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When
the Atheist asked his Christian pal about the evolution of this race, there is
only some variations of one answer that our education system, the media and
so-called information technology promotes. They are the main instruments used
by the Western Christian countries in the present day. There is no freedom of
knowledge or of media as there is no second opinion given at any time. It is
what this ideology decides that is given to the public. The so called
alternative view is only another version of the view of the western Christian
mindset and people have no choice in this matter. Even today creationism is
allowed to be taught in schools and Darwinian evolution and creationism are
nothing but twin systems that try to give an answer to the question how the
world (universe) was created and then evolved.
What
Buddha said on this is found in the Agganna sutta. Agganna Sutta is the 27th Sutta of Digha Nikaya
collections. The sutta describes a discourse imparted from the Buddha to two
Brahmins, Bharadvaja and Vasettha, who left their
family and caste to become monks. These were two brahmins who were insulted and
maligned by their own caste for their intentions. But what is important for us
here is that the qualities of the Dharma (Law, truth) is the same as the qualities
of the Buddha and forms his "truth body" or "Dhamma Kayah. A
reference from the Agganna Sutta says to his disciple
Vasettha: "Tathagatassa
h'etam Vasettha adivacanam Dhamma-kayo iti pi
...": O Vasettha! The Word of Dhammakaya is indeed the name of the Tathagata.
Dhamma
in Buddhism has two primary meanings: the teachings of the Buddha which lead to
enlightenment, and the constituent factors of the experienced world. A sankata is an entity arising due to a sankhara;
a sankhara is also a sankata,
because just like any other sankata, any sankhara arises and falls; thus sankhara
is sometimes used to include both. However, a sankata
is normally something that arises due to sankhara (a
living being, house, nest, a thought, hopes and dreams, etc)
and eventually is destroyed. Nothing in this world lasts forever. At the
deepest level, anything in this world arises due to the mind. That is what was
meant by the Buddha when he said, gmanopubbangama
dhammacch or gmind precedes everything elsech. It is this that gets described
in detail in the Agganna sutta.
In
that sutta, the Buddha explains how conglomerates of gplanetary systemsh blow
up and are re-formed in time scales of gmahā kappasg. He has given a simile to get an idea of the length
of a mahā kappa and it is approximately several
billion years. And this destruction of a gstar systemh seems to be what
scientists have observed as a supernova. Supernovae are of common occurrence;
about three of them can be expected to happen every century in our Milky Way
galaxy.
A suddhāshtaka is a gpacket of energyh and is the basic unit
that all matter is made out of. It is much smaller than in energy compared to a
light photon that we see. A humongous number of suddhāshtaka
would have the energy of a light photon. A suddhāshtaka,
being a sankata, is created by the mind. This is why
the Buddha said, gmanō pubbangamā
dhammāch, i.e., geverything has mind as the
precursorch.
It is
a valid question to ask and observe that in the few annihilation that earth
faced, like the long ice age and the meteor that killed the dinosaurs etc., the
gwhat if so? questiion.When the human and animal
realms are destroyed, all those beings would be reborn in the first rūpa realms. When that is gradually destroyed, they will be
reborn in the next higher realm and so on, until they are all in the Abhassara realm.
Buddhafs
explanation of how all living beings in the lower realms get into the Abhassara Brahma realm when our world system (Cakkavata) is destroyed is not properly explained in any
text found online. When the Sun starts heating up, fine sense objects start
being destroyed, and with time less and less sensual objects will be there to
trigger kāma rāga. All
humans and animal will move to higher realms (over an antakkappa
which lasts billions of years).
Even
though all dense material realms are all destroyed at the end of a world cycle,
all rūpa and arūpa realms
at or above the Abhassara realm remain intact. When
the Solar system is gre-formedh after billions of years, they all gradually
come down to lower realms. . In the future, it will become clear to us that
anything in this world has origins that can be traced back to the mind. That is
the story in the Agganna sutta.
Buddhism and Evolution – Aggañña
Sutta (DN 27)
January
24, 2019; revised January 30, 2019; July 30, 2019; February 16, 2020
Introduction
1. Aggañña Sutta is one of several
complex suttā that requires a
lengthy explanation. To understand the sutta, one needs to have a
broad background in Buddha Dhamma. I have been very reluctant to write even
this post because it could lead to many questions in many people who do not yet
have that necessary background.
However, there are some
benefits at least for those who have faith in Dhamma, in seeing how self-consistent
Buddha Dhamma is.
1.Aggañña
Sutta‚ÍA’·‚¢à–¾‚ð•K—v‚Æ‚·‚é•¡ŽG‚Èsutta‚Ì1‚‚ł·Bsutta‚ð—‰ð‚·‚é‚É‚ÍABuddha
Dhamma‚Ì•L‚¢ƒoƒbƒNƒOƒ‰ƒEƒ“ƒh‚ª•K—v‚Å‚·B‚Ü‚¾•K—v‚È”wŒi‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‘½‚‚ÌlX‚Ì‘½‚‚ÌŽ¿–â‚ɂ‚Ȃª‚é‰Â”\«‚ª‚ ‚邽‚ßAŽ„‚Í‚±‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚ð‘‚‚±‚Ƃɔñí‚ÉÁ‹É“I‚Å‚·B
uAggav‚ÍuÅ‚vAuAggaññav‚ÍuÅ‚‚Ì’mޝv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B
‚±‚ÌꇂÍAŽ„‚½‚¿‚Ì¢ŠE‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÌÅ‚‚Ì’mޝ‚Å‚·B
Žß‘¸‚ÍAulŠÔ‚Ì‹NŒ¹v‚ðà–¾‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉAAggañña sutta‚ð2l‚̃oƒ‰ƒ‚ƒ“brahminsiVāseṭṭha‚ÆBhāradvājaj‚É“`‚¦‚Ü‚µ‚½B
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BrahmaŠE‚Æ‚ÍFŠE‚Æ–³FŠE‚Ì‚±‚ƂȂ̂©H
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Summary of Sutta
2. Following is a
summary:
(i). The universe has no traceable beginning, just like for life.
(ii). The universe has gclusters or groupsh of stars. Our Solar system is one
of 10,000 gstar systemsh (cakkavāla or
planetary systems; chakrawāta in
Sinhala). There is an infinite number of such cakkavāla in
the universe.
(iii). When a star in the vicinity of our Sun blows up in a few billion years,
that blast will destroy 10,000 other star systems in the neighborhood. Such a
gstar explosionh has a special name, a supernova, in modern science.
(iv). Such 10,000 clusters of world-systems blow up from time to time in the
universe. Again, scientists observe such supernovae every year.
(v). What science does not know yet is that those destroyed star systems
re-form over billions of years.
(vi). Not all 31 realms get destroyed when our Solar system blows up at the end
of a mahā kappa. Higher
lying Brahma worlds (where there is very little of
gdestructible matterh) survive. That is where all living beings on this Earth
ends up before the destruction of the Earth.
(vii). How all living beings end up in the Brahma realms is a
long story by itself.
(viii). Then when the Earth re-forms,
those Brahmā — at the end of their
lifetimes in those worlds — are re-born as humans with very light, Brahma-like
bodies at first.
(ix). Then the life on Earth evolves to other lifeforms too. That is a greverse
evolutionh compared to the gtheory of evolutionh currently accepted by science.
After billions of years, all life in the realms below the Ābhassara Brahma realm will be destroyed
again. After billions of more years, it will re-form.
(x). So, that is the life cycle. It happens all over the universe at any given
time. That is why scientists observe several supernovae even in our galaxy each
year (which has billions of cakkavāla).
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2.ŠT—v‚ÍŽŸ‚̂Ƃ¨‚è‚Å‚·B
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iviiij‚»‚ÌŒãAV‚µ‚¢’n‹…‚ªÄŒ`¬‚³‚ê‚邯A”š”‘O‚Ì¢ŠE‚ŶŠU‚ðI‚¦‚½Brahmā‚ÍAʼn‚Í”ñí‚ÉŒy‚¢Brahma‚̂悤‚ȑ̂ðŽ‚ÂlŠÔ‚Æ‚µ‚͂܂ê•Ï‚í‚è‚Ü‚·B
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ĀbhassaraFm. [BSk. Ābhāsvara] Œõ‰¹[“V]C‹ÉŒõ[“V]C[‘æ“ñâW“V“IÅãˆÊ].
ixj‚±‚ꂪƒ‰ƒCƒtƒTƒCƒNƒ‹‚Å‚·B‚»‚ê‚Í‚¢‚‚łà‰F’ˆ’†‚É‹N‚«‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚»‚Ì‚½‚ßA‰ÈŠwŽÒ‚½‚¿‚Í–ˆ”NA‚±‚Ì‹â‰ÍŒni”\‰‚Ìcakkavāla‚ª‚ ‚éj‚Å‚³‚¦A‚¢‚‚‚©‚Ì’´V¯‚ðŠÏ‘ª‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
Model of the Universe
3. Therefore, life exists in an infinite number of gstar
systemsh where a star provides the energy to sustain life. In our gSolar
system,h life exists in 31 realms centered on Earth that are located inside, on
the surface, and extending out into space. Of course, the Sun is our star.
In the post g31 Realms of Existenceg, these 31 realms are listed. The
information there comes from several suttā.
In particular, the gDhammacakkappavattana Suttah names many of those
spheres. Most versions of the sutta skip that section. The
following pdf file has the full text of the sutta: Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta – pdf
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“Á‚ÉDhammacakkappavattana Sutta‚ł͂±‚ê‚ç‚Ì‘½‚‚̗̈æ‚Ì–¼‘O‚ª‹L‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
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ŽŸ‚Ìpdfƒtƒ@ƒCƒ‹‚ÍAsutta‚Ì‘S•¶‚Å‚·BDhammacakkappavattana Sutta – pdf
4. A Buddha appears
only in one cakkavāla out of
that cluster of 10,000 such cakkavāla in
that group; that is our Earth. Brahmā and devas from
those 10,000 systems (dasa sahassi lokadhātu) can
come and listen to Dhamma on the Earth.
So, we can see how rare
it is for a human to be able to ghave accessh to Buddha Dhamma. Even on our
Earth, there are many mahā kappā without a single Buddha appearing!
4.ƒuƒbƒ_‚ÍA10,000‚Ìcakkavālai˜f¯Œnj‚ÌW’c‚Ì‚¤‚¿A‚½‚Á‚½1‚‚Ìcakkavāla‚ɂ̂݌»‚ê‚Ü‚·B
‚»‚ê‚ªŽ„‚½‚¿‚Ì’n‹…‚Å‚·B‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì10,000‚̃VƒXƒeƒ€(dasa sahassiloka dhātuj‚©‚çBrahmā ‚Ædevas‚ª–K‚˂ėˆ‚ÄA’n‹…ã‚ÌDhamma‚ð’®‚‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B@
‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA‚»‚ê‚ç‚Ì¢ŠE‚ÌlŠÔ‚ÍBuddha Dhamma‚ɃAƒNƒZƒX‚Å‚«‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
‚¾‚©‚çAŽ„‚½‚¿‚ÍAlŠÔ‚ªBuddha Dhamma‚ÉuƒAƒNƒZƒX‚Å‚«‚év‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Ç‚ê‚قǂ܂ê‚Å‚ ‚é‚©‚ð’m‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B‚»‚Ì’n‹…ã‚Å‚³‚¦Aˆêl‚̃uƒbƒ_‚³‚¦‚àŒ»‚ê‚È‚¢‘½‚‚Ìmahā kappā‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
Model of the Solar System (Cakkavāla)
5. The Buddha stated
that the length of a great eon (mahā kappa or mahā kalpa in
Sinhala) unimaginably long. He gave the following comparison. In that time, a
man can wear away a mountain of solid granite one yojanā (about
7 miles) around and one yojanā high,
by stroking it once every hundred years with a silk cloth.
‘¾—zŒn‚̃‚ƒfƒ‹
5.Žß‘¸‚ÍAˆÌ‘å‚Èeonimahā kappaj‚Í‘z‘œ‚ðâ‚·‚é‚Ù‚Ç’·‚¢‚Æq‚ׂ܂µ‚½B
ŽüˆÍ1 yojanāi–ñ7ƒ}ƒCƒ‹jA‚‚³1 yojanā‚̉ԛ¼Šâ‚ÌŽR‚ð‚ ‚é’j‚ª100”N‚²‚ƂɌ¦‚Ì•z‚łȂł邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Ä‚·‚茸‚ç‚·‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚قǂ̎žŠÔ‚ÆAŽß‘¸‚Í”äŠr‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
Pabbata Sutta
(SN 15.5) ‚É‚Íã‹L‚Ì—ÞŽ—«‚ª‹L‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
Sansaric Time Scale, Buddhist Cosmology, and the Big Bang Theory‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
6. A mahā kappa consists of 4 gantakkappah (or simply kappā),
as explained in the Kappa Sutta (AN 4.156):
gCattārimāni,
bhikkhave, kappassa asaṅkhyeyyāni. Katamāni cattāri? Yadā, bhikkhave, kappo saṃvaṭṭati,..kappo saṃvaṭṭo tiṭṭhati,..kappo vivaṭṭati,..kappo vivaṭṭo tiṭṭhati, ..h
That
last stage is where the Earth is now.
6. Kappa Sutta (AN 4.156) ‚Åà–¾‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邿‚¤‚Émahā kappa‚ÍA4‚‚Ìuantakkappavi‚Ü‚½‚Í’P‚Ékappāj‚Å\¬‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
uŒv‚è’m‚ê‚È‚¢kappā‚ª4‚‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚P‚‚Ìkappa‚Í”j‰ó‚ÅA‚P‚‚Ìkappa‚Í‚»‚Ìó‘Ԃ̂܂܂Åi‹ó‹•jA1‚‚Ìkappa‚ÍĕҬ‚ÅA‚»‚ÌŒãA‚P‚‚Ìkappa‚Í‘¶Ý‚Å‚ ‚éB
‚»‚ÌÅŒã‚Ì’iŠK‚ªA’n‹…‚ªŒ»Ý‚ ‚éó‘Ô‚Å‚·B
7. The Earth (and the
whole Solar system) keeps going through this cyclic process that takes roughly
40 billion years per cycle, i.e., for a mahā
kappa.
This cycle will keep
repeating. There was no gBig Bangh beginning.
7.’n‹…i‚¨‚æ‚Ñ‘¾—zŒn‘S‘Ìj‚ÍA1ƒTƒCƒNƒ‹‚ ‚½‚è–ñ400‰”N‚©‚©‚邱‚ÌzŠÂƒvƒƒZƒX‚ðŒJ‚è•Ô‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚‚܂èAmahā kappa‚Å‚·B
‘¾—zŒn‚Í‚³‚ç‚É50‰’ö“x‘±‚‚Æ—\‘z‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAŒ»Ý‚Ì‘¾—zi‚¨‚æ‚Ñ’n‹…j‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚里vŽžŠÔ‚Í–ñ100‰”N‚Å‚·B‚»‚ꂪ‘¶Ý‚Ì’iŠK‚Ìkappa‚Å‚·B
‘¼‚Ì3‚‚̃Jƒbƒp‚Í‚»‚ꂼ‚ê100‰”N‚©‚©‚èAŠ®‘S‚ȃTƒCƒNƒ‹‚É‚Í400‰”N‚©‚©‚è‚Ü‚·B@
‚±‚̃TƒCƒNƒ‹‚ÍŒJ‚è•Ô‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
uƒrƒbƒOƒoƒ“v‚ÌŽn‚Ü‚è‚Í‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½B
Migration of Living Beings at Destruction/Re-Formation of Earth
8. When the Sun dies in the future, it will start expanding and
will expand to reach the Earth. Long before that, all life on Earth would have
been destroyed.
It is a long story, but
all those beings move to higher realms as the Earth starts to get hot.
’n‹…‚Ì”j‰ó/ÄŒ`¬‚É‚¨‚¯‚é¶•¨‚̈ړ®
8.‘¾—z‚ª–¢—ˆ‚É‚¨‚¢‚ÄÁ–Å‚·‚邯‚«A‘¾—z‚ÍŠg‘債Žn‚ß‚ÄA’n‹…‚É“ž’B‚µ‚Ü‚·B
‚»‚Ì‚¸‚Á‚Æ‘O‚ÉA’n‹…ã‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂ̶–½‚ª”j‰ó‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Å‚µ‚傤B
‚Å‚ÍA’n‹…ã‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂ̶‚«•¨‚͂ǂ¤‚È‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H
Ž„‚½‚¿‚ÍAlŠÔ‚Æ“®•¨‚ª’n‹…‚ÉZ‚ñ‚Å‚¢‚éŠÔA‘¼‚Ì‚æ‚è’á‚¢3—̈æ‚É‘®‚·‚é‘¶Ýi’n–A‰ì‹SAˆ¢C—…j‚ª’n‹…‚Ì•\–Ê‚Ìã‚Ü‚½‚͉º‚ÉZ‚ñ‚Å‚¢‚Ü‚·‚ªA‚»‚ê‚ç‚Í‚·‚ׂĖłтé‚Å‚µ‚傤B
’·‚¢˜b‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·‚ªA’n‹…‚ª”M‚‚È‚èŽn‚߂邯A‚·‚ׂĂ̑¶Ýi‰ºˆÊ4—̈æ‚ðŠÜ‚ß‚Äj‚Í‚æ‚è‚‚¢—̈æ‚Ɉړ®‚µ‚Ü‚·B
9. We remember that
the deva and Brahma realms lie above the
Earth. But the gdensityh at those realms are well below the gdensityh of things
at the surface. As we know, deva bodies are much less dense
than human bodies, and Brahma bodies are even more delicate.
The deduction is that
all those realms above the Ābhassara
Brahma realm will not destroy in the destruction phase. That is why
the lifetimes of some Brahmā are
many mahā kappā.
9. deva‚ÆBrahma‚̗̈æ‚Í’n‹…‚Ìãi”½d—Í•ûŒüj‚É‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µA‚»‚ê‚ç‚̗̈æ‚Ìu–§“xv‚ÍA•\–ʂ̕¨‚Ìu–§“xv‚æ‚è‚à‚͂邩‚É’á‚¢‚à‚̂ł·B
Ž„‚½‚¿‚ª’m‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚邿‚¤‚ÉAdeva‚̑̂ÍlŠÔ‚̑̂æ‚è‚à‚͂邩‚É–§“x‚ª’á‚ABrahma‚̑̂͂³‚ç‚É‘@ׂł·B
‰ÈŠw‚©‚çŠw‚ñ‚¾d—v‚È‚±‚Æ‚Ì1‚‚ÍAu‚æ‚è‚–§“x‚Ì‚à‚Ìv‚ªÅ‰‚É”R‚¦‚邱‚Ƃł·B
‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎAÄ‹p˜F‚Å‚ÍA–§“x‚Ì‚‚¢‚à‚̂Ȃ牽‚Å‚àÄ‚‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µA‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñAƒKƒX‚Í”R‚₳‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñi‚‚܂èA•ª‰ð‚³‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñjB
‚±‚ê‚ç‚̗̈æ‚É‚ÍAu•¨Ž¿ƒ}ƒeƒŠƒAƒ‹v‚ƌĂ΂ê‚é‚à‚̂͂قƂñ‚Ç‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚»‚±‚É‚ ‚é‚à‚̂͂·‚ׂęX‚ÉŒ¸Š‚µA‘¼‚Ìu‘@ו¨Ž¿v‚É’u‚«Š·‚¦‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚·B‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA‚»‚ê‚ç‚̗̈æ‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂ̑¶Ý‚ÍA’·Šú‚ł͂ ‚邪—LŒÀ‚ÌŽõ–½‚ðŽ‚¿‚Ü‚·B
„˜_‚Å‚ÍAĀbhassara Brahma—Ìˆæ‚æ‚èã‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂ̗̈æ‚ÍA”j‰óŠú‚É”j‰ó‚³‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
‚»‚Ì‚½‚ßAˆê•”‚ÌBrahmā‚ÌŽõ–½‚Í‘½‚‚Ìmahā kapp₯‚È‚è‚Ü‚·B
10. The bottom line is
that eventually all realms below the Ābhassara
Brahma realm will be destroyed. By that time, all the living beings
would have gmigratedh up to that realm.
That needs a detailed
explanation, but those who understand Paticca
Samuppāda may be able to at least a glimpse
of how it happens.
10.ÅIŒ‹‰Ê‚ÍĀbhassara Brahma—̈æ‚̉º‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂ̗̈悪”j‰ó‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
‚»‚ÌŽž‚܂łÉA‚·‚ׂĂ̶–½‚Í‚»‚Ìã•”—̈æ‚Ü‚ÅuˆÚ“®v‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚½‚̂łµ‚傤B
apāyā‚ðŠÜ‚Þ‚±‚ê‚ç‚·‚ׂĂ̶–½‚ÍA‚ǂ̂悤‚É‚µ‚Ä‚æ‚è‚‚¢—̈æ‚Ɉړ®‚·‚é‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H
‚»‚ê‚ÍA’n‹…‚ªu”M‚‚È‚èŽn‚ß‚év‚Æ‚«A‚»‚ê‚ç‚Ìuƒ}ƒCƒ“ƒh‚ðŠì‚΂¹‚銴Šo•¨‘Ìv‚ªŽžŠÔ‚ƂƂà‚É”j‰ó‚³‚ê‚邯‚¢‚¤Ž–ŽÀ‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
¶•¨‚ÌuŠ´Šoe˜a—Ív‚͂܂·‚Ü‚·‚È‚‚È‚èA‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Ĕނç‚̃}ƒCƒ“ƒh‚͈ꎞ“I‚Éuupādānav‚©‚ç‰ð•ú‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
cf.@upādānaFnD[upa-ā-dā-ana]@@’͂܂¦‚ÄW’†“I‚ɃGƒlƒ‹ƒM[‚ðÆŽË‚·‚邱‚Æ@@@ŽæAŽ·’…@
‚»‚ê‚É‚ÍÚׂÈà–¾‚ª•K—v‚Å‚·‚ªAPaticca Samuppāda‚ð—‰ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚él‚ÍA‚È‚‚Æ‚à‚»‚ꂪ‚ǂ̂悤‚É‹N‚±‚é‚©‚ðŠ_ŠÔŒ©‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚é‚©‚à‚µ‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
Š´Šo‚Å‚«‚é•¨Ž¿‚ª–³‚‚È‚é‚̂Ŏ·’˜iƒGƒlƒ‹ƒM[‚ðƎ˂ł«‚é‘ÎÛj‚à‚È‚‚È‚éB
11. When the Earth is
re-formed about 30 billion years after its destruction, those Brahmā will start coming down to those
newly-formed lower realms.
That also will take
some explaining. But the critical point is that with time, old ggatih start to re-surface, and the activation
of Paticca Samuppāda cycles
will ensure those gdownward paths.h
11.’n‹…‚ª”j‰ó‚³‚ê‚Ä‚©‚ç–ñ300‰”NŒã‚ɯ‚Ƙf¯Œn‚ªÄŒ`¬‚³‚ê‚邯A‚»‚ê‚ç‚ÌBrahmā‚ÍV‚µ‚Œ`¬‚³‚ꂽ‚æ‚è’á‚¢—̈æi–§“x‚ª‚‚¢—̈æj‚É~‚èŽn‚߂܂·B
‚»‚ê‚É‚Íà–¾‚à•K—v‚Å‚·B‚µ‚©‚µAd—v‚È“_‚ÍAŽžŠÔ‚ƂƂà‚Ɍ¢ugativ‚ªÄ•‚サŽn‚ßAPaticca SamuppādaƒTƒCƒNƒ‹‚ÌŠˆ«‰»‚ª‚»‚ê‚ç‚Ìu‰ºŒü‚«‚Ì“¹v‚ðŠmŽÀ‚É‚·‚邱‚Ƃł·B
Conflicts with Current Scientific Theories
12. Now, we immediately
run into difficulties with the current scientific knowledge of
Earthfs history. According to current understanding, first humans appeared only
about 2 million years ago. Note that a billion years is 1000 million years!
Œ»Ý‚̉Ȋw—˜_‚Ƃ̖µ‚
12.Ž„‚½‚¿‚Í‚·‚®‚É’n‹…‚Ì—ðŽj‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚錻݂̉Ȋw“I’mޝ‚Ì–â‘è‚É’¼–Ê‚µ‚Ü‚·B
Œ»Ý‚Ì—‰ð‚É‚æ‚邯Aʼn‚ÌlŠÔ‚Í‚½‚Á‚½–ñ200–œ”N‘O‚ÉŒ»‚ê‚Ü‚µ‚½B 10‰”N‚Æ‚Í100–œ”N‚Ì1000”{‚Å‚·B
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄAã‚Åà–¾‚µ‚½‚Ì‚ÍAŒ»Ý‰ÈŠw‚Ŏ󂯓ü‚ê‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚éui‰»‚Ì—˜_v‚Æ”äŠr‚·‚邯u‹ti‰»v‚Å‚·B
500”N‘O‚É‚³‚©‚̂ڂ邾‚¯‚ÅAˆê”Ê“I‚È¢ŠEŠÏ‚ª‚ǂ̂悤‚ɕω»‚µABuddha
Dhamma‚ƌ݊·«‚ðŽ‚Â‚æ‚¤‚ɂȂÁ‚½‚©‚ðŠm”F‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·BˆÈ‰º‚Ì”13‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
Buddha
Dhamma‚ª‚±‚ê‚܂łǂ̂悤‚Éu–µ‚v‚ðæ‚è‰z‚¦‚Ä‚«‚½‚©‚ð‹c˜_‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
Dhamma and Science – Introduction‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
‰ÈŠw‚ÌŽŸ‚̉ü’ù‚ªŽ„‚̶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚éŠÔ‚É‹N‚±‚邱‚Æ‚ð–]‚݂܂·B
13. For example, only
500 years ago, the accepted gworld viewh was that Earth was at the center of
the universe with all the stars embedded in a gcelestial
spheres.g
However, when one comprehends Buddha Dhamma, one can get to a
better understanding of our world.
13.‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎA‚킸‚©500”N‘O‚Ɏ󂯓ü‚ê‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½u¢ŠEŠÏv‚Å‚ÍA’n‹…‚ª‰F’ˆ‚Ì’†S‚É‚ ‚èA‚·‚ׂĂ̯‚ªu“V‹…v‚É–„‚ßž‚Ü‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B
’n‹…‚ª‘¾—z‚ÌŽü‚è‚ð‰ñ“]‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Æà–¾‚µ‚悤‚Æ‚·‚é‚̂ɋê˜J‚µ‚½‚±‚Ƃłµ‚傤B
ƒKƒŠƒŒƒI‚ÍA’n‹…‚ª‘¾—z‚ÌŽü‚è‚ð‰ñ“]‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯‚¢‚¤Ø‹’‚ð’ñ‹Ÿ‚µ‚½ŒãAŽc‚è‚Ìl¶‚ðŒÇ“ƂȊċւɔï‚₳‚ê‚Ü‚µ‚½B
‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñAŒ»Ý‚ł͗˜_‚ð’ñˆÄ‚µ‚½‚Æ‚µ‚Ä’N‚à‹N‘i‚³‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚µ‚©‚µA‰ÈŠwŠE‚É^Œ•‚Ɏ󂯎~‚ß‚ç‚ê‚邱‚Ƃ͂Ȃ¢‚Å‚µ‚傤B
V‚µ‚¢ŽÀŒ±/ŠÏŽ@‚É‚æ‚肳‚ç‚È‚éØ‹’‚ª’ñ‹Ÿ‚³‚ê‚邯AŽó‚¯“ü‚ê‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‰ÈŠw“IŒ©‰ð‚ª•Ï‚í‚èAV‚µ‚¢Ø‹’‚ɑΉž‚µ‚Ü‚·B
‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎAã‹L‚Ì¢ŠEŠÏ‚̕ω»‚ÍAƒKƒŠƒŒƒI‚É‚æ‚é–]‰“‹¾‚Ì”–¾‚ÌŒã‚É‹N‚±‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½B
‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA“úí¶Šˆ‚Ì–Ú“I‚Ì‚½‚߂ɂ ‚é‰ÈŠw“I•û–@‚ðÌ—p‚·‚邱‚Ƃ͇—“I‚Å‚·B‚»‚ꂪ‰ÈŠw‚ªi•à‚·‚é—Bˆê‚Ì•û–@‚Å‚·B
‚µ‚©‚µABuddha Dhamma‚ð—‰ð‚·‚ê‚ÎAŽ„‚½‚¿‚Ì¢ŠE‚ð‚æ‚è‚æ‚ŽÀŠ´‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B
The Rarity of Buddha Dhamma in the World
14. There have been
four Buddhas in this mahā kappa,
and one more Buddha is expected to appear before the destruction of this Earth
and the Solar system.
Then after 30 billion more years, the Earth will come to exist
again in this cyclic process (not the same Earth).
‚±‚Ì¢‚ÌBuddha Dhamma ‚ÌŽ–ŽÀ
14.‚±‚Ìmahā kappa‚É‚Í4l‚̃uƒbƒ_‚ª‚ ‚èA‚±‚Ì’n‹…‚Æ‘¾—zŒn‚̉ó–ł̑O‚É‚à‚¤ˆêl‚̃uƒbƒ_‚ªŒ»‚ê‚邯—\‘z‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
‚³‚ç‚É300‰”NŒãA’n‹…‚Í‚±‚ÌzŠÂƒvƒƒZƒX‚ÅĂё¶Ý‚·‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·i“¯‚¶’n‹…‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñjB
15. In the Vepullapabbatta Sutta (SN 15.20), the Buddha
provides the names of the three Buddhas on this Earth (in
this mahā kappa) before him: Kakusandha, Koṇāgama, and Kassapa. He describes how a particular mountain had three
different names and three different heights during those Buddhafs times.
One piece of evidence in the Tipitaka for
material from previous Buddhas transmitted via Vedic teachings (with
superficial meanings) is given in the post, gArōgyā Paramā Lābhā..h
(see #8 there).
15. Vepullapabbatta SuttaiSN 15.20j‚Å‚ÍAŽß‘¸‚Íi‚±‚Ìmahākappa‚É‚¨‚¯‚éj‚±‚Ì’n‹…ã‚Ì3l‚̃uƒbƒ_‚Ì–¼‘O‚ðAKakusandha, Koṇāgama, Kassapa ‚ƌĂñ‚Å‚¢‚Ü‚·BŽß‘¸‚ÍA‚»‚ê‚ç‚̃uƒbƒ_‚ÌŽž‘ã‚É“Á’è‚ÌŽR‚ª‚¢‚©‚É3‚‚̈قȂ閼‘O‚Æ3‚‚̈قȂ邂³‚ðŽ‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚½‚ɂ‚¢‚Äà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B@
‚±‚±‚ł̃|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚ÍA‚»‚ê‚ç‚̃uƒbƒ_‚½‚¿‚Í‚±‚Ì’n‹…ã‚Ɍ݂¢‚ɉ“‚—£‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃł·B
’n‹…‚Ì”N—î‚Í–ñ45‰”N‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Æ‚ðl—¶‚·‚邯Aƒuƒbƒ_‚½‚¿‚ª–ñ10‰”N—£‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚½‚Ɖ¼’è‚·‚é‚͇̂—“I‚Å‚·B
ŽO‘ Tipitaka‚É‚ÍAƒ”ƒF[ƒ_‚Ì‹³‚¦i•\–Ê“I‚ȈӖ¡‚ðŽ‚Âj‚ð‰î‚µ‚Ä“`‚¦‚ç‚ꂽˆÈ‘O‚̃uƒbƒ_‚½‚¿‚ÌŽ‘—¿‚ÌØ‹’‚Ì1‚‚ªAArōgyā Paramā Lābhā(Dhammapada verse 204)i”8‚ðŽQÆj‚ÉŒfÚ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
16. By the way, the
existence of Buddha Kassapa before the Buddha Gōtama help explain many questions that people have on the
connection between Vedic terms and Buddhist terms. Some
examples are kamma (karma), Bhikkhu (Bhikshu), paññā (pragnā), jhāna (dhyāna),
and so on.
After re-gaining Buddha Kassapafs
interpretation during the time of our Buddha, by the current time, the Vedic description
has retaken hold. It will be restored in the coming years. But, of course, it
will again disappear to be re-discovered by the Maitreya Buddha in the future.
16.‚Æ‚±‚ë‚ÅABuddha Gōtama‚Ì‘O‚ÌBuddha Kassapa‚Ì‘¶Ý‚ÍAƒ”ƒF[ƒ_‚Æ•§‹³‚Ì—pŒê‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă̑½‚‚Ì‹^–â‚ðà–¾‚·‚é‚̂ɖ𗧂¿‚Ü‚·B
‚¢‚‚‚©‚Ì—á‚ÍAkamma (karma),
Bhikkhu (Bhikshu), paññā (pragnā),
jhāna (dhyāna)‚Ȃǂł·B
Kassapa Buddha ‚ÌSāsanai‹³‚¦j‚̓”ƒF[ƒ_‚Ì‹³‚¦‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“`‚¦‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚µ‚½‚ªA[‚¢ˆÓ–¡‚܂łł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½B‚±‚Ì–â‘è‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éƒgƒsƒbƒN‚ð‚¢‚‚‚©‘‚•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
—Ç‚¢—á‚ÍAuŒÄ‹záÒ‘zv‚Æ‚µ‚Ä“`‚¦‚ç‚ꂽĀnāpāna bhāvanā ‚Å‚·B
Ž„‚½‚¿‚ÌŽß‘¸‚ÌŽž‘ã‚Å‚ ‚錻݂łÍBuddha Kassapa‚̉ðŽß‚ðŽæ‚è–ß‚µAƒ”ƒF[ƒ_‚Ì‹Lq‚ÍĂђ蒅‚µA¡Œã””N‚Å•œŒ³‚³‚ê‚é‚Å‚µ‚傤B‚µ‚©‚µA‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñA«—ˆA–íèÓ•ìŽFMaitreya Buddha‚É‚æ‚Á‚ÄÄ”Œ©‚³‚ê‚é‚Ü‚ÅAÄ‚ÑÁ‚¦‚³‚Á‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚¤‚Å‚µ‚傤‚ªB
17. Furthermore, there
have been only 7 Buddhas within the past 91 mahā
kappā; see, gMahapadana Sutta (DN 14)g.
An even in this kappa, the Gōtama Buddha
Sāsana would last only 5000 years, a
negligible time in terms of a kappa. That is why we should
not waste this rare opportunity.
17.‚³‚ç‚É‚¢‚¤‚ÆA‰ß‹Ž91 mahā
kappā‚É‚Í7l‚̃uƒbƒ_‚µ‚©‚¢‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½BMahapadana Sutta
(DN 14)‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
Œ»Ý‚Ìmahā kappā‚Ì‘O‚ÉAƒuƒbƒ_‚ªˆêl‚à‚¢‚È‚©‚Á‚½30 mahā kappa‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚»‚ê‚Í1200‰”N‚·‚Ȃ킿1’›2000‰”N‚Å‚·B
‚±‚Ìkappa‚Å‚³‚¦AGōtama Buddha‚Ì ‹³‚¦iSāsanaj‚Í5000”N‚µ‚©‘±‚©‚¸Akappa‚Ì’PˆÊ‚©‚猩‚邯–³Ž‹‚Å‚«‚é‚قǂ̒Z‚¢ŽžŠÔ‚Å‚·B‚»‚Ì‚½‚ßA‚±‚̂܂ê‚È‹@‰ï‚𖳑ʂɂ·‚ׂ«‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
Origins of the World – Limits of Inquiry
18. The human mind is naturally curious. We want to know
everything, especially regarding this wondrous place called the universe. It is
mind-boggling, but exciting at the same time. I used to spend a lot of time
reading science fiction as well as speculations about the origins of the
universe, etc. when I was growing up.
Then there is the account about a yogi, Rohitassa, who developed abhiññā powers.
He wanted to see the end of the world and took off looking for it, got lost and
died. He was reborn a deva, came to see the Buddha and told the
Buddha about his quest. See, gRohitassa Sutta: To Rohitassa.g
‚±‚Ì¢ŠE‚Ì‹NŒ¹@@Ž¿–â‚ÌŒÀŠE
18.lŠÔ‚̃}ƒCƒ“ƒh‚ÍDŠïS‚ª‰ ·‚Å‚·B“Á‚ɉF’ˆ‚ƌĂ΂ê‚邱‚Ì•sŽv‹c‚ÈꊂɊւµ‚ÄA‚·‚ׂĂð’m‚肽‚¢‚Æ–]‚݂܂·B‚»‚ê‚Í‹C‚ª‰“‚‚Ȃ邱‚Ƃł·‚ªA“¯Žž‚ÉŽhŒƒ“I‚Å‚·BŽ„‚Í”NŠú‚ɃTƒCƒGƒ“ƒXƒtƒBƒNƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚âA‰F’ˆ‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚Ȃǂɂ‚¢‚Ẳ¯‘ª‚ð“ǂނ̂ɑ½‚‚ÌŽžŠÔ‚ð”ï‚₵‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B
ƒTƒCƒLƒbƒNƒpƒ[iabhiññāj‚̗͂ł͎ߑ¸‚ÉŽŸ‚¢‚Å2”Ô–Ú‚¾‚Á‚½Moggallāna‘¸Žt‚ÍAˆê“xA‰F’ˆ‚ð’TŒŸ‚µAŽ©•ª‚ª‚Ç‚±‚Ü‚Ås‚¯‚é‚©‚ð’m‚肽‚ŽŽ‚µ‚Ă݂܂µ‚½B”Þ‚Í–ÀŽq‚ɂȂèAŽß‘¸‚͔ނ̋~•‚ð‚µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½B
ŽŸ‚ÉAabhiññā powers‚ðŠJ”‚µ‚½ƒˆƒM‚ÌRohitassa‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚Ìà–¾‚Å‚·B”Þ‚Í¢ŠE‚ÌI‚í‚è‚ðŒ©‚½‚¢‚ÆŽv‚¢A‚»‚ê‚ð’T‚µ‚É—·—§‚¿A“¹‚É–À‚Á‚ÄŽ€‚ɂ܂µ‚½B”Þ‚Ídeva‚ɶ‚Ü‚ê•Ï‚í‚èAŽß‘¸‚ɉ‚É—ˆ‚ÄA”Þ‚Ì’T‹‚ɂ‚¢‚ÄŽß‘¸‚ÉŒê‚è‚Ü‚µ‚½BRohitassa Sutta: To Rohitassa‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
19. Cosmology is one of
the things that the Buddha declared gunthinkable (acinteyya)h
for an average human; see, gAcinteyya Sutta (AN 4.77)g:
gThere are these four
things that should not be conjectured about and would bring anxiety and
madness to anyone who speculates. Which four? (i) capabilities of a
Buddha, (ii) subject of jhānā, (iii)
detailed knowledge of kamma/kamma vipāka, (iv)
origins of the world.
We will explore some more aspects in the future, that are
beneficial for progressing on the Path.
19.‰F’ˆ˜_‚ÍAŽß‘¸‚ªˆê”Ê“I‚ÈlŠÔ‚ɂƂÁ‚Ä‚Íul‚¦‚ç‚ê‚È‚¢iacinteyyajv‚ÆéŒ¾‚µ‚½‚±‚Ƃ̈ê‚‚ł·BAcinteyya Sutta (AN 4.77)‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
u„‘ª‚·‚é‚ׂ«‚ł͂Ȃ¢‚±‚Æ‚ª‚S‚‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B„‘ª‚·‚él‚É•sˆÀ‚Æ‹¶‹C‚ð‚à‚½‚ç‚·‚©‚ç‚Å‚·B‚ǂ̎l‚‚łµ‚傤‚©H iijƒuƒbƒ_‚Ì”\—ÍAiiijjhānā‚̪‹’Aiiiijkamma / kammavipāka‚ÌÚׂȒmޝAiivj¢ŠE‚Ì‹NŒ¹
¶ŠU‚ð‚©‚¯‚Ä‚±‚ê‚ç‚ÌŽå‘è‚ÌÚׂ𒲂ׂĂàA‚Ç‚±‚É‚à‚½‚ǂ蒅‚«‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
‚µ‚©‚µAã‹L‚ÅŒ©‚½‚悤‚ÉA‚»‚ê‚ç‚ÌŽå‘è‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‘å‚Ü‚©‚Èl‚¦‚ðŽ‚Â‚±‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚ÄA‚¢‚‚‚©‚Ì“´Ž@‚ª“¾‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚·Bו”‚ɂ܂œ¥‚Ýž‚à‚¤‚Æ‚·‚邯Aƒgƒ‰ƒuƒ‹‚ÉŠª‚«ž‚Ü‚ê‚Ü‚·B
u“¹v‚ÌŒüã‚É—L‰v‚È‚¢‚‚‚©‚̖ʂ𫗈“I‚ɂ͌Ÿ“¢‚µ‚Ü‚·B
20. Please keep that in
mind when you make comments at the discussion forum. There are a few things we
can learn from the sutta, but it is useless to get into arguments
about how it contradicts scientific findings at
present.
July
12, 2019: I have started a new subsection, gOrigin of Lifeh to discuss the necessary background material
for future posts on the Aggañña Sutta.
20.ƒfƒBƒXƒJƒbƒVƒ‡ƒ“ƒtƒH[ƒ‰ƒ€‚ŃRƒƒ“ƒg‚ðs‚¤‚Æ‚«‚ÍA‚±‚Ì‚±‚Ƃɗ¯ˆÓ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
sutta‚©‚çŠw‚ׂ邱‚Ƃ͂¢‚‚‚©‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·‚ªAŒ»Ý‚̉Ȋw“I”Œ©‚Æ–µ‚‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂ‚¢‚Ä‹c˜_‚·‚é‚͖̂³ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚·B
ƒfƒBƒXƒJƒbƒVƒ‡ƒ“ƒtƒH[ƒ‰ƒ€‚ł̃Rƒƒ“ƒg‚ÆŽ¿–â‚Ì‚½‚ß‚ÉAV‚µ‚¢ƒgƒsƒbƒNBuddhism and Evolution – Aggañña Sutta (DN 27)‚ðŠJ‚«‚Ü‚µ‚½B
‚Ü‚½AƒRƒƒ“ƒg‚ð‚µ‚½‚莿–â‚·‚é‘O‚ÉAƒgƒsƒbƒN‚ð’ˆÓ[‚“Ç‚ñ‚Å‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
‚»‚±‚ɂ͑½‚‚ÌŽ‘—¿‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
2019”N7ŒŽ12“úFAggaññaSutta‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚題ã‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚É•K—v‚È”wŒiŽ‘—¿‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‹c˜_‚·‚邽‚ß‚ÉOrigin of Life‚¢‚¤V‚µ‚¢ƒTƒuƒZƒNƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚ðŠJŽn‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
Revised
September 27, 2017; January 30, 2019; April 18, 2020; June 28, 2020
Arōgyā paramā lābhā
Santuṭṭhiparamaṃ dhanaṃ
vissāsa
paramā ñāti
Nibbānaṃ paramaṃ sukhaṃ
(Dhammapada verse 204)
Here is a recital by the Venerable Thero:
‚±‚ꂪ—R‚ ‚é’·˜V‚É‚æ‚é˜N¥‚Å‚·B
1. As with many Dhammapada verses (and sutta interpretations),
the conventional (or gpadaparamag)
interpretation is the one that is widely known, which goes as: gHealth is the ultimate profit,
happiness is the ultimate wealth, a trusted friend is the best
relative, Nibbāna is the ultimate blissh.
1.‘½‚‚Ì–@‹åŒo‚ÌŽi‚¨‚æ‚уXƒbƒ^‚̉ðŽßj‚Æ“¯—l‚ÉA]—ˆi‚·‚Ȃ킿padaparamaj‚̉ðŽß‚ÍL‚’m‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚à‚̂ł ‚èAŽŸ‚̂悤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚·B
uŒ’N‚Í‹†‹É‚Ì—˜‰v‚Å‚ ‚èAK•Ÿ‚Í‹†‹É‚Ì•x‚Å‚ ‚èAM—Ђł«‚é—Fl‚ÍÅ‚‚Ìeʂł ‚èAŸ¸žÏnibbāna‚Í‹†‹É‚ÌŽŠ•Ÿ‚Å‚·Bv@
‚æ‚è[‚¢ˆÓ–¡‚Í‘½‚‚Ìl‚ɂƂÁ‚ĉB‚³‚ꂽ‚܂܂ł·BƒXƒŠƒ‰ƒ“ƒJ‚̈ꕔ‚Ì•a‰@‚Å‚ÍAuArōgya Parama Lābhāv‚Ìß‚ªAŒ’N‚Å‚ ‚邱‚Ƃ̗˜“_‚ð‹’²‚·‚邽‚߂ɑ傫‚È•¶Žš‚Å•\ަ‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
Ž„‚½‚¿‚ª‚±‚Ìl¶‚ð¶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚éŠÔA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ì]—ˆ‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽç‚邱‚Ƃ͗ǂ¢‚±‚Ƃł·‚ªAŽ„‚½‚¿‚͂܂½A”ª¹“¹‚É’…Žè‚·‚邽‚߂̂æ‚è[‚¢ˆÓ–¡‚ð”cˆ¬‚·‚邿‚¤“w‚ß‚é‚ׂ«‚Å‚·B
Buddha Dhamma in Chart‚ÆWhat is Unique in Buddha Dhamma‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
2. First gparamah
means gultimateh or gprominenth. By the way, the word gpadaparamah
above means the interpretation that makes the gconventional meaning of a word
prominenth; gpadah
is gwordh. Now let us look at the other words in the verse.
2.ʼn‚Ìuparamav‚Íu‹†‹Év‚Ü‚½‚Íu‘ì‰zv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚¿‚Ȃ݂ÉAã‹L‚Ìpadaparama‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ¾—t‚ÍAuŒ¾—t‚Ì]—ˆ‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðÛ—§‚½‚¹‚év‚Æ‚¢‚¤‰ðŽß‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·Bpada‚ÍuŒ¾—tv‚Å‚·B‚³‚ÄA‚»‚Ì߂̑¼‚ÌŒ¾—t‚ðŒ©‚Ä‚Ý‚Ü‚µ‚傤B
3. gRōgah
means gdiseaseh, so arōgya means
not subject to disease. The bodies of all beings below the Deva lokā (human
and below) are subject to disease. We cannot remove the possibility of the
disease until we remove causes for us to be reborn in the human realm or the
lowest four realms, i.e., attain the Sakadāgāmi stage
of Nibbāna.
3.uRōgav‚Íu•a‹Cv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚·‚é‚Ì‚ÅAarōgya‚Í•a‹C‚É‚©‚©‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B Deva lokā‚̉ºilŠÔˆÈ‰ºj‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂ̑¶Ý‚Í•a‹C‚É‚©‚©‚è‚â‚·‚¢‘Ì‚ðŽ‚¿‚Ü‚·BlŠÔ‚̗̈æ‚Ü‚½‚ÍʼnºˆÊ‚Ì4—̈æ‚Ŷ‚Ü‚ê•Ï‚í‚錴ˆö‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚‚Ü‚ÅA‚‚܂蟸žÏnibbāna‚ÌSakadāgāmi‚Ì’iŠK‚É“ž’B‚·‚é‚Ü‚ÅA•a‹C‚̉”\«‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚‚±‚Ƃ͂ł«‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
uLābhav‚Íu—˜‰vv‚Å‚·B u–³•avó‘Ô‚ÌÅI“I‚È—˜‰vi‚Ç‚ñ‚ȗʂ̕x‚æ‚è‚à—Ç‚¢j‚ÍAŸ¸žÏnibbāna‚ÌSakadāgāmi’iŠK‚Å’B¬‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
4. gSantuṭṭhih comes from gsanh + gtuṭṭhi.h Here gtuṭṭhih
is gjoyh and santuṭṭhi is the joy
achieved by removing gsang.
Santutthi and the
more common Sinhala word gsanthosah
means happy. When one removes gsang,
one gains the niramisa sukha of Nibbāna or
gcooling downh.
4.uSantuṭṭhiv‚Íusanv+utuṭṭhiv‚©‚ç‚«‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚±‚±‚ÅAutuṭṭhiv‚ÍuŠì‚Ñv‚Å‚ ‚èAsantuṭṭhi‚Íusanv‚ð휂·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Ä’B¬‚³‚ê‚éŠì‚тł·B Santutthi‚æ‚èˆê”Ê“I‚ȃVƒ“ƒnƒ‰Œê‚Ìusanthosav‚ÍK‚¹‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B usanv‚ð휂·‚邯ANibbāna‚Ìniramisasukha‚Ü‚½‚Íucoolingdownv‚ª“¾‚ç‚ê‚Ü‚·B
uDhanaṃv‚Íu•xv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·BƒVƒ“ƒnƒ‰Œê‚Ídhanaya‚Å‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‹†‹É‚Ì•x‚ÍAusanv‚·‚Ȃ킿æÃ—~A‘žˆ«A–³’m‚̔ϔY‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚‚±‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Ä’B¬‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·BWhat is gSanhHv‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
5. gVissāsah
comes from gvish
+ gāsāh,
where gāsāh means gāsavah or
cravings. Thus it means getting rid of cravings that make one bound to
the saṃsāra (round of
rebirths).
5.uVissāsav‚Íuvisv+uāsāv‚É—R—ˆ‚µ‚Ü‚·Buāsāv‚Íuāsavav‚Ü‚½‚ÍŠ‰–]‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‚»‚ê‚ÍA—Ö‰ôi—Ö‰ôj‚É”›‚ç‚ê‚é—~‹‚ðŽæ‚èœ‚‚±‚Æ‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B
uÑātiv‚Íu‘Š‘Î“Iv‚ðˆÓ–¡‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄA‹†‹É‚ÌeÊ‚â”ð“ÍA¢‘“I‚È‚à‚̂ւ̊‰–]‚ð‚ ‚«‚ç‚߂邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Ä“ž’B‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
6. The last one, Nibbānaṃ paramaṃ sukhaṃ, or gNibbāna is the ultimate blissh
is the only one that has the same meaning as the conventional or gpadaparamah
version in #1 above.
6.ÅŒã‚ÌNibbānaṁparamaṁsukhaṃA‚·‚Ȃ킿uNibbāna‚Í‹†‹É‚ÌŽŠ•Ÿv‚ÍAã‹L‚Ì”1‚Ì]—ˆ‚̃o[ƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚Ü‚½‚Íupadaparamavƒo[ƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚Æ“¯‚¶ˆÓ–¡‚ðŽ‚Â—Bˆê‚Ì‚à‚̂ł·B
‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚ÄASotāpannamagga‚É’…Žè‚·‚邯‚«A³‚µ‚¢ƒo[ƒWƒ‡ƒ“‚ð—‰ð‚Å‚«‚é‚Í‚¸‚Å‚·B
7. Buddha dhamma has no language, cultural, social
barriers. But the Buddha advised never to translate Tipiṭaka to
any language, particularly to Sanskrit, because the meanings of certain words
can get distorted; see, gPreservation of the Dhammag.
7.•§–@‚É‚ÍAŒ¾Œê“IA•¶‰»“IAŽÐ‰ï“Iá•ǂ͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚µ‚©‚µŽß‘¸‚ÍA“Á’è‚Ì’PŒê‚̈Ӗ¡‚ª˜c‚މ”\«‚ª‚ ‚邽‚ßATipiṭaka‚ð‚¢‚©‚Ȃ錾ŒêA“Á‚ɃTƒ“ƒXƒNƒŠƒbƒgŒê‚É–|–󂵂Ȃ¢‚悤‚É’‰‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
Preservation of the Dhamma‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
‚È‚‚Æ‚àƒuƒbƒ_ƒS[ƒT‚ªVisuddhimagga‚ð‘‚¢‚½‚Æ‚«‚©‚»‚êˆÈ‘O‚̉ߋŽ1500”N‚©‚»‚±‚ç‚ÌŠÔ‚ÉA‚»‚ꂪ‹N‚±‚Á‚½‚͔̂ç“÷‚È‚±‚Ƃł·B
Å‚à—LŠQ‚Ȃ̂ÍAƒp[ƒŠŒê‚Ìanicca‚Æanatta‚ªƒTƒ“ƒXƒNƒŠƒbƒgŒê‚Ìanitya‚Æanātma‚É’u‚«Š·‚¦‚ç‚ꂽ‚±‚Ƃł·B
ŒãŽÒ‚Í‚à‚Á‚ÆÅ‹ß‹N‚±‚Á‚½‰Â”\«‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
Misinterpretation of Anicca and
Anatta by Early European Scholars‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
ˆê•ûAŽß‘¸‚͂܂½A–{“–‚Éd—v‚Ȃ̂Íu—^‚¦‚ç‚ꂽ’PŒê‚âƒtƒŒ[ƒY‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð—‰ð‚·‚邱‚Æv‚Å‚ ‚邯’‰‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B”Þ‚ÍA‚±‚ê‚ç‚Ìd—v‚ȃp[ƒŠŒê‚̈Ӗ¡‚ð“`‚¦‚邽‚ß‚ÉA“Á’è‚ÌŒ»êiTPOj‚É“K‚µ‚½’PŒê‚âƒtƒŒ[ƒYi‚¨‚æ‚Ñ—áj‚ðŽg—p‚·‚邯q‚ׂ܂µ‚½Bƒp[ƒŠ‚Å‚ÍTipiṭaka‚ð‚»‚Ì‚Ü‚Ü‚É‚µ‚Ä‚¨‚•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·‚ªA’®O‚ɉž‚¶‚ăAƒCƒfƒA‚ð“`‚¦‚é‚Ì‚ÉÅ‚à–𗧂•û–@‚Å‚»‚Ì“à—e‚ð‰ðŽß‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
Tipiṭaka‚ÌŽ‘—¿‚ð‰ðŽß‚·‚鳂µ‚¢•û–@‚ÍASutta – Introduction‚ÉŠTà‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
8. It is interesting to note that this verse was a popular one
among the Vedic
brahmins of the day of the Buddha. In the Māgandhiya Sutta (MN
75), it is described how Māgandhiya brahmin tells the
Buddha that his teacher also taught him the same verse. When the Buddha asked
him to explain the meaning that his teacher taught him, Māgandhiya
gave the same interpretation that was given in #1 above.
8.‚±‚̹‹å‚ªŽß‘¸‚ÌŽž‘ã‚̃”ƒF[ƒ_‚̃oƒ‰ƒ‚ƒ“‚ÌŠÔ‚Ål‹C‚Ì‚ ‚鹋å‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚±‚Ƃɒ–Ú‚·‚é‚̂͋»–¡[‚¢‚±‚Ƃł·BMāgandhiya Sutta (MN
75)‚É‚ÍAMāgandhiya brahmin‚ª”Þ‚Ìæ¶‚à“¯‚¶Ž‚ð‚ǂ̂悤‚É“`‚¦‚Ä‚¢‚é‚©‚ðŽß‘¸‚Éà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·BŽß‘¸‚ª‚ǂ̂悤‚ȈӖ¡‚Å‚ ‚é‚Ì‚©‚ðà–¾‚·‚邿‚¤‚É—Š‚ñ‚¾‚Æ‚«AMāgandhiya‚Íã‹L‚Ì”1‚Å—^‚¦‚ç‚ꂽ‚̂Ɠ¯‚¶‰ðŽß‚ð‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
‚±‚Ì‹åigāthāj‚ÍBuddha Sāsanai•§àj‚ªÁ‚¦‚Ä‚µ‚Ü‚Á‚½Œã‚É‘O‚̃uƒbƒ_iBuddha Kassapaj‚©‚烔ƒF[ƒ_‚Ì•¶Šw‚É‚«‚½‚à‚̂ł ‚邯Žß‘¸‚ÍMāgandhiya‚ÉŒ¾‚¢‚Ü‚µ‚½B
gPubbakehesā, māgaṇḍiya, arahantehi sammāsambuddhehi gāthā bhāsitā.g
i‚±‚Ìmahā kappa‚ɂ͎ߑ¸Gotama‚Ì‘O‚É3l‚̃uƒbƒ_‚ª‚¨‚èAŒ»Ý‚ÌBuddha Sāsanai•§àj‚ª–ñ2500”N‚ÅÁ‚¦‹Ž‚éŒã‚Ì–¢—ˆ‚É‚¨‚¢‚Ä–íèÓ•§‚ª—ˆ‚邱‚ƂɒˆÓ‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ªd—v‚Å‚·jB
‚¾‚©‚炱‚»A‚±‚Ì¢‚ÉŒo‚Ì[‚¢ˆÓ–¡‚â‹å‚𳂵‚‰ðŽß‚Å‚«‚éAriyāi‚‹M‚Èlj‚ª’·‚¢ŠÔ‘¶Ý‚µ‚È‚¢‚Ì‚ÉAƒˆ‚È–@‚ÌuеK“I‚ȈӖ¡v‚¾‚¯‚ª¶‚«Žc‚é‚̂ł·B–{“–‚̈Ӗ¡‚ðŽæ‚è–ß‚·‚½‚߂ɂÍAAriyāi‚‹M‚Èlj‚©Žß‘¸‚̂ǂ¿‚ç‚©‚ª¶‚Ü‚ê‚邱‚Æ‚ª•K—v‚Å‚·B
‚±‚ê‚͂܂³‚ɉߋޔ•S”N‚ÌŠÔ‚É‹N‚±‚Á‚½‚±‚Ƃł ‚èAaniccaAdukkhaAanattaAPaṭiccaSamuppādaAĀnāpānasati bhāvanā‚Ȃǂ̑½‚‚̃L[ƒ[ƒh‚Ì^‚̈Ӗ¡‚Í’m‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚¹‚ñ‚Å‚µ‚½B
Anicca, Dukkha, Anatta – Wrong
Interpretations ‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
9. For those who like to dig deeper into Tipiṭaka,
the gSantuṭṭha Sutta (SN 16.1)h clearly illustrates that gsantuṭṭhah is with one who lives a simple life, with minimal cravings, as Ven.
Kassapa did: g..Santuṭṭhāyaṃ, bhikkhave,
kassapo itarītarena cīvarena, itarītaracīvarasantuṭṭhiyā
ca vaṇṇavādī; na ca cīvarahetu anesanaṃ appatirūpaṃ āpajjāti; aladdhā ca cīvaraṃ na paritassati; laddhā ca cīvaraṃ agadhito amucchito anajjhāpanno ādīnavadassāvī nissaraṇapañño paribhuñjāti.h.
9. Tipiṭaka‚ð[‚Œ@‚艺‚°‚½‚¢l‚Ì‚½‚ß‚ÉASantuṭṭha Sutta (SN 16.1)‚ÍAusantuṭṭha’m‘«A–ž‘«v‚ªKassapa’·˜V‚̂悤‚ÉŬŒÀ‚ÌŠ‰–]‚ŃVƒ“ƒvƒ‹‚È¶Šˆ‚ð‘—‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚él‚ƈê‚É‚ ‚邱‚Ƃ𖾊m‚ÉŽ¦‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
.Santuṭṭhāyaṃ, bhikkhave, kassapo
itarītarena cīvarena, itarītaracīvarasantuṭṭhiyā ca vaṇṇavādī;
na ca cīvarahetu anesanaṃ appatirūpaṃ āpajjāti; aladdhā ca cīvaraṃ na paritassati;
laddhā ca cīvaraṃ agadhito amucchito anajjhāpanno ādīnavadassāvī nissaraṇapañño paribhuñjāti.h
‚±‚Ìsutta‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍASuttaCentralƒTƒCƒg‚̉p–ó‚Í“IŠm‚Å‚·B
At Sāvatthī.@ ŽÉ‰qé‚É‚Ä
gMendicants, Kassapa is content with any kind of robe, and praises such contentment. He doesnft try to get hold of a robe in an improper way. He doesnft get upset if he doesnft get a robe. And if he does get a robe, he uses it untied, uninfatuated, unattached, seeing the drawback, and understanding the escape.
Kassapa is content with any kind of almsfood c
Kassapa is content with any kind of lodging c
Kassapa is content with any kind of medicines and supplies for the sick c
So you should train like this: eWe will be content with any kind of robe, and praise such contentment. We wonft try to get hold of a robe in an improper way. We wonft get upset if we donft get a robe. And if we do get a robe, wefll use it untied, uninfatuated, unattached, seeing the drawback, and understanding the escape.f
(All should be treated the same way.)
eWe will be content with any kind of almsfood cf eWe will be content with any kind of lodging cf eWe will be content with any kind of medicines and supplies for the sick cf Thatfs how you should train. I will exhort you with the example of Kassapa or someone like him. You should practice accordingly.h
Origin of Life – There is No Traceable Origin
July
10, 2019; revised July 11, 2019
Why Is This Issue Important?
1. As I explained in my
previous post, we CREATE OUR OWN future lives, as described by Uppatti Paticca Samuppāda; gUppatti Paticca Samuppāda (How We Create Our Own Rebirths)g.
This understanding is
the FOUNDATION of Buddha Dhamma.
1.‘O‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚Åà–¾‚µ‚½‚悤‚ÉAŽ„‚½‚¿‚ÍUppatti PaticcaSamuppāda‚ªà–¾‚·‚邿‚¤‚ÉAŽ„‚½‚¿Ž©g‚ª–¢—ˆ‚Ì¶Šˆ‚ð‘n‘¢‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·BUppatti Paticca Samuppāda (How We Create Our Own Rebirths)
Paticca SamuppādaƒTƒCƒNƒ‹‚Íuavijjā paccayā sankhārav‚ÅŽn‚Ü‚è‚Ü‚·B
avijjāiŽl’ú‚Ì—‰ð‚È‚µj‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚éŒÀ‚èAiabhijsankhāra‚ðs‚¢Akamma‚𶬂µ‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃè‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
bhava‚Æjātii‚‚܂èAĶj‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B‚»‚̃TƒCƒNƒ‹‚͉i‰“‚É‘±‚«‚Ü‚·iŽn‚܂肪‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚悤‚ÉjB
‚·‚ׂẴ^ƒCƒv‚Ìo¶ijātij‚ÍA—áŠO‚È‚‹ê‚µ‚݂ɂ‚Ȃª‚è‚Ü‚·B
‚±‚̃TƒCƒNƒ‹‚ÍA31—̈æ‚Ì‚±‚Ì¢‚Ì–{Ž¿‚ð—‰ð‚·‚邱‚Ƃɂæ‚Á‚Äavijjā‚ªŽæ‚蜂©‚êA31—̈æ‚Ì‚±‚Ì¢‚É‘¶Ý‚·‚邱‚Ƃւ̊‰–]itanhāj‚ðŽ©”“I‚ÉŽ~‚ß‚½ê‡‚ɂ̂ÝI—¹‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ꂪNibbāna‚·‚Ȃ킿Arahanthood‚Ì’B¬‚Å‚·B
‚±‚Ì—‰ð‚ª•§–@‚ÌŠî‘b‚ƂȂè‚Ü‚·B
2. Therefore, the question, gWhat is the origin of life?h is
very much relevant to UNDERSTANDING Buddha Dhamma.
However,
our focus in this series of posts is not the actual origin of the universe, but
the origin of life on Earth.
2.‚µ‚½‚ª‚Á‚Äu¶–½‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚͉½‚Å‚·‚©Hv‚Æ‚¢‚¤Ž¿–â‚ÍBuddha
Dhamma‚ð—‰ð‚·‚邱‚Ƃɔñí‚ÉŠÖ˜A‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ǂ̉ȊwŽÒ‚ÍAŽ„‚½‚¿‚̉F’ˆ‚ÍuƒrƒbƒOƒoƒ“v‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä–ñ140‰”N‘O‚É’a¶‚µ‚½‚ÆM‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
‚³‚ç‚ÉAŒ»Ý‚̉Ȋw—˜_‚Å‚ÍA¶–½‚Íʼn‚ÉŒ´Žnó‘Ôi’Pˆê×–EŽÀ‘Ìj‚ÅŒ`¬‚³‚êA‚æ‚è•¡ŽG‚ȶ–½‘Ì‚Éi‰»‚µ‚½‚ÆŒ¾‚í‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚»‚µ‚ÄA‚»‚ÌlŠÔ‚ÍŒÜ\–œ”N‘O‚É’a¶‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ǂ̉ȊwŽÒ‚ÍAˆö‰Ê—¥‚Æ–µ‚‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚邯‚¢‚¤——R‚¾‚¯‚ÅAƒAƒuƒ‰ƒnƒ€‚Ì@‹³iƒLƒŠƒXƒg‹³Aƒ†ƒ_ƒ„‹³AƒCƒXƒ‰ƒ€‹³j‚ÌŠî‘b‚Å‚ ‚éu‘n‘¢‰¼àv‚É“¯ˆÓ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
Œ´ˆö‚ª‚È‚¯‚ê‚Ή½‚à‘¶Ý‚µ“¾‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤AŽvlƒpƒ^[ƒ“‚©‚çl‚¦‚ðŽn‚߂邩‚ç‚Å‚·B
‘n‘¢Žå‚ª¶–½‚ð‘n‘¢‚µ‚½‚È‚çA‚»‚Ì‘n‘¢Žå‚͂ǂ̂悤‚É‚µ‚Ķ‚܂ꂽ‚̂łµ‚傤‚©H
uƒrƒbƒOƒoƒ“v‹NŒ¹‚ƈö‰ÊŠÖŒW‚̌݊·«‚à–¾Šm‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
‰ÈŠwŽÒ‚Íu‘½Œ³‰F’ˆ—˜_v‚̂悤‚ȉ”\«‚ð–Íõ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·‚ªA‚»‚ê‚ç‚͂܂¾„‘ª“I‚È‚à‚̂ł·B
‚µ‚©‚µA‚±‚̈ê˜A‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚Å‚ÌÅ“_‚ÍA‰F’ˆ‚ÌŽÀÛ‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚ł͂ȂA’n‹…ã‚̶–½‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚Å‚·B
Buddhafs Explanation
3. According to the Buddha, life has no traceable beginning.
This is certainly compatible with causality.
Without a Buddha, we
will not even be aware of this hidden suffering. Furthermore, a Buddha
FOUND A WAY (Noble Eightfold Path) to stop this perpetual suffering. That
is the uplifting message.
Žß‘¸‚Ìà–¾
3.Žß‘¸‚É‚æ‚邯A¶–½‚ɂ͒ÇՉ”\‚ÈŽn‚܂肪‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚±‚ê‚ÍŠm‚©‚Ɉö‰ÊŠÖŒW‚ƌ݊·«‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎAGaddulabaddha
Sutta (SN 22.99)FuAnamataggoyaṃAbhikkhaveAsaṃsārov‚Æ‚Íu”ä‹u‚æA“]¶ƒvƒƒZƒX‚ÌŽ¯•ʉ”\‚ÈŠJŽn‚ª‚È‚¢v‚Æ‚¢‚¤ˆÓ–¡‚Å‚·B
‚Ü‚½AÅ‹ßSotapanna Stage and Tilakkhana‚Å‹c˜_‚µ‚½AaniccaAdukkha, anatta‚Ì«Ž¿‚ð—‰ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‚½‚ßA¶•¨‚ª‚ǂ̂悤‚Ésamsara‚É”›‚ç‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚é‚©‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚àà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
ã‹L‚Ìß‚ÍASamyutta
Nikāya‚ÌAnamatagga Saṃyutta‚Ì‚·‚ׂĂÌsutta‚É“oꂵ‚Ü‚·B
Šesutta‚ÍAŽ„‚½‚¿ˆêlˆêl‚ª‚±‚Ì“]¶ƒvƒƒZƒX‚ɂǂꂾ‚¯‚ÌŽžŠÔ‚ð”ï‚₵A‚ǂꂾ‚¯‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ð‘Ï‚¦‚Ä‚«‚½‚©‚ðŽ¦‚·‚½‚߂̒¼šg‚ð—^‚¦‚Ü‚·B
‚µ‚©‚µAŽß‘¸‚̃ƒbƒZ[ƒW‚Í‹C‚̂߂¢‚邿‚¤‚È‚à‚̂ł͂Ȃ¢‚±‚ƂɒˆÓ‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
¢ŠE‚Ƀuƒbƒ_‚ª‚¢‚é‚©‚Ç‚¤‚©‚É‚©‚©‚í‚炸A‚±‚̋ꂵ‚݂͑¶Ý‚µ‚Ü‚·B‚±‚̋ꂵ‚݂͖{“–‚Å‚·‚ªA‚»‚̋ꂵ‚Ý‚ðŽ•ž‚·‚é•û–@‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
Žß‘¸‚ª‚¢‚È‚¯‚ê‚ÎAŽ„‚½‚¿‚Í‚±‚̉B‚ꂽ‹ê‚µ‚݂ɂ³‚¦‹C‚©‚È‚¢‚Å‚µ‚傤B‚³‚ç‚ÉA‚±‚̉i‰“‚̋ꂵ‚Ý‚ðŽ~‚߂邽‚߂̎ߑ¸‚ª”ª³“¹‚ðŒ©‚Â‚¯‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚±‚ê‚Í‚—g‚·‚郃bƒZ[ƒW‚Å‚·B
4. As many of you may have observed, learning deeper aspects of
Buddha Dhamma is not easy. It requires one to spend a considerable time
learning and then contemplating.
4.ŠF‚³‚ñ‚Ì‘½‚‚ªŒ©‚½‚悤‚ÉABuddha Dhamma‚Ì‚æ‚è[‚¢‘¤–Ê‚ðŠw‚Ô‚±‚Ƃ͗eˆÕ‚ł͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñBŠwK‚µ‚Änl‚·‚é‚̂ɂ©‚È‚è‚ÌŽžŠÔ‚ð”ï‚â‚·•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
sansāric‚Ì—·‚Ì’·‚³‚ÆA‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚ǂ̓]¶‚łǂꂾ‚¯‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ª‚ ‚é‚©‚ð—‰ð‚µ‚È‚¢‚ÆA•§–@‚ðŒ¤‹†‚·‚郂ƒ`ƒx[ƒVƒ‡ƒ“‚ð¶‚Ýo‚·‚±‚Ƃ͢“ï‚Å‚·B‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç‚Ìl‚ÍAŒµ‚µ‚¢‹ê‚µ‚Ý‚ÉP‚í‚ꂽ‚Æ‚«‚ɂ̂݋ꂵ‚݂̌yŒ¸‚ð‹‚߂ĕ§–@‚É—Š‚è‚Ü‚·B‚µ‚©‚µAŠw‚Ô‚Ì‚ÉÅ“K‚ÈŽžŠú‚ÍA‰s‚¢ƒ}ƒCƒ“ƒh‚ÅŒ’N‚Å‚ ‚邯‚«‚Ȃ̂ÅA‚±‚̃VƒŠ[ƒY‚Å‚»‚ê‚ç‚ÌlX‚É‚à‚â‚é‹C‚ð—^‚¦‚ç‚ê‚ê‚΂Ǝv‚¢‚Ü‚·B@
Upanisa Sutta
(SN 12.23)‚ÅAŽß‘¸‚ÍNibbāna‚ÉŽŠ‚é‚³‚Ü‚´‚܂ȗvˆö‚ÌŒ´ˆö/ðŒiupanisaj‚ɂ‚¢‚Ę_‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B‚³‚Ü‚´‚Ü‚Èo¶ijātij‚ª‚ǂ̂悤‚É”¶‚µA‚»‚ê‚ç‚·‚ׂĂÌo¶‚ª‚ǂ̂悤‚Édukkhai‹ê‚µ‚Ýj‚ðˆø‚«‹N‚±‚·‚©‚ð—‰ð‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ªd—v‚Å‚·B
‚±‚Ì—‰ð‚ÍA‚±‚Ì“]¶ƒvƒƒZƒX‚Ö‚ÌŽn‚܂肪‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚±‚Ƃ𖾊m‚É’m‚é‚܂ŒB¬‚·‚邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚¸AŽ„‚½‚¿‘Sˆõ‚ª‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ìo¶‚Å”ñí‚ɋꂵ‚ñ‚Å‚¢‚Ü‚·B‰i‘±“I‚ȋꂵ‚݂ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA¡ŒãPathama Niraya
Sagga Sutta (AN 10.211)‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚à˜b‚µ‚Ü‚·B—Ç‚¢—Ìˆæ‚Æˆ«‚¢—̈æ‚Å‚ÌĶ‚ÌŒ´ˆöA‚»‚µ‚ĂقƂñ‚Ç‚Ìo¶‚ªˆ«‚¢—̈æ‚É‚ ‚é——R‚ðà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
5. Life has always existed, but planetary systems (like our
Solar system) are destroyed periodically and re-formed over long times.
In a newly-formed Earth, the first cells are created by kammic energy. In other words, it is the
gmental energyh in javana citta that is really responsible for a gfirst
cellh. I will discuss this in future posts on Aggañña
Sutta.
5.¶–½‚Íí‚É‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·‚ªA˜f¯Œni‘¾—zŒn‚È‚Çj‚Í’èŠú“I‚É”j‰ó‚³‚êA’·‚¢ŽžŠÔ‚ð‚©‚¯‚ÄÄŒ`¬‚³‚ê‚Ü‚·B
‚±‚ê‚ÍAˆö‰ÊŠÖŒW‚ÌŒ´‘¥‚ƈê’v‚·‚é—Bˆê‚Ìà–¾‚Å‚·Bul¶‚Ìʼn‚ÌŽn‚Ü‚èv‚Í‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB¶–½‚Íí‚É‘¶Ý‚µAˆö‰ÊŠÖŒW‚ÌŒ´—A‚‚܂èPaticca Samuppāda‚É]‚Á‚Äi‰»‚µ‚Ü‚·BˆÈ‘O‚̃gƒsƒbƒNUppatti Paticca Samuppāda (How We Create Our Own Rebirths)‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
ˆö‰ÊŠÖŒW‚ÌŒ´—iŒ»‘ã‰ÈŠw‚ÌŠî‘bj‚ɉˆ‚Á‚Äi‚Þ‚ÆA¶–½‚ª•sŠˆ«•¨Ž¿‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚ç‚È‚¢‚̂ł ‚ê‚ÎA¶–½‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚Í‚ ‚蓾‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
ŽŸ‚̃rƒfƒI‚Åà–¾‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚é‚Ì‚ÍAŽÀŒ±Žº‚ł͕¨Ž¿‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚é’Pˆê×–Ei¶–½‚ÌŠî–{“I‚ȃrƒ‹ƒfƒBƒ“ƒOƒuƒƒbƒNj‚ð쬂·‚邱‚Ƃ͂ł«‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃł·B§Œä‚³‚ê‚½ðŒ‰º‚ÌŽÀŒ±Žº‚Å쬂ł«‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤‚±‚Æ‚ÍA•sŠˆ«•¨Ž¿‚©‚çŽn‚܂鎩‘R‚ȃvƒƒZƒX‚Ŷ–½‚ª”¶‚·‚邱‚Ƃ͂ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
V‚½‚ÉŒ`¬‚³‚ꂽ’n‹…‚Å‚ÍAʼn‚Ì×–E‚ÍkammicƒGƒlƒ‹ƒM[‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä쬂³‚ê‚Ü‚·BŒ¾‚¢Š·‚¦‚ê‚ÎAuʼn‚Ì×–Ev‚Ì–{“–‚ÌŒ´ˆö‚Í javana citta‚Ìuƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹“IƒGƒlƒ‹ƒM[v‚Å‚·B‚±‚ê‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍA¡Œã‚ÌAggaññaSutta‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚Åà–¾‚µ‚Ü‚·B
Evolutionists
Versus Creationistsi‰»˜_ŽÒ‚Æ‘n‘¢˜_ŽÒ
6. Of course, there is
an ongoing debate between the evolutionists and creationists. Evolutionists believe
that life evolved into complex entities like humans over billions of years.
Furthermore, they believe that even the first cell (which is the building block
of all life forms) evolved in the early Earth starting with inert
molecules. Creationists, on the other hand, believe that a
Creator God created life.
I agree with the creationists that it is not possible for a cell to come to existence gstarting with inert moleculesh via random events. You can decide for yourself based on the videos below (and the references if you are really interested). Of course, we can discuss at the discussion forum.
6.‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñAi‰»˜_ŽÒ‚Æ‘n‘¢˜_ŽÒ‚ÌŠÔ‚Åis’†‚Ì‹c˜_‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
i‰»˜_ŽÒ‚ÍA¶–½‚Í”\‰”N‚ɂ킽‚Á‚ÄlŠÔ‚̂悤‚È•¡ŽG‚ÈŽÀ‘Ì‚Éi‰»‚µ‚½‚ÆM‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
‚³‚ç‚ÉA”Þ‚ç‚Íʼn‚Ì×–Ei‚·‚ׂĂ̶–½‘Ì‚Ì\¬—v‘fj‚Å‚³‚¦A•sŠˆ«•ªŽq‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚Á‚ĉŠú’n‹…‚Åi‰»‚µ‚½‚ÆM‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
ˆê•ûA‘n‘¢˜_ŽÒ‚ÍA‘n‘¢Žå‚Å‚ ‚é_‚ª¶–½‚ð‘n‘¢‚µ‚½‚ÆM‚¶‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
‚±‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚ÌÅŒã‚ÉA—¼‘¤‚ÌŽQÆ‚ð‚¢‚‚‚©’ñ‹Ÿ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
‚Ù‚Æ‚ñ‚Ç‚Ìi‰»˜_ŽÒ‚Í×–E‚Ì‹NŒ¹‚ɂ‚¢‚Ă͂ ‚Ü‚è‹c˜_‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‚±‚ƂɒˆÓ‚·‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
”Þ‚ç‚ÍŽå‚ÉuŽí‚Ìi‰»v‚ÉÅ“_‚ð‡‚킹AŠ®‘S‚É‹@”\‚·‚é×–E‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚èA‚Ü‚·‚Ü‚·•¡ŽG‚È\‘¢‚Ì×–E‚ðŽ‚Â‚æ‚è•¡ŽG‚ÈŽí‚Ö‚Æi‰»‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
i‰»˜_ŽÒ‚ÍAƒ‰ƒ“ƒ_ƒ€‚Èo—ˆŽ–‚Ì‚½‚߂Ɍ´Žn’n‹…‚Å×–E‚ªi‰»‚µ‚½‚Æ„‘ª‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
‚½‚Æ‚¦‚ÎAƒŠƒ`ƒƒ[ƒhEƒh[ƒLƒ“ƒX”ŽŽm‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚ÌŽQl•¶Œ£‚ÉŽŸ‚̂悤‚É‘‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B
u‚±‚̘f¯‚щƒ“ƒ_ƒ€‚ȉ»Šw“IƒCƒxƒ“ƒg‚ª‹N‚«‚é‚Ì‚ðŽ„‚½‚¿‚͂ǂꂮ‚ç‚¢‘Ò‚½‚È‚¯‚ê‚΂Ȃç‚È‚¢‚Ì‚¾‚낤‚©HŒ‹‰Ê‚Æ‚µ‚ÄŽ©ŒÈ•¡»‚·‚镪Žq‚ª‚Å‚«‚ ‚ª‚éAƒ‰ƒ“ƒ_ƒ€‚ÈŒ´Žq‚╪Žq‚Ì”M—ʂ̂ ‚鉟‚µ‡‚¢‚ðH‰»ŠwŽÒ‚Í‚±‚ÌŽ¿–â‚Ì“š‚¦‚ð’m‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñvipB144jB
ˆê•ûA‘n‘¢˜_ŽÒ‚ÍAi‰»‚ð‰î‚µ‚Äu×–E‚ð쬂·‚év‚±‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚È‚¢——R‚Ì–â‘è‚ÉÅ“_‚𓖂ĂĂ¢‚Ü‚·B
‚»‚ê‚ç‚Ì‘½‚‚ÍA•¡ŽG‚ȶ–½‚ª‚æ‚è’Pƒ‚ȶ–½‘Ì‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚Á‚½‰Â”\«‚ª‚ ‚邱‚Ƃɓ¯ˆÓ‚µ‚Ü‚·B
‹ô‘R‚Ìo—ˆŽ–‚É‚æ‚Á‚Äu•sŠˆ«•ªŽq‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚év×–E‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚邱‚Ƃ͕s‰Â”\‚Å‚ ‚邯‚¢‚¤‘n‘¢˜_ŽÒ‚É“¯ˆÓ‚µ‚Ü‚·BˆÈ‰º‚̃rƒfƒIi‚¨‚æ‚Ñ–{“–‚É‹»–¡‚ª‚ ‚éꇂ͎Ql•¶Œ£j‚ÉŠî‚¢‚ÄŽ©•ª‚ÅŒˆ‚߂邱‚Æ‚ª‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B
‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñAƒfƒBƒXƒJƒbƒVƒ‡ƒ“ƒtƒH[ƒ‰ƒ€‚Å‹c˜_‚Å‚«‚Ü‚·B
7. The video below is by a scientist (Dr. James Tour) who has a
different viewpoint than most other scientists. He provides solid evidence that
life could not have evolved starting with inert matter. It is too complex to
have been evolved by natural processes.
According to Buddha Dhamma, life did not evolve from inert
matter, nor it was created by a Creator God. Life always existed and it just
takes different forms when a given glifestreamh is
reborn a human, animal, deva, etc. We all have been born in most of
the 31 realms in our deep past! When the conditions on Earth became suitable
cells came to existence via kammic energy.
7.ˆÈ‰º‚̃rƒfƒI‚ÍA‘¼‚̂قƂñ‚ǂ̉ȊwŽÒ‚Ƃ͈قȂ鎋“_‚ðŽ‚Â‰ÈŠwŽÒiDr.
James Tourj‚É‚æ‚é‚à‚̂ł·B
”Þ‚Í•sŠˆ«•¨Ž¿‚©‚çŽn‚߂Ķ–½‚ªi‰»‚Å‚«‚È‚©‚Á‚½‚Æ‚¢‚¤ŠmŒÅ‚½‚騋’‚ð’ñ‹Ÿ‚µ‚Ü‚·B
Ž©‘R‚̃vƒƒZƒX‚É‚æ‚Á‚Äi‰»‚·‚é‚ɂ͕¡ŽG‚·‚¬‚Ü‚·B
ƒrƒfƒI‚ÌÅŒã‚ÉATour”ŽŽm‚ÍA¶–½‚Íi‰»‚·‚é‚ɂ͕¡ŽG‚·‚¬‚邽‚ßA‘n‘¢Žå‚Ì_‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‘n‘¢‚³‚ꂽ‚ɈႢ‚È‚¢‚Æ‚¢‚¤Œ‹˜_‚É’B‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B‚»‚ê‚Í‚à‚¤ˆê‚‚̋ɒ[‚ÈŒ©•û‚Å‚·B
Buddha Dhamma‚É‚æ‚邯A¶–½‚Í•sŠˆ«•¨Ž¿‚©‚çi‰»‚µ‚½‚à‚̂ł͂ȂA‘n‘¢Žå‚Å‚ ‚é_‚É‚æ‚Á‚Ä‘n‘¢‚³‚ꂽ‚à‚Ì‚Å‚à‚ ‚è‚Ü‚¹‚ñB
¶–½‚Íí‚É‘¶Ý‚µA—^‚¦‚ç‚ꂽuƒ‰ƒCƒtƒXƒgƒŠ[ƒ€iƒƒ“ƒ^ƒ‹‘Ìjv‚ªlŠÔA“®•¨Adeva‚Ȃǂ©‚ç¶‚Ü‚ê•Ï‚í‚邯A‚³‚Ü‚´‚܂Ȍ`‚ð‚Æ‚è‚Ü‚·BŽ„‚½‚¿‚ÍŠFA‰ß‹Ž‚Ì31—̈æ‚̂قƂñ‚ǂŶ‚܂ꂽŒoŒ±‚ª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·B
’n‹…ã‚ÌðŒ‚ª“KØ‚É‚È‚é‚ÆA×–E‚̓Jƒ~ƒbƒNƒGƒlƒ‹ƒM[‚ð‰î‚µ‚Ä‘¶Ý‚·‚邿‚¤‚ɂȂè‚Ü‚µ‚½B
Mind Is the Creator of (New Forms of) Life! No Beginning to Life
8. Of course, it is
very likely that Dr. Tour is not aware of the extensive and scientific
explanation by the Buddha in the Aggañña
sutta: Life has ALWAYS existed. A given lifestream
(you or I) have existed without a traceable beginning.
It is just that we ourselves CREATE OUR OWN future lives, as
described via Uppatti Paticca Samuppāda (which
I discussed in my previous post).
ƒ}ƒCƒ“ƒh‚Ͷ–½‚Ì‘n‘¢Žå‚Å‚ ‚é@@@¶–½‚ÌŽn‚Ü‚è‚͂Ȃ¢
8.‚à‚¿‚ë‚ñADrBTour‚ÍAAggañasutta‚ÌŽß‘¸‚É‚æ‚éL”͈͂©‚‰Ȋw“I‚Èà–¾‚É‹C•t‚¢‚Ä‚¢‚È‚¢‰Â”\«‚ª”ñí‚É‚‚¢‚Å‚·B¶–½‚Íí‚É‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚Ü‚·B“Á’è‚̃‰ƒCƒtƒXƒgƒŠ[ƒ€i‚ ‚È‚½‚Ü‚½‚ÍŽ„j‚ÍA’ÇՉ”\‚ÈŠJŽn‚È‚µ‚Å‘¶Ý‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
‚·‚®‚É‚»‚Ì•¡ŽG‚ȃvƒƒZƒX‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‹c˜_‚·‚邱‚Ƃ͂ł«‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‚µ‚©‚µAAggañña
sutta‚ÌŽå—v‚ȃ|ƒCƒ“ƒg‚ɂ‚¢‚Ä‚ÍABuddhism and Evolution – Aggañña Sutta (DN 27)‚Åà–¾‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½B
Ž„‚½‚¿‚ÍAUppatti PaticcaSamuppāda‚Åà–¾‚³‚ê‚Ä‚¢‚邿‚¤‚ÉAŽ„‚½‚¿Ž©g‚ªŽ„‚½‚¿Ž©g‚Ì–¢—ˆ‚Ìl¶‚ð‘n‘¢‚·‚邯‚¢‚¤‚±‚Ƃł·iˆÈ‘O‚̃gƒsƒbƒN‚Åà–¾‚µ‚Ü‚µ‚½jB
9. A cell is the
building block of life. Setting aside a complex life form like a human (made of
trillions of different types of cells), science WILL NOT be able to create even
a single cell. In fact, even in any CURRENT living being,
individual cells are not formed. Instead, an existing cell divides to make two
cells, and that is how more and more living cells come into existence!
As explained by Dr. Tour, a living cell is very complex and is
like a working factory. He does a good job in his explanations.
9.×–E‚̃Zƒ‹‚Ͷ–½‚Ì\¬—v‘f‚Å‚·BlŠÔ‚̂悤‚È•¡ŽG‚ȶ–½‘Ìi”’›Ží—ނ̈قȂé×–E‚łł«‚Ä‚¢‚éj‚ð•ʂɂµ‚Ä‚àA‰ÈŠw‚Í’Pˆê‚Ì×–E‚³‚¦‚à쬂·‚邱‚Ƃ͂ł«‚Ü‚¹‚ñBŽÀÛAŒ»Ý‚̶•¨‚Å‚àAŒÂX‚Ì×–E‚ÍŒ`¬‚³‚ê‚Ü‚¹‚ñB‘ã‚í‚è‚ÉAŠù‘¶‚Ì×–E‚ª•ª—ô‚µ‚Ä2‚‚Ì×–E‚ðì‚è‚Ü‚·B‚»‚ꂪA‚æ‚葽‚‚̶‚«‚½×–E‚ª‘¶Ý‚·‚é•û–@‚Å‚·B
Ž„‚½‚¿‚̑̂͂»‚ꂼ‚ê’Pˆê‚Ì×–EiÚ‡‘Ìzygotej‚©‚çŽn‚Ü‚èAgandhabbai‚·‚Ȃ킿patisandhi viññānaj‚ªuŽq‹{‚É~‚è‚ÄvA‚»‚Ì’Pˆê‚Ì×–E‚Æ—Z‡‚µ‚½‚Æ‚«‚ɂ̂ÝA¶‚«‚½ó‘ԂɂȂè‚Ü‚·B”’›ŒÂ‚Ì×–E‚ðŽ‚ÂŒ»Ý‚Ì“÷‘Ì‚ð‚à‚½‚ç‚·‚Ì‚ª×–E•ª—ô‚Å‚·BBuddhist Explanations of Conception, Abortion, and
Contraception ‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
Œ´Žn“I‚È’Pˆê×–E‚Å‚³‚¦‘nì‚Å‚«‚é‰ÈŠwŽÒ‚Í‚¢‚Ü‚¹‚ñBƒNƒ[ƒjƒ“ƒOŽÀŒ±‚Å‚ÍAŠù‘¶‚Ì×–E‚Ì‚Ý‚ðˆµ‚¢‚Ü‚·BCloning and Gandhabba‚ðŽQÆ‚µ‚Ä‚‚¾‚³‚¢B
Dr. Tour‚ªà–¾‚µ‚½‚悤‚ÉA¶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚é×–E‚Í”ñí‚É•¡ŽG‚ÅA“‚Hê‚̂悤‚È‚à‚̂ł·B”Þ‚Íà–¾‚ł͑f°‚炵‚¢ŽdŽ–‚ð‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éB
10. Here is an introductory video on a living cell
(you may need to copy the URL below and paste in a browser window if the video
does not show up):
10.¶‚«‚Ä‚¢‚é×–E‚ÉŠÖ‚·‚éЉîƒrƒfƒI‚ðˆÈ‰º‚ÉŽ¦‚µ‚Ü‚·iƒrƒfƒI‚ª•\ަ‚³‚ê‚È‚¢ê‡‚ÍAˆÈ‰º‚ÌURL‚ðƒRƒs[‚µ‚ăuƒ‰ƒEƒU[ƒEƒBƒ“ƒhƒE‚É“\‚è•t‚¯‚é•K—v‚ª‚ ‚éꇂª‚ ‚è‚Ü‚·jB
REFERENCES
For
evolution:
Richard Dawkins, gThe
Blind Watchmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe without
Designh (2015).
Jerry A. Coyne, gWhy Evolution is Trueh (2010).
(Note that both these and other books/research papers do not
provide ANY evidence for the evolution of a cell)
For
creation:
Stephen Meyer, gSignature
in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Designh (2010).
Richard Behe, gDarwinfs
Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolutionh (2006).
Both
evolution and creation not adequate:
Thomas Nagel, gMind
& Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature is Almost
Certainly Falseh (2012).
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Long Discourses
Pāṭika Chapter
27. A Book of Genesis
Thus have I heard. The Exalted One was once staying near Sāvatthī, in the East Park, at the mansion of the Mother of Migāra. Now at that time Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja were passing their probation among the brethren, desiring to become bhikkhus. Then at eventide the Exalted One, having arisen from his meditations, had come down from the house, and was walking to and fro in the open air, in the shade of the house.
Now Vāseṭṭha saw this, and on seeing it he told Bhāradvāja, adding: Let us go, friend Bhāradvāja, let us approach the Exalted One, for perchance we might have the good fortune to hear from the Exalted One a talk on matters of doctrine.
Even so, friend, Bhāradvāja made reply. So Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja went and approached the Exalted One, and having saluted him, they walked after him as he walked to and fro.
Then the Exalted One said to Vāseṭṭha: You, Vāseṭṭha, being brahmins by birth and family, have gone forth from a brahmin family, your home, into the homeless life. Do not the brahmins blame and revile you?
Yea, verily, lord, the brahmins do blame and revile us with characteristic abuse, copious, not at all stinted.
But in what words, Vāseṭṭha, do they so blame you?
The brahmins, lord, say thus: gThe brahmin class is the best.h
But in what terms, Vāseṭṭha, do the brahmins blame and censure you to this extent?
The brahmins, lord, say thus: Only a brahmin is of the best social grade; other grades are low. Only a brahmin is of a clear complexion; other complexions are swarthy. Only brahmins are of pure breed; not they that are not of the brahmins. Only brahmins are genuine children of Brahmā, born of his mouth, offspring of Brahmā, created by Brahmā, heirs of Brahmā. As for you, you have renounced the best rank, and have gone over to that low class—to shaven recluses, to the vulgar rich, to them of swarthy skins, to the footborn descendants. Such a course is not good, such a course is not proper, even this, that you, having forsaken that upper class, should associate with an inferior class, to wit, with shaveling friar-folk, menials, swarthy of skin, the offscouring of Our kinsmanfs heels. In these terms, lord, do the brahmins blame and revile us with characteristic abuse, copious, not at all stinted.
Surely, Vāseṭṭha, the brahmins have quite forgotten the past (the ancient lore) when they say so? On the contrary, brahminees, the wives of brahmins, are known to be fertile, are seen to be with child , bringing forth and nursing children. And yet it is these very womb-born brahmins who say that c brahmins are genuine children of Brahmā, born from his mouth; his offspring, his creation, and his heirs! By this they make a travesty of the nature of Brahmā. It is false what they say, and great is the demerit that they thereby earn.
There are these four classes, Vāseṭṭha: nobles, brahmins, tradesfolk, workpeople. Now here and there a noble deprives a living being of life, is a thief, is unchaste, speaks lies, slanders, uses rough words, is a gossip, or greedy, or malevolent, or holds wrong views. Thus we see that qualities which are immoral and considered to be so, which are blameworthy and considered to be so, which ought not to be sought after and are so considered, which are unworthy of an Ariyan and are so considered, qualities sinister and of sinister effect, discountenanced by the wise, are to be found here and there in such a noble. And we may say as much concerning brahmins, tradesfolk and workpeople.
Again, here and there a noble abstains from murder, theft, inchastity, lying, slandering, gossiping, greed, malevolence and false opinions. Thus we see that qualities which are, and are considered, moral, inoffensive, unexceptional, truly Ariyan, benign and of benign effect, commended by the wise, are to be found here and there in a noble. And we may say as much concerning each of the others—brahmins, tradesfolk and workpeople.
Now seeing, Vāseṭṭha, that both bad and good qualities, blamed and praised respectively by the wise, are thus distributed among each of the four classes, the wise do not admit those claims which the brahmins put forward. And why? Because, Vāseṭṭha, whoever among all these four classes becomes a bhikkhu, an Arahant, one who has destroyed the deadly taints, who has lived the life, has done that which was to be done, has laid down the burden, has attained his own salvation, has destroyed the fetter of rebirth, and has become free because he has perfected knowledge—he is declared chief among them, and that in virtue of a norm (a standard), and not irrespective of a norm. For a norm, Vāseṭṭha, is the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
The following, Vāseṭṭha, is an illustration for understanding how a norm is the best among this folk both in this life and in the next. King Pasenadi of Kosala is aware that the Samaṇa Gotama has gone forth from the adjacent clan of the Sākyas. Now the Sākyas are become the vassals of King Pasenadi. They render to him homage and respectful salutation, they rise and do him obeisance, and treat him with ceremony. Now, just as the Sākyans treat King Pasenadi of Kosala, so does the king treat the Tathāgata. For he thinks: Is not the Samaṇa Gotama well born? Then I am not well born. The Samaṇa Gotama is strong, I am weak. He is attractive, I am not comely; the Samaṇa Gotama has great influence, I have but little influence. Now it is because the king honours a norm, reveres a norm, regards a norm, does homage to a norm, holds sacred a norm, that he renders homage and respectful salutation to the Tathāgata, rising and doing him obeisance, and treating him with ceremony. By this illustration may it be understood how a norm is the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
You, Vāseṭṭha, who, differing all of you in birth, in name, in clan and family, have gone forth from home into the homeless life, may be asked: Who are ye? Then do ye reply: We be Samaṇas who follow him of the sons of the Sākyans. He, Vāseṭṭha, whose faith in the Tathāgata is settled, rooted, established and firm, a faith not to be dragged down by recluse or brahmin, by deva or Mara or Brahmā or anyone in the world, well may he say: I am a veritable son of the Exalted One, born from his mouth, born of the Norm, created by the Norm, heir of the Norm. And why? Because, Vāseṭṭha, these are names tantamount to Tathāgata: Belonging to the Norm, and again, belonging to the highest, and again, one with the Norm, and again, one with the Highest.
There comes a time, Vāseṭṭha, when, sooner or later, after the lapse of a long, long period, this world passes away. And when this happens, beings have mostly been reborn in the World of Radiance; and there they dwell, made of mind, feeding on rapture, self-luminous, traversing the air, continuing in glory; and thus they remain for a long, long period of time. There comes also a time, Vāseṭṭha, when sooner or later this world begins to re-evolve. When this happens, beings who had deceased from the World of Radiance, usually come to life as humans. And they become made of mind, feeding on rapture, self-luminous, traversing the air, continuing in glory, and remain thus for a long, long period of time.
Now at that time, all had become one world of water, dark, and of darkness that maketh blind. No moon nor sun appeared, no stars were seen, nor constellations, neither was night manifest nor day, neither months nor half-months, neither years nor seasons, neither female nor male. Beings were reckoned just as beings only. And to those beings, Vāseṭṭha, sooner or later after a long time, earth with its savour was spread out in the waters. Even as a scum forms on the surface of boiled milky rice that is cooling, so did the earth appear. It became endowed with colour, with odour, and with taste. Even as well-made ghee or pure butter, so was its colour; even as the flawless honey of the bee, so sweet was it.
Then, Vāseṭṭha, some being of greedy disposition, said: Lo now! What will this be? and tasted the savoury earth with his finger. He thus, tasting, became suffused with the savour, and craving entered into him. And other beings, following his example, tasted the savoury earth with their finger. They thus, tasting, became suffused with the savour, a craving entered into them. Then those beings began to feast on the savoury earth, breaking off lumps of it with their hands. And from the doing thereof the self-luminance of those beings faded away. As their self-luminance faded away, the moon and the sun became manifest. Thereupon star-shapes and constellations became manifest. Thereupon night and day became manifest, months too and half-months, the seasons and the years. Thus far then, Vāseṭṭha, did the world evolve again.
Now those beings, Vāseṭṭha, feasting on the savoury earth, feeding on it, nourished by it, continued thus for a long long while. And in measure as they thus fed, did their bodies become solid, and did variety in their comeliness become manifest. Some beings were well favoured, some were ill favoured. And herein they that were well favoured despised them that were ill favoured, thinking: We are more comely than they; they are worse favoured than we. And while they through pride in their beauty thus became vain and conceited, the savoury earth disappeared. At the disappearance of the savoury earth, they gathered themselves together and bewailed it: Alas for the savour! Alas for the savour! Even so now when men having gotten a good savour say; Ah, the savour of it! Ah, the savour of it! They do but follow an ancient primordial saying, not recognizing the significance thereof.
Then, Vāseṭṭha, when the savoury earth had vanished for those beings, outgrowths appeared in the soil. The manner of the rising up thereof was as the springing up of the mushroom, it had colour, odour and taste; even as well-formed ghee or fine butter so was the colour thereof, and even as flawless honeycomb so was the sweetness thereof. Then those beings began to feast on these outgrowths of the soil. And they, feasting on them, finding food and nourishment in them, continued for a long long while. And in measure as they thus fed and were thus nourished, so did their bodies grow ever more solid, and the difference in their comeliness more manifest, some becoming well favoured, some ill favoured. Then they that were well favoured despised them that were ill favoured, thinking: We are more comely than they; they are worse favoured than we. And while they, through pride in their beauty, thus became vain and conceited, these outgrowths of the soil disappeared. Thereupon creeping plants appeared, and the manner of the growth thereof was as that of the bamboo, and they had colour, odour and taste. Even as well-made ghee or fine butter so was the colour thereof; even as flawless honeycomb so was the sweetness thereof.
Then, Vāseṭṭha, those beings began to feast on the creepers. And they, feasting on them, feeding on them, nourished by them, continued so for a long long while. And in measure as they thus fed and were nourished did their bodies wax more solid, and the divergence in their comeliness increase, so that, as before, the better favoured despised the worst favoured. And while those, through pride in their beauty, became vain and conceited, the creepers disappeared. At the disappearance thereof they gathered themselves together and bewailed, saying: Verily it was ours, the creeper! Now it has vanished away! Alas and O me! We have lost! Even so now when men, being asked what is the matter, say: Alas and O me! What we had that have we lost! They do but follow an ancient primordial saying, not recognizing the significance thereof.
Then, Vāseṭṭha, when the creepers had vanished for those beings, rice appeared ripening in open spaces,
No powder had it and no husk. [Pure,] fragrant and clean grained.
Where of an evening they gathered and carried away for supper, there next morning the rice stood ripe and grown again. Where in the morning they gathered and carried away for breakfast, there in the evening it stood ripe and grown again. No break was to be seen [where the husks had been broken off].
Then those beings feasting on this rice in the clearings, feeding on it, nourished by it, so continued for a long long while. And in measure as they, thus feeding, went on existing, so did the bodies of those beings become even more solid, and the divergence in their comeliness more pronounced. In the female appeared the distinctive features of the female, in the male those of the male. Then truly did woman contemplate man too closely, and man, woman. In them contemplating over much the one the other, passion arose and burning entered their body. They in consequence thereof followed their lusts. And beings seeing them so doing threw, some, sand, some, ashes, some, cowdung, crying: Perish, foul one! Perish, foul one! How can a being treat a being so? Even so now when men, in certain districts, when a bride is led away, throw either sand, or ashes, or cowdung, they do but follow an ancient enduring primordial form, not recognizing the significance thereof.
That which was reckoned immoral at that time, Vāseṭṭha, is now reckoned to be moral. Those beings who at that time followed their lusts, were not allowed to enter village or town either for a whole month or even for two months. And inasmuch as those beings at that time quickly incurred blame for immorality, they set to work to make huts, to conceal just that immorality.
Then Vāseṭṭha, this occurred to some being of a lazy disposition: Lo now! Why do I wear myself out fetching rice for supper in the evening, and in the morning for breakfast? What if I were to fetch enough rice for supper and breakfast together? So he gathered at one journey enough rice for the two meals together.
Then some being came to him and said: Come, good being, let us go rice-gathering. Thatfs not wanted, good being, I have fetched rice for the evening and morning meal. Then the former followed his example and fetched rice for two days at once, saying: So much, they say, will about do. Then some other being came to this one and said: Come, good being, let us go rice-gathering. And he: Never mind, good being, I have fetched rice enough for two days. [And so, in like manner, they stored up rice enough for four, and then for eight days.]
Now from the time, Vāseṭṭha, that those beings began to feed on hoarded rice, powder enveloped the clean grain, and husk enveloped the grain, and the reaped or cut stems did not grow again; a break became manifest [where the reaper had cut]; the rice stubble stood in clumps.
Then those beings, Vāseṭṭha, gathered themselves and bewailed this, saying: Evil customs, sirs, have appeared among men. For in the past, we were made of mind, we fed on rapture, self-luminous, we traversed the air in abiding loveliness; long long the period we so remained. For us sooner or later, after a long long while the savoury earth had arisen over the waters. Colour it had, and odour and taste. We set to work to make the earth into lumps, and feast on it. As we did so our self-luminance vanished away. When it was gone, moon and sun became manifest, star-shapes and constellations, night and day, the months and half-months, the seasons and the years. We enjoying the savoury earth, feeding on it, nourished by it, continued so for a long long while. But since evil and immoral customs became rife among us, the savoury earth disappeared. When it had ceased outgrowths of the soil became manifest, clothed with colour, odour and taste. Them we began to enjoy; and fed and nourished thereby, we continued so for a long long while. But when evil and immoral customs arose among us, these outgrowths disappeared. When they had vanished, creepers appeared clothed with colour, odour and taste. Them we turned to enjoy; and fed and nourished thereby we continued so for a long long while. But since evil and immoral customs became prevalent among us, the creepers also disappeared. When they had ceased rice appeared, ripening in open spaces, without powder, without husk, pure, fragrant and clean grained. Where we plucked and took away for the evening meal every evening, there next morning it had grown ripe again. Where we plucked and took away for the morning meal, there in the evening it had grown ripe again. There was no break visible. Enjoying this rice, feeding on it, nourished by it, we have so continued a long long while. But from evil and immoral customs becoming manifest among us, powder has enveloped the clean grain, husk too has enveloped the clean grain, and where we have reaped is no re-growth; a break has come, and the rice-stubble stands in clumps. Come now, let us divide off the rice fields and set boundaries thereto! And so they divided off the rice and set up boundaries round it.
Now some being, Vāseṭṭha, of greedy disposition, watching over his own plot, stole another plot and made use of it. They took him and holding him fast, said: Truly, good being, thou hast wrought evil in that, while watching thine own plot, thou hast stolen another plot and made use of it. See, good being, that thou do not such a thing again! Ay, sirs, he replied. And a second time he did so. And yet a third. And again they took him and admonished him. Some smote him with the hand, some with clods, some with sticks. With such a beginning, Vāseṭṭha, did stealing appear, and censure and lying and punishment became known.
Now those beings, Vāseṭṭha, gathered themselves together, and bewailed these things, saying: From our evil deeds, sirs, becoming manifest, inasmuch as stealing, censure, lying, punishment have become known, what if we were to select a certain being, who should be wrathful when indignation is right, who should censure that which should rightly be censured and should banish him who deserves to be banished? But we will give him in return a proportion of the rice.
Then, Vāseṭṭha, those beings went to the being among them who was the handsomest, the best favoured, the most attractive, the most capable and said to him: Come now, good being, be indignant at that whereat one should rightly be indignant, censure that which should rightly be censured, banish him who deserves to be banished. And we will contribute to thee a proportion of our rice.
And he consented, and did so, and they gave him a proportion of their rice.
Chosen by the whole people, Vāseṭṭha, is what is meant by Mahā Sammata; so Mahā Sammata (the Great Elect) was the first standing phrase to arise [for such a one]. Lord of the Fields is what is meant by Khattiya; so Khattiya (Noble) was the next expression to arise. He charms the others by the Norm—by what ought (to charm)—is what is meant by Raja; so this was the third standing phrase to arise.
Thus then, Vāseṭṭha, was the origin of this social circle of the Nobles, according to the ancient primordial phrases [by which they were known]. Their origin was from among those very beings, and no others; like unto themselves, not unlike; and it took place according to the Norm [according to what ought to be, justly], not unfittingly.
For, Vāseṭṭha.
The normfs the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
Now it occurred, Vāseṭṭha, to some of those beings, as follows: Evil deeds, sirs, have become manifest among us, inasmuch as stealing, censure, lying, punishment can be noticed, and banishment. Let us now put away from us evil and immoral customs. And they put away from them such customs. They put away (bāhenti) evil, immoral customs, Vāseṭṭha, is what is meant by Brahmins, and thus was it that Brahmins became the earliest standing phrase [for those who did so]. They, making leaf huts in woodland spots, meditated therein. Extinct for them the burning coal, vanished the smoke, fallen lies pestle and mortar; gathering of an evening for the evening meal, of a morning for the morning meal, they go down into village and town and royal city, seeking food. When they have gotten food, back again in their leafhuts they meditate. When men saw this, they said: These good beings, having made unto themselves leaf-huts in the forest region, meditate therein. For them burning coal is extinct, smoke is known no more, pestle and mortar have fallen from their hands; they gather of an evening for the evening meal, of a morning for the morning meal, and go down into village and town and royal city seeking food. When they have gotten food, back again in their leaf-huts they meditate. They meditate (jhāyanti), Vāseṭṭha, is what is meant by the brooding one (jhāyakā). Thus was it that this was the second phrase that arose.
Now certain of those beings, Vāseṭṭha, being incapable of enduring this meditation in forest leaf-huts, went down and settled on the outskirts of villages and towns, making books. When men saw this, they said: These good beings, being incapable of enduring meditation in forest leaf-huts, have gone down and settled on the outskirts of villages and towns, and there they make books. But they cannot meditate. Now, these meditate not, Vāseṭṭha, is what is meant by Ajjhāyaka (repeaters, viz., of the Vedas).
Thus this third phrase for such people came into use.
At that time they were looked upon as the lowest; now they are thought the best.
Such then, Vāseṭṭha, according to the ancient, yea, primordial, expressions by which they were known, was the origin of this social circle of the Brahmins. Their origin was from just those beings [above referred to]; beings like unto themselves, not unlike; [and it took place] according to the Norm [according to what ought to be, justly] not unfittingly.
For, Vāseṭṭha, The Normfs the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
Now, Vāseṭṭha, there were some others of those beings who, adopting the married state, set on foot various trades. That they, adopting the married state, set on foot various [vissa] trades is, Vāseṭṭha, the meaning of vessā (tradesfolk). So this word came into use as a standing expression for such people. The origin, Vāseṭṭha, of the social group called the Vessas was in accordance with this ancient, yea, primordial designation. It was from just those beings [above described] beings like unto themselves, not unlike. And it took place in accordance with the Norm [according to what ought to be, justly] not unfittingly.
For, Vāseṭṭha, The normfs the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
Now, Vāseṭṭha, those of these beings that remained over took to hunting. But those that live on hunting, and suchlike trifling pursuits, is what is meant by Sudda (the lowest grade of folk). Thus then, according to the ancient, yea, primordial expression, is the origin of this social group called Suddas. Their origin was from just those beings (above described), beings like unto themselves, not unlike; [and it took place] according to the Norm, [according to what ought to be] not unfittingly, namely, from those who were not different from other beings, but like them, not unlike them, by a norm and not through lack of a norm.
For, Vāseṭṭha, The normfs the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
Now there came a time, Vāseṭṭha, when some Khattiya, misprizing his own norm, went forth from home into the homeless life, saying: I will become a recluse. Some Brahmin too did the same, likewise some Vessa and some Sudda, each finding some fault in his particular norm. Out of these four groups or circles, Vāseṭṭha, the company of the recluses came into being. Their origin was from just these beings like unto themselves, not different. And it took place according to a norm [a fitness, justly], not unfittingly.
For, Vāseṭṭha, The normfs the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
Now a khattiya, Vāseṭṭha, who has led a bad life, in deed, word and thought, whose views of life are wrong, will, in consequence of his views and deeds, when the body breaks up, be reborn after death in the Waste, the Woeful Way, the Downfall, Purgatory. And a Brahmin too c a Vessa too c a Sudda too, who has led a bad life, in deed, word and thought, whose views of life are wrong, will, in consequence of his views and deeds, when the body breaks up, be reborn after death in the Waste, the Woeful Way, the Downfall, Purgatory.
Again, Vāseṭṭha, a Khattiya c or Brahmin c or Vessa c or Sudda, who has led a good life, in deed, word and thought, whose views of life are as they should be, will, in consequence of his views and deeds, when the body breaks up, be reborn after death in a happy, bright world.
Again, Vāseṭṭha, a Khattiya c a Brahmin, too c a Vessa, too c a Sudda, too, who has lived a life both good and bad, in deed, word and thought, whose views of life are mixed, will, in consequence of his mixed views and deeds, when the body breaks up, be reborn after death suffering both happiness and unhappiness.
Again, Vāseṭṭha, a Khattiya c a Brahmin, too c a Vessa, too c a Sudda, too, who is self-restrained in deed, word and thought, and has followed after the practice of the seven principles which are the Wings of Wisdom, attains to complete extinction [of evil] in this present life.
For, Vāseṭṭha) whosoever of these Four classes becomes, as a bhikkhu, an arahant, who has destroyed the intoxicants, who has done that which it behoved him to do, who has laid down the burden, who has won his own salvation, who has wholly destroyed the fetter of re-becoming, who through knowledge made perfect is free,—he is declared chief among them, in virtue of a norm, not in the absence of a norm. For, Vāseṭṭha, The normfs the best among this folk both in this life and in the next.
Now this verse, Vāseṭṭha, was spoken by Brahmā, the Eternal Youth:
The Khattiya is the best among this folk
Who put their trust in lineage.
But one in wisdom and in virtue clothed,
Is best of all emong spirits and men.
Now this stanza, Vāseṭṭha, was well sung and not ill sung by Brahmā the Eternal Youth, well said and not ill said, full of meaning and not void thereof. I too, Vāseṭṭha, say:
The Khattiya is the best among this folk
Who put their trust in lineage.
But one in wisdom and in virtue clothed,
Is best of all emong spirits and men.
Thus spake the Exalted One. Pleased at heart Vāseṭṭha and Bhāradvāja rejoiced in what the Exalted One had said.