saññāv‚Ínicca-saññāi킾‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œë”FjAsukha-saññāi‰õ‚¾‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œë”FjA atta-saññāi‰ä‚¾‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œë”FjA—~EŒ™ˆ«E–‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚¢‚½ saññāA—v‚·‚é‚É–Ï‘z‚ƃZƒbƒg‚Ì saññā ‚ªâ–Å‚µ‚Ü‚·B

¬—‚ª‹N‚«‚é‚͓̂¯‚¶’PŒê‚¾‚ª‚炾‚ªAˆê”Êl‚Ìsaññā‚ÍöŠo»‘¢‘•’u‚ÅAˆ¢—…Š¿‚Ìsaññā‚ÍŒ»Û•Wޝ‘•’u‚Ȃ̂Œ†g‚ª•Ê•¨B

 

Phassa paccaya vedanā Vedanā paccaya tahā.5

ÅŒã‚ÉŒo“T‚̈ø—p‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·‚ªA‚±‚ê‚ÍuddēsaiŒû“`‹Lqj‚Ȃ̂ÅA‚±‚ê‚ð³Šm‚É‹Lq‚·‚邯A

Samphassa paccaya samphassa ja vēdanā,@samphassa ja vēdanā paccaya tahā.

samphassaA‚·‚Ȃ킿samiæÃáÑ’sj‚Ì‚ ‚éphassa‚Å‚·B

 

 

Ž©g‚Ì”\—͂ɉž‚¶‚ÄAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÌCs‚ð’Ê‚µ‚ÄCsŽÒ‚Énirodha-samāpatti‚ª’è’…‚·‚邯A”•bA”•ªA”ŽžŠÔA‚ ‚é‚¢‚Í”“úŠÔA‚±‚Ì‹«’n‚ð‘ÌŒ±‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·Bnirodha-samāpattiiŽ~–ł̒B¬j‚ÌŠúŠÔ‚ª‰ß‚¬AS‚Æ•¨Ž¿‚ÌŠ´Šo—̈æ‚ɖ߂邯AÄ‚Ñsamphassa-jā ‚Ì‚È‚¢‚½‚¾‚Ìvedanā‚ð‘ÌŒ±‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µA¡‚âS‚ÌKеƒpƒ^[ƒ“‘S‘Ì‚ª•ω»‚µ‚Ä‚¨‚èACs‚𑱂¯‚邱‚Æ‚ÅAanusaya kilesai”Ï”Yj‚Æasavaiª[‚¢S‚̉˜‚êj‚ªªâ‚³‚ê‚邽‚ßAŒ™ˆ«‚⊉–]‚ð‘S‚­¶‚Ýo‚³‚È‚¢’iŠK‚É“ž’B‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚̂悤‚ÉAvedanā samphassa-jā vedan₯‚¢‚¤ˆê‚Â‚ÌƒŠƒ“ƒN‚ª’f‚¿Ø‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ÅA‚·‚ׂẲߒö‚ª•²Ó‚³‚êA—Ö‰ô“]¶‚Ì—Ö‚ÍŠ®‘S‚É’f‚¿Ø‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚·B

@‰ð’E‚Ì“¹‚ð•à‚Ý‚½‚¢‚È‚ç‚ÎAvedanā‚̃Œƒxƒ‹‚Å“w—Í‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚È‚º‚È‚çA‚±‚±‚Å‚±‚»‹ê”Y‚̗ւ̉ñ“]‚ðŽ~‚߂邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚·B‚ƂƂà‚ÉAbhava-cakkai¶¬‚Ì—Öj‚̉ñ“]‚ªŽn‚Ü‚èAi–³–¾‚É‚æ‚Á‚Äjvedanā paccaya ta‚Ö‚Æ“±‚©‚êA‚»‚ꂪ‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ðˆø‚«‹N‚±‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚Í–³’m‚ÈlXiputhujjanaj‚ª’H‚铹‚Å‚ ‚èA”Þ‚ç‚Ívedanā‚É”½‰ž‚µAta‚ð¶‚Ýo‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚»‚µ‚Ä‚±‚Ì“¯‚¶’n“_‚©‚çADhamma-cakkai–@‚Ì—ÖjA‚·‚Ȃ킿‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÌÁ–ł̗Öidukkha- nirodha-gāminī-paipādaj‚à‰ñ“]‚µŽn‚ßAvedanā nirodhaAtanirodha‚Ö‚ÆŽŠ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍA–³í‚Ì’qŒdianicca vijjāj‚·‚Ȃ킿paññā‚ÌŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠ‰ˆ¤‚ªÁ–Å‚µA‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÌÁ–łɂ‚Ȃª‚è‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ÍAƒ”ƒBƒpƒbƒTƒi[‚ÌCs‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä–³í‚ÌŽÀŠ´ianicca-bodhaj‚ð”|‚Á‚½Œ«ŽÒisapaññāj‚ªAvedanā‚É”½‰ž‚µ‚È‚¢‚±‚ƂŒH‚铹‚Å‚·B 

ˆ¢—…Š¿‚ɂȂÁ‚Ä‚àŽè‚Éj‚ðŽh‚µ‚Ēɂ݂ɔ½‰ž‚·‚邱‚Ƃ͂ ‚邪Aˆ¢—…Š¿‚Ì”½‰žsakhāra‚Íta‚ÆŒ‹‚т‚©‚È‚¢‚à‚̂Ȃ̂ÅAvedanā‚É”½‰ž‚µ‚È‚­‚È‚é‚Æ‚Ísamphassa-jā vedanā‚ÉŒÀ’肳‚êAnirāmisa sukhaAnirāmisa dukhaAnirāmisa upekkha‚̃^ƒO‚Ì•t‚¢‚½vedanā‚ɂ͔½‰ž‚·‚邯„Ž@‚Å‚«‚éB

—Ⴆ‚ÎAj‚ðŽh‚µ‚½Žž‚̂悤‚Èdukha‚̃^ƒO‚ª•t‚¢‚½vedanā‚͈ê”Êl‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ä‚àAˆÓ}‚𔺂í‚È‚¢g‘Ì”½‰ž‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŠ®Œ‹i‚»‚ÌŒã‚ɈӖ¡•t‚¯‚â•]‰¿‚╨Œê‰»‚ª‚È‚¯‚ê‚Îj‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚ê‚ÎA‚·‚®‚ÉÁ‚¦‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¤”½‰ž‚Æ‚µ‚ÄAkamma‚ª•t‚·‚ésakhāra‚ɂ͂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚ªAŽÀۂ͈¢—…Š¿‚ɂȂç‚È‚¢‚ÆŠ®‘S‚ÉÁ‚·‚͓̂‚¢B

 

@ƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì“¯Žž‘ãl‚Ì‘½‚­‚ÍAЉˆ¤‚ª‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ðˆø‚«‹N‚±‚µA‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚­‚ɂ͊‰ˆ¤‚Ì‘ÎÛ‚ð’f‚•K—v‚ª‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤Œ©‰ð‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½Bƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍA–³Ž·’…‚ð—{‚¤‚½‚ß‚ÉA‚±‚Ì–â‘è‚ɕʂ̕û–@‚ÅŽæ‚è‘g‚݂܂µ‚½BŽ©‚ç‚ÌS‚Ì[•£‚ð’T‹‚·‚ép‚ðg‚ɂ‚¯‚½”Þ‚ÍAŠOŠE‚Ì‘ÎÛ‚ÆŠ‰ˆ¤‚Æ‚¢‚¤S‚Ì”½ŽË‚ÌŠÔ‚É‚ÍAŒ‡‚¯‚Ä‚¢‚郊ƒ“ƒNA‚·‚Ȃ킿samphassa-jā iƒGƒlƒ‹ƒM[‚Ì”º‚Á‚½ÚGj vedanāiŠ´Šoj‚ª‚ ‚邱‚ƂɋC‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½BŽ„‚½‚¿‚ªŒÜŠ´‚âS‚ð’Ê‚µ‚Ä‘ÎÛ‚Éo‰ï‚¤‚½‚Ñ‚ÉAiƒGƒlƒ‹ƒM[‚Ì”º‚Á‚½jŠ´Šo‚ª¶‚¶A‚»‚ÌŠ´Šo‚ÉŠî‚¢‚Äta‚ª¶‚¶‚Ü‚·BŠ´Šo‚ª‰õ‚¢‚È‚çAŽ„‚½‚¿‚Í‚»‚ê‚ð’·‚­‘±‚¯‚悤‚ÆŠ‰–]‚µA•s‰õ‚È‚çA‚»‚ê‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚«‚½‚¢‚ÆŠ‰–]‚µ‚Ü‚·Bƒuƒbƒ_‚͉‹N‚̘A½‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄA‚±‚Ì[‰“‚È”­Œ©‚ð•\Œ»‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B

Phassa paccaya vedanā Vedanā paccaya tahā.5

ÚG‚Ɉˋ’‚µ‚ÄŠ´Šo‚ª¶‚¶AŠ´Šo‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŠ‰–]‚ª¶‚¶‚éB

ÅŒã‚ÉŒo“T‚̈ø—p‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·‚ªA‚±‚ê‚ÍuddēsaiŒû“`‹Lqj‚Ȃ̂ÅA‚±‚ê‚ð³Šm‚É‹Lq‚·‚邯A

Samphassa paccaya samphassa ja vēdanā,@samphassa ja vēdanā paccaya tahā.

samphassaA‚·‚Ȃ킿samiæÃáÑ’sj‚Ì‚ ‚éphassa‚Å‚·B

 

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)Notes

1. Majjhima-Nikāya I, Nal. 241, PTS 191.

2. Suttanipāta, verse 339, Nal. 383, PTS 139.

3. Ibid., verse Ā0, Nal. 383, PTS 140.

4. Sayutta-Nikāya I, Nal. 37, PTS 39; Suttanipāta, verse 1Ā, Nal. 436, PTS 202.

5. Vinaya, Mahāvagga, Nal. 3, PTS 2.

 

 

 

Vedanā in the Practice of Satipaṭṭhāna

Vipassana Research Institute

  The practice of the four-fold Satipaṭṭhāna, the establishing of awareness, was highly praised by the Buddha in the suttas (discourses). Mentioning its importance in the MahāSatipaṭṭhāna-sutta, the Buddha called it ekayano maggo-"the only way for the purification of beings, for overcoming sorrow, for the extinguishing of suffering, for entering the path of truth and experiencing nibbāna (liberation)."1

  In this sutta, the Buddha presented a practical method for developing self- knowledge by means of Kāyānupassanā (constant observation of the body), vedanānupassanā (constant observation of sensation), cittānupassanā (constant observation of the mind), and dhammānupassanā (constant observation of the contents of the mind).2

  To explore the truth about ourselves, we must examine what we are: body and mind. We must learn to directly observe these within ourselves. Accordingly, we must keep three points in mind: 1) The reality of the body may be imagined by contemplation, but to experience it directly one must work with vedanā (bodily sensation) arising within it. 2) Similarly, the actual experience of the mind is attained by working with the contents of the mind. Therefore, as body and sensation cannot be experienced separately, the mind cannot be observed apart from the contents of the mind.

3) Mind and matter are so closely interrelated that the contents of the mind always manifest themselves as sensation in the body. For this reason the Buddha said:

Vedanā-samosaraā sabbe dhammā.3

Whatever arises in the mind is accompanied by sensation.

  Therefore, observation of sensation offers a means-indeed the only means-to examine the totality of our being, physical as well as mental.

  There are four dimensions to our nature: the body and its sensations, and the mind and its contents. These provide four avenues for the establishing of awareness in Satipaṭṭhāna. In order that the observation be complete, every facet must be experienced, as it can by means of vedanā. This exploration of truth will remove the delusions we have about ourselves. Likewise, to come out of the delusion about the world outside, the truth about the contact of the outside world with our own mind-and- matter phenomenon must be explored.

  The outside world comes in contact with the individual only at the six sense doors: the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind. As all these sense doors are contained in the body, every contact of the outside world is at the body level. According to the law of nature, with every contact there is bound to be sensation. Every time there is a contact with any of the six sense objects, a sensation will arise on the body. Therefore, just as the understanding of vedanā is absolutely essential to understand the interaction between mind and matter within ourselves, the same understanding of vedanā is essential to understand the interaction of the outside world with the individual.

  If this exploration of truth were to be attempted by contemplation or intellectualization, we could have easily ignored the importance of vedanā. However the crux of the Buddha's teaching is the necessity of understanding the truth not merely at the intellectual level, but by direct experience. For this reason vedanā is defined as follows:

vedetī ti vedanā, vedayati lakkhaā, anubhavanarasā...4

That which feels the object is vedanā; its characteristic is to experience, its function is to realize the object...

  However, merely to feel the sensations within is not enough to remove our delusions. Instead, it is essential to understand the ti-lakkhaa (three characteristics) of all phenomena. We must directly experience anicca (impermanence), dukkha (suffering), and anattā (substancelessness) within ourselves. Of these three the Buddha always gave importance to anicca because the realization of the other two will easily follow when we have experienced deeply the characteristic of impermanence. In the Meghiya-sutta of the Udana he said:

Aniccasaññino hi, Meghiya, anattāsaññā sahati, anattāsaññi asmimanasamugghāta papuṇāti diṭṭheva dhamme nibbāna.5

In him, Meghiya, who is conscious of impermanence the consciousness of what is substanceless is established. He who is conscious of what is substanceless wins the uprooting of the pride of egotism in this very life, namely, he realizes nibbāna.

  Therefore, in the practice of Satipaṭṭhāna, the experience of anicca, arising and passing away, plays a crucial role.

  The MahāSatipaṭṭhāna sutta begins with the observation of the body. Here several different starting points are explained: observing respiration, giving attention to bodily movements, etc. It is from these points that we progressively can develop vedanānupassanā, cittānupassanā and dhammānupassanā. However, no matter where the journey starts, there come stations through which everyone must pass on the way to the final goal. These are described in important sentences repeated not only at the end of each section of Kāyānupassanā but also at the end of vedanānupassanā, cittānupassanā and each section of dhammānupassanā. They are:

1. Samudaya-dhammānupassī viharati

2. Vaya-dhammānupassī viharati

3. Samudaya-vaya-dhammānupassī viharati.6

1. One dwells observing the phenomenon of arising.

2. One dwells observing the phenomenon of passing away.

3. One dwells observing the phenomenon of arising and passing away.

  These sentences reveal the essence of the practice of Satipaṭṭhāna. Unless these three levels of anicca are practised, we will not have wisdom. Therefore, in order to practise any of the four-fold Satipaṭṭhāna one has to develop the constant thorough understanding of impermanence known as sampajañña in Pāli. In other words, one must meditate on the arising and passing away of phenomena (anicca-bodha), objectively observing mind and matter without reaction. The realization of samudaya-vaya-dhamma (impermanence) should not be merely a contemplation, or process of thinking, or imagination or even believing; it should be performed with paccanubhoti (direct experience). Here the observation of vedanā plays its vital role, because with vedanā a meditator very clearly and tangibly realizes samudaya-vaya (arising and passing away).7 Sampajañña in fact is knowing the arising and passing away of vedanā and thereby all four facets of our being.

  It is for this reason that in each of the four Satipaṭṭhāna, beingsampajāno, as well as being ātāpi (ardent) and satimā (aware) are essential qualities and the three are invariably repeated for each of the Satipaṭṭhāna. And as the Buddha explained, sampajañña is observing the arising and passing away of vedanā.8 Hence the part played by vedanā in the practice of Satipaṭṭhāna should not be ignored, or this practice of Satipaṭṭhāna will not be complete.

In the words of the Buddha:

Tisso imā, bhikkhave, vedanā. Katamā tisso? Sukhā vedanā, dukkhā vedanā, adukkhamasukhā vedanā-imā kho, bhikkhave, tisso vedanā. Imasa kho, bhikkhave, tissanna vedanāna pariññāya cattāro Satipaṭṭhānā bhāvetabba.9

Meditators, there are three types of bodily sensations. What are the three? Pleasant sensations, unpleasant sensations and neutral sensations. Practise, meditators, the four-fold Satipaṭṭhāna for the complete understanding of these three sensations.

  The practice of Satipaṭṭhāna is complete only when one directly experiences impermanence. Bodily sensation provides the nexus where the entire mind and body are tangibly revealed as an impermanent phenomenon leading to liberation.

 

Notes:

1. Digha-nikāya II, Nal. 217, PTS 290.

2. Loc. cit.

3. Aguttara-nikāya, Nal. IV, 184; PTS V, 107.

4. Abhidhammattha-sagaho, Hindi translation and commentary by Ven. Dr. U. Rewata Dhamma, Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishva Vidyalaya, Varanasi, Vol. I p. 101.

5. Udāna, Nal. 105, PTS 37.

6. Digha-nikāya II, Nal. 218-2Ā, PTS 292-314.

7. See footnote 5.

8. Sayutta-nikāya V, Nal. 155, PTS 180.

9. Ibid. V, Nal. 163, PTS 180.

 

 

For me, one who is practising sīla, samādhi and paññā is a true follower of the teachings of all the Buddhas. It doesn't matter by what name he calls himself. If one does not practise sīla, samādhi and paññā and yet calls himself a Buddhist,

I feel sorry for him.

-S.N. Goenka

 

 

ƒTƒeƒBƒpƒbƒ^[ƒi‚ÌŽÀ‘H‚É‚¨‚¯‚évedanā

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Vedanā-samosaraā sabbe dhammā 3

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@ vedetī ti vedanā, vedayati lakkhaā, anubhavanarasā...4

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Aniccasaññino hi, Meghiya, anattāsaññā sahati, anattāsaññi asmimanasamugghāta papuṇāti diṭṭheva dhamme nibbāna.5

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MahāSatipaṭṭhāna sutta‚ÍAg‘̂̊ώ@‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚è‚Ü‚·B‚±‚±‚Å‚ÍAŒÄ‹z‚ÌŠÏŽ@Ag‘̂̓®‚«‚Ö‚Ì’ˆÓ‚ÌŒü‚¯•û‚È‚ÇA‚¢‚­‚‚©‚Ìo”­“_‚ªà–¾‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì“_‚©‚çAŽ„‚½‚¿‚ÍvedanānupassanāAcittānupassanāAdhammānupassanā‚Ö‚Æ’iŠK“I‚É”­“W‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚­‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µA—·‚Ìo”­“_‚ª‚Ç‚±‚Å‚ ‚낤‚ÆAÅI–Ú“I’n‚ÉŽŠ‚é“¹’ö‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄA’N‚à‚ª’ʉ߂µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‰w‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ç‚Íd—v‚È‹å‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‹L‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B

 

‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì•¶‚ÍAKāyānupassanā‚ÌŠeß‚ÌI‚í‚肾‚¯‚łȂ­AvedanānupassanāAcittānupassanāA‚»‚µ‚Ädhammānupassanā‚ÌŠeß‚ÌI‚í‚è‚É‚àŒJ‚è•Ô‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ê‚ç‚͈ȉº‚̂Ƃ¨‚è‚Å‚·B

1. Samudaya-dhammānupassī viharati

2. Vaya-dhammānupassī viharati

3. Samudaya-vaya-dhammānupassī viharati.6

1. ¶‹N‚ÌŒ»Û‚ðŠÏŽ@‚µ‚È‚ª‚ç‚»‚±‚É€‚Ü‚éB

2. Á–ł̌»Û‚ðŠÏŽ@‚µ‚È‚ª‚ç‚»‚±‚É€‚Ü‚éB

3. ¶–ł̌»Û‚ðŠÏŽ@‚µ‚È‚ª‚ç‚»‚±‚É€‚Ü‚éB

 

@‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì‹å‚ÍAƒTƒeƒBƒpƒbƒ^[ƒi‚ÌŽÀ‘H‚Ì^‘‚𖾂炩‚É‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚ê‚ç3‚‚̖³í‚Ì’iŠK‚ðCs‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚ÎA’qŒd‚𓾂邱‚Ƃ͂ł«‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA4‚‚ÌSatipaṭṭhāna‚Ì‚¢‚¸‚ê‚©‚ðŽÀ‘H‚·‚邽‚߂ɂÍAƒp[ƒŠŒê‚Åsampajañña‚Æ‚µ‚Ä’m‚ç‚ê‚éA–³í‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă̓O’ꂵ‚½—‰ð‚ð₦‚¸”|‚í‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñBŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎA–³íianicca bodhaj‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ»Û‚Ì”­¶‚ÆÁ–łɂ‚¢‚ÄáÒ‘z‚µAS‚Æ•¨Ž¿‚𔽉ž‚È‚µ‚É‹qŠÏ“I‚ÉŠÏŽ@‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñBsamudaya-vaya-dhammai–³íj‚ÌŽÀŠ´‚ÍA’P‚È‚éŠÏ‘zAŽvlA‘z‘œA‚ ‚é‚¢‚ÍM‹Â‚̉ߒö‚Å‚ ‚Á‚Ă͂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñBpaccanubhotii’¼Ú‘ÌŒ±j‚𔺂Á‚Äs‚í‚ê‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚·B‚±‚±‚Åvedanā‚ÌŠÏŽ@‚ªd—v‚È–ðŠ„‚ð‰Ê‚½‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚È‚º‚È‚çAvedanā‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄAáÒ‘zŽÒ‚Ísamudaya-vayai¶‹N‚ÆÁ–Åj7‚ð”ñí‚É–¾Šm‚©‚‹ï‘Ì“I‚ÉŽÀŠ´‚Å‚«‚é‚©‚ç‚Å‚·BSampajañña‚Æ‚ÍAŽÀÛAvedanā‚Ì”­¶‚ÆÁ–Å‚ð’m‚邱‚Ƃł ‚èA‚»‚ê‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄŽ„‚½‚¿—Lîibeingj‚Ì4‚‚̑¤–ÊiŸ‹`’ú‚Ȃ̂©Hsatipaṭṭhāna‚Ȃ̂©Hj‚·‚ׂĂð’m‚邱‚ƂȂ̂ł·B

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ƒuƒbƒ_‚ÌŒ¾—tF

Tisso imā, bhikkhave, vedanā. Katamā tisso? Sukhā vedanā, dukkhā vedanā, adukkhamasukhā vedanā-imā kho, bhikkhave, tisso vedanā. Imasa kho, bhikkhave, tissanna vedanāna pariññāya cattāro Satipaṭṭhānā bhāvetabba.9

 

áÒ‘zŽÒ‚æAg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚É‚Í3‚‚̎í—Þ‚ª‚ ‚éB‚»‚Ì3‚‚Ƃ͉½‚¾‚낤‚©H‰õ‚¢Š´ŠoA•s‰õ‚ÈŠ´ŠoA‚»‚µ‚Ä’†—§“I‚ÈŠ´Šo‚Å‚ ‚éBáÒ‘zŽÒ‚æA‚±‚ê‚ç3‚‚̊´Šo‚ðŠ®‘S‚É—‰ð‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉA4‚‚ÌSatipaṭṭhānaiŒå‚èj‚ðCs‚µ‚È‚³‚¢B

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Satipaṭṭhāna‚ÌCs‚ÍA–³í‚ð’¼Ú‘ÌŒ±‚µ‚½Žž‚ɂ̂݊®¬‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·Bg‘ÌŠ´Šo‚ÍAS‚Æg‘Ì‘S‘Ì‚ª‰ð•ú‚ɂ‚Ȃª‚é–³í‚ÌŒ»Û‚Æ‚µ‚Ä‹ï‘Ì“I‚É–¾‚ç‚©‚É‚³‚ê‚éÚ“_‚ð’ñ‹Ÿ‚µ‚Ü‚·B

 

’F

1. Digha-nikāya II, Nal. 217, PTS 290.

2. Loc. cit.

3. Aguttara-nikāya, Nal. IV, 184; PTS V, 107.

4. Abhidhammattha-sagaho, Hindi translation and commentary by Ven. Dr. U. Rewata Dhamma, Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishva Vidyalaya, Varanasi, Vol. I p. 101.

5. Udāna, Nal. 105, PTS 37.

6. Digha-nikāya II, Nal. 218-2Ā, PTS 292-314.

7. See footnote 5.

8. Sayutta-nikāya V, Nal. 155, PTS 180.

9. Ibid. V, Nal. 163, PTS 180.

 

 

Ž„‚ɂƂÁ‚ÄAsīlaAsamādhiApaññā‚ðCs‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚él‚ÍA‚·‚ׂẴuƒbƒ_‚Ì‹³‚¦‚Ì^‚ÌM•òŽÒ‚Å‚·B‚»‚Ìl‚ª‚ǂ̂悤‚È–¼‚ÅŽ©•ª‚ðŒÄ‚Ô‚©‚Í–â‘è‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚à‚µsīlaAsamādhiApaññā‚ðCs‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‚Ì‚ÉAŽ©•ª‚ð•§‹³“k‚ƌĂÔl‚ª‚¢‚é‚È‚çAŽ„‚Í‚»‚Ìl‚ð‹C‚̓łɎv‚¢‚Ü‚·B

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