Lily de Silva

M.A., Ph.D.

Vipassana Research Institute

PREFACE

This is a book long overdue, as my first Pāli teacher, the late Mr. Julius Berugoda wished me to compile such a one, or translate the work he did into English, many years ago. I

am sorry I was not able to bring forth this Pāli Primer during his lifetime, but I feel I am discharging a great obligation even at this late stage.

I take no credit for the method used in this book as it was thought out by my revered Guru. When I first met him in 1949, I asked him how many cases there are in Pāli, as I feared that I would have to memorise declensions as in Latin. He very tactfully said that there are no cases. I was surprised and curious, and requested him to start lessons immediately. Straight away we got down to making sentences which, lesson after lesson, became longer, more interesting and complex. These exercises were such fun that I thoroughly enjoyed learning Pāli. Mr. Berugoda compiled a Pāli Grammar in Sinhala called Pāli Subodhinī, to teach me and it was later published in the early 1950’s. It has long been out of print and even I do not possess a copy.

In the early 1980s Mr. Berugoda compiled another Pāli Grammar in Sinhala which he said was an improvement on Pāli Subodhinī, and wished me to translate it into English. Though it was translated with the help of Prof. P.B. Meegaskumbura of the Department of Sinhala, I was not satisfied with the arrangement of the lessons. I felt that the improvements he made in his enthusiasm were counter-productive, but I did not have the heart to tell him my frank opinion. The book however could not be published for lack of funds.

The present work is an entirely new effort based on the same principle of teaching grammar through composition, using a gradually expanding controlled vocabulary, selected on the

v

basis of types frequently occurring in the language. Cases are introduced one by one using only masculine nouns ending in -a at the beginning, with exercises in sentence formation with present tense, third person, singular and plural verbs whose bases end in -a. Grammatical forms such as the gerund / absolutive and the infinitive, which are very frequent in the language, are soon introduced to enable the student to form longer and more com- plex sentences. Once the student has mastered the basic struc- ture, other grammatical and syntactical forms are taught one by one, following the principle of introducing forms which bear a similarity / affinity in morphology to those already learnt. Translations from and into Pāli form an integral part of each lesson.

This book is meant for beginners and gives only an intro- duction to Pāli grammar. It is designed as a convenient stepping stone to more advanced works such as A.K. Warder’s Introduc- tion to Pāli.

I have freely drawn from the vocabulary collected by Ven.

A.P. Buddhadatta in The New Pāli Course Part I, for which I acknowledge my indebtedness.

I place on record my sincere thanks to my University Guru Prof. N.A. Jayawickrema for going through the first draft of this text with meticulous care and making valuable suggestions.

Lily de Silva

Department of Pāli and Buddhist Studies University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

11 December, 1991.

Page

1 ...... Lesson 1 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a.

Nominative case, singular and plural. Present, third, singular and plural verbs.

4 ...... Lesson 2 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Accusative case, singular and plural .

7 ...... Lesson 3 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Instrumental case, singular and plural.

11 .... Lesson 4 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Ablative case, singular and plural.

15 .... Lesson 5 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Dative case, singular and plural.

19 .... Lesson 6 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Genitive case, singular and plural.

23 .... Lesson 7 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Locative case, singular and plural.

27 .... Lesson 8 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, continued.

Vocative case, singular and plural. Declension of neuter nouns ending in -a.

32 .... Lesson 9 The Gerund / Absolutive. 37 .... Lesson 10 The Infinitive.

41 .... Lesson 11 The present participle, masculine and neuter genders.

46 .... Lesson 12 Conjugation of Verbs - Present Tense, Active

Voice.

49 .... Lesson 13 Conjugation of Verbs - Present Tense, Active Voice, continued.

55 .... Lesson 14 The Further Tense.

59 .... Lesson 15 The Optative / Potential Mood. 63 .... Lesson 16 The Imperative Mood.

66 .... Lesson 17 The Past Tense.

70 .... Lesson 18 Declension of feminine nouns ending in -ā. 73 .... Lesson 19 The Past Participle.

79 .... Lesson 20 Declension of feminine nouns ending in -i

and î.

82 .... Lesson 21 The Present Participle, feminine gender. 87 .... Lesson 22 The Future Passive Participle.

90 .... Lesson 23 The Causative.

93 .... Lesson 24 Declension of feminine nouns ending in -u. 96 .... Lesson 25 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -i. 101 .. Lesson 26 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -î. 104 .. Lesson 27 Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u

and -û.

107 .. Lesson 28 Declension of agent nouns and nouns indicat- ing relationships.

111 .. Lesson 29 Declension of neuter nouns ending in -i

and -u.

115 .. Lesson 30 Declension of adjectives ending in -vantu

and -mantu.

119 .. Lesson 31 Declension of personal pronouns.

123 .. Lesson 32 Declension of personal pronouns, relative,

demonstrative and interrogative.

131 .. List of Pāli Verbs

137 .. Pāli Vocabulary (other than verbs) 144 .. Glossary (English - Pāli) 153...Vipassana Centres

157... VRI Publications

viii

Pāli is not known to have a special script of its own. In countries where Pāli is studied, the scripts used in those countries are used to write Pāli: in India the Nāgarī, in Sri Lanka the Sinhalese, in Burma the Burmese and in Thailand the Kamboja script. The Pali Text Society, London, uses the Roman script and now it has gained international currency.

The Pāli alphabet consists of 41 letters, 8 vowels and 33 consonants.

Vowels

a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, o　　　　　

Consonants

Gutturals	k,	kh,	g,	gh,	n
Palatals	c,	ch,	j,	jh,	ñ
Cerebrals	ṭ,	ṭh,	ḍ,	ḍh,	ṇ
Dentals	t,	th,	d,	dh,	n
Labials	p,	ph,	b,	bh,	m

Miscellaneous y, r, l, v, s, h, ḷ, ṃ

The vowels a, i, u are short; ā, ī, ū are long; e, o are of middle length. They are pronounced short before double consonants,

e.g. mettā, khetta, koṭṭha, sotthi; and long before single conso-

nants, e.g. deva, senā, loka, odana.

Pronunciation

a is pronounced like u incut

ā a in father

i " " " i in mill

ī " " " ee in bee

u " " " u in put

ū " " " oo in cool

k " " " k in kite

g " " " g in good

n " " " ng in singer

c " " " ch in church

j " " " j in jam

ñ " " " gn in signor

ṭ " " " t in hat

ḍ " " " d in good

ṇ " " " n in now

t " " " th in thumb

d " " " th in they

n " " " n in now

p " " " p in put

b " " " b in but

m " " " m in mind

y " " " y in yes

r " " " r in right

l " " " l in light

v " " " v in vine

s " " " s in sing

h " " " h in hot

ḷ " " " l in light

ṃ " " " ng in sing

kh, gh, ch, jh, ṭh, ḍh, th, dh, ph, bh are aspirate consonants which have to be pronounced with an audible breath.

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

Buddha / Tathāgata / Sugata - the Buddha

manussa - man, human

being nara / purisa - man, person kassaka - farmer brāhmaṇa - brahmin putta - son

mātula - uncle

kumāra - boy

vāṇija - merchant

bhûpāla - king

sahāya / sahāyaka / mitta - friend

Verbs

bhāsati - speaks

pacati - cooks

kasati - ploughs

bhuñjati - eats

sayati - sleeps

passati - sees

chindati - cuts

gacchati - goes

āgacchati - comes

dhāvati - runs

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

dhamma - the doctrine, truth

bhatta - rice

odana - cooked rice

gāma - village

suriya - sun

canda - moon

kukkura/sunakha/ soṇa - dog

vihāra - monastery

patta - bowl

āvāṭa - pit

pabbata - mountain

yācaka - beggar

sigāla - jackal

rukkha - tree

Verbs

harati - carries, takes away

āharati - brings

āruhati - climbs, ascends

oruhati - descends

yācati - begs

khaṇati - digs

vijjhati - shoots

paharati - hits, strikes

rakkhati - protects

vandati - worships, salutes

1. Tathāgato dhammaṃ bhāsati.

2. Brāhmaṇā odanaṃ bhuñjanti.

3. Manusso suriyaṃ passati.

4. Kumārā sigāle paharanti.

5. Yācakā bhattaṃ yācanti.

6. Kassakā āvāṭe khaṇanti.

7. Mitto gāmaṃ āgacchati.

8. Bhūpālo manusse rakkhati.

9. Puttā pabbataṃ gacchanti.

10. Kumāro Buddhaṃ vandati.

11. Vāṇijā patte āharanti.

12. Puriso vihāraṃ gacchati.

13. Kukkurā pabbataṃ dhāvanti.

14. Sigālā gāmaṃ āgacchanti.

15. Brāhmaṇā sahāyake āharanti.

16. Bhūpālā sugataṃ vandanti.

17. Yācakā sayanti.

18. Mittā sunakhe haranti.

19. Putto candaṃ passati.

20. Kassako gāmaṃ dhāvati.

21. Vāṇijā rukkhe chindanti.

22. Naro sigālaṃ vijjhati.

23. Kumāro odanaṃ bhuñjati.

24. Yācako soṇaṃ paharati.

25. Sahāyakā pabbate āruhanti.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. Men go to the monastery.

2. Farmers climb mountains.

3. The brahmin eats rice.

4. The Buddha sees the boys.

5. Uncles take away bowls.

6. The son protects the dog.

7. The king worships the Buddha.

8. The merchant brings a boy.

9. Friends salute the brahmin.

10. Beggars beg rice.

11. Merchants shoot jackals.

12. Boys climb the mountain.

13. The farmer runs to the village.

14. The merchant cooks rice.

15. Sons worship the uncle.

16. Kings protect men.

17. The Buddha comes to the monastery.

18. The men descend.

19. Farmers dig pits.

20. The merchant runs.

21. The dog sees the moon.

22. Boys climb trees.

23. The brahmin brings the bowl.

24. The beggar sleeps.

25. The king sees the Buddha.

sakaṭa	- cart	miga	- deer
hattha	- hand	sara	- arrow
pāda	- foot	pāsāṇa	- rock, stone
magga	- path	kakaca	- saw
dîpa	- island, lamp	khagga	- sword
sāvaka	- disciple	cora	- thief
samaṇa	- recluse, monk	paṇ¹ita	- wise man

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

Instrumental case - The case ending -ena is added to the nominal base to form the instrumental singular. The case ending -ehi is added to form the instrumental plural; -ebhi is another archaic case ending that is sometimes added. A noun thus inflected expresses the idea ‘by’, ‘with’ or ‘through’.

Singular

nara + ena = narena (by means of the man) mātula + ena = mātulena (with the uncle) kassaka + ena = kassakena (through the farmer)

Plural

nara + ehi = narehi (narebhi) mātula + ehi = mātulehi (mātulebhi) kassaka + ehi = kassakehi (kassakebhi)

8 Pāli Primer

Saddhiṃ / saha meaning ‘with’ is also used with the instrumental case. They are not normally used with nouns denoting things.

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Samaṇo narena saddhiṃ gāmaṃ gacchati.

The monk goes to the village with the man.

2. Putto mātulena saha candaṃ passati.

The son sees the moon with his uncle.

3. Kassako kakacena rukkhaṃ chindati.

The farmer cuts the tree with a saw.

Plural

1. Samaṇā narehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ gacchanti.

Monks go to the village with men.

2. Puttā mātulehi saha candaṃ passanti.

Sons see the moon with uncles.

3. Kassakā kakacehi rukkhe chindanti.

Farmers cut trees with saws.

Exercise 3

4. Translate into English

1. Buddho sāvakehi saddhiṃ vihāraṃ gacchati.

2. Puriso puttena saha dīpaṃ dhāvati.

3. Kassako sarena sigālaṃ vijjhati.

4. Brāhmaṇā mātulena saha pabbataṃ āruhanti.

5. Puttā pādehi kukkure paharanti.

6. Mātulo puttehi saddhiṃ rathena gāmaṃ āgacchati.

7. Kumārā hatthehi patte āharanti.

8. Coro maggena assaṃ harati.

9. Kassako āvāṭaṃ oruhati.

Lesson 3 9

10. Bhūpālā paṇḍitehi saha samaṇe passanti.

11. Paṇḍito bhūpālena saha Tathāgataṃ vandati.

12. Puttā sahāyena saddhiṃ odanaṃ bhuñjanti.

13. Vāṇijo pāsāṇena migaṃ paharati.

14. Sunakhā pādehi āvāṭe khaṇanti.

15. Brāhmaṇo puttena saha suriyaṃ vandati.

16. Kassako soṇehi saddhiṃ rukkhe rakkhati.

17. Sugato sāvakehi saha vihāraṃ āgacchati.

18. Yācako pattena bhattaṃ āharati.

19. Paṇḍitā saggaṃ gacchanti.

20. Kumārā assehi saddhiṃ gāmaṃ dhāvanti.

21. Coro khaggena naraṃ paharati.

22. Vāṇijo sakaṭena dīpe āharati.

23. Assā maggena dhāvanti.

24. Sigālā migehi saddhiṃ pabbataṃ dhāvanti.

25. Bhūpālo paṇḍitena saha manusse rakkhati.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. The recluse sees the Buddha with his friend.

2. Disciples go to the monastery with the Buddha.

3. The horse runs to the mountain with the dogs.

4. The boy hits the lamp with a stone.

5. Merchants shoot deer with arrows.

6. Farmers dig pits with their hands.

7. Boys go to the monastery by chariot with their uncle.

8. The brahmin cooks rice with his friend.

9. The king protects the island with wise men.

10. Kings worship monks with their sons.

11. Thieves bring horses to the island.

12. Disciples climb mountains with men.

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

dhīvara - fisherman

maccha - fish

piṭaka - basket

amacca - minister

upāsaka - lay devotee

pāsāda - palace

dāraka - child

sāṭaka - garment

rajaka - washerman

sappa - serpent

pañha - question

suka / suva - parrot

sopāna - stairway

sūkara / varāha - pig

Verbs

patati - falls

dhovati - washes

icchati - wishes, desires

¹asati - bites

pucchati - questions

pakkosati - calls, summons

khādati - eats

hanati - kills

otarati - descends

nikkhamati - leaves,

sets out

12 Pāli Primer

3. kassaka + ā / mhā / smā = kassakā / kassakamhā / kassakasmā

(From the farmer)

Plural

1. nara + ehi = narehi (narebhi)

(From men)

2. mātula + ehi = mātulehi (mātulebhi)

(From uncles)

3. kassaka + ehi = kassakehi (kassakebhi)

(From farmers)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Yācako naramhā bhattaṃ yācati.

The beggar asks for rice from the man.

2. Putto mātulamhā pañhaṃ pucchati.

The son asks a question from the uncle.

3. Kassako rukkhasmā patati.

The farmer falls from the tree.

Plural

1. Yācakā narehi bhattaṃ yācanti.

Beggars ask for rice from men.

2. Puttā mātulehi pañhe pucchanti.

Sons ask questions from uncles.

3. Kassakā rukkhehi patanti.

Farmers fall from trees.

Exercise 4

4. Translate into English

1. Corā gāmamhā pabbataṃ dhāvanti.

2. Dārako mātulasmā odanaṃ yācati.

3. Kumāro sopānamhā patati.

Lesson 4 13

4. Mātulā sāṭake dhovanti.

5. Dhīvarā piṭakehi macche āharanti.

6. Upāsakā samaṇehi saddhiṃ vihārasmā nikkhamanti.

7. Brāhmaṇo kakacena rukkhaṃ chindati.

8. Kumārā mittehi saha bhūpālaṃ passanti.

9. Vāṇijo assena saddhiṃ pabbatasmā oruhati.

10. Yācako kassakasmā soṇaṃ yācati.

11. Sappā pabbatehi gāmaṃ otaranti.

12. Amaccā sarehi mige vijjhanti.

13. Coro gāmamhā sakaṭena sāṭake harati.

14. Bhūpālo amaccehi saddhiṃ rathena pāsādaṃ āgacchati.

15. Sūkarā pādehi āvāṭe khaṇanti.

16. Kumāro sahāyakehi saha sāṭake dhovati.

17. Samaṇā gāmamhā upāsakehi saddhiṃ nikkhamanti.

18. Kukkuro piṭakamhā macchaṃ khādati.

19. Mitto puttamhā sunakhaṃ yācati.

20. Buddho sāvake pucchati.

21. Amaccā paṇḍitehi pañhe pucchanti.

22. Rajako sahāyena saha sāṭakaṃ dhovati.

23. Macchā piṭakamhā patanti.

24. Corā pāsāṇehi varāhe paharanti.

25. Amacco pāsādamhā suvaṃ āharati.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. Horses run from the village to the mountain.

2. Merchants come from the island to the monastery with lay devotees.

3. Thieves shoot pigs with arrows.

4. The lay devotee questions (about) the dhamma from the recluse.

14 Pāli Primer

5. The child falls from the rock with a friend.

6. The dog bites the child.

7. Ministers set out from the palace with the king.

8. The man brings a deer from the island.

9. The farmer gets down from the tree.

10. Dogs run along the road with horses.

11. Boys take away lamps from merchants.

12. The thief gets down from the stairway.

13. Merchants bring parrots from mountains.

14. The horse hits the serpent with its foot.

15. The uncle, with his friends, sees recluses from the mountains.

16. Merchants bring horses to the palace from the island.

17. The minister questions the thief.

18. The farmer eats rice with the washerman.

19. The child falls from the stairway.

20. The fisherman climbs the mountain with his uncle.

21. The beggar, together with his dog, sleeps.

22. Kings protect islands with their ministers.

23. The king worships the Buddha from his palace.

24. The man kills a serpent with a sword.

25. Fishermen bring fish to the village in carts.

26. Pigs run from the village to the mountain.

27. Lay devotees ask questions from the wise man.

28. The son brings a parrot from the tree.

29. Wise men go to the monastery.

30. Disciples go along the road to the village.

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

tāpasa - hermit

ācariya - teacher

vejja - doctor

sīha - lion

luddaka - hunter

aja - goat

vānara /

makkaṭa - monkey

lābha - profit

mañca - bed

kuddāla - hoe

Verbs

rodati - cries

hasati - laughs

labhati - gets, receives

pavisati - enters

dadāti - gives

ādadāti - takes

kīḷati - plays

nahāyati - bathes

āka¹¹hati - drags

pajahati - gives up, abandons

16 Pāli Primer

Plural

1. nara + ānaṃ = narānaṃ

(for or to men)

2. mātula + ānaṃ = mātulānaṃ

(for or to uncles)

3. kassaka + ānaṃ = kassakānaṃ

(for or to farmers)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Dhîvaro narāya macchaṃ āharati.

The fisherman brings a fish for the man.

2. Putto mātulassa odanaṃ dadāti.

The son gives rice to the uncle.

3. Vāṇijo kassakassa ajaṃ dadāti.

The merchant gives a goat to the farmer.

Plural

1. Dhîvarā narānaṃ macche āharanti.

Fishermen bring fish for men.

2. Puttā mātulānaṃ odanaṃ dadanti.

Sons give rice to uncles.

3. Vāṇijā kassakānaṃ aje dadanti.

Merchants give goats to farmers.

Exercise 5

4. Translate into English

1. Vāṇijo rajakassa sāṭakaṃ dadāti.

2. Vejjo ācariyassa dīpaṃ āharati.

3. Migā pāsāṇamhā pabbataṃ dhāvanti.

4. Manussā Buddhehi dhammaṃ labhanti.

5. Puriso vejjāya sakaṭaṃ ākaḍḍhati.

Lesson 5 17

6. Dārako hatthena yācakassa bhattaṃ āharati.

7. Yācako ācariyāya āvāṭaṃ khaṇati.

8. Rajako amaccānaṃ sāṭake dadāti.

9. Brāhmaṇo sāvakānaṃ mañce āharati.

10. Vānaro rukkhamhā patati, kukkuro vānaraṃ ḍasati.

11. Dhīvarā piṭakehi amaccānaṃ macche āharanti.

12. Kassako vāṇijāya rukkhaṃ chindati.

13. Coro kuddālena ācariyāya āvāṭaṃ khaṇati.

14. Vejjo puttānaṃ bhattaṃ pacati.

15. Tāpaso luddakena saddhiṃ bhāsati.

16. Luddako tāpasassa dīpaṃ dadāti.

17. Sīhā mige hananti.

18. Makkaṭo puttena saha rukkhaṃ āruhati.

19. Samaṇā upāsakehi odanaṃ labhanti.

20. Dārakā rodanti, kumāro hasati, mātulo kumāraṃ paharati.

21. Vānarā pabbatamhā oruhanti, rukkhe āruhanti.

22. Corā rathaṃ pavisanti, amacco rathaṃ pajahati.

23. ācariyo dārakāya rukkhamhā sukaṃ āharati.

24. Luddako pabbatasmā ajaṃ ākaḍḍhati.

25. Tāpaso pabbatamhā sīhaṃ passati.

26. Vāṇijā kassakehi lābhaṃ labhanti.

27. Luddako vāṇijānaṃ varāhe hanati.

28. Tāpaso ācariyamhā pañhe pucchati.

29. Putto mañcamhā patati.

30. Kumārā sahāyakehi saddhiṃ nahāyanti.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. Merchants bring horses for ministers.

2. The hunter kills a goat for the merchant.

3. The man cuts trees with a saw for the farmer.

18 Pāli Primer

4. Deer run away from the lion.

5. The king worships the Buddha along with lay devotees.

6. Thieves run from villages to the mountains.

7. The washerman washes garments for the king.

8. The fisherman brings fish in baskets for farmers.

9. The teacher enters the monastery, sees the monks.

10. The serpent bites the monkey.

11. Boys drag the bed for the brahmin.

12. Thieves enter the palace together with men.

13. Farmers get fish from fishermen.

14. Pigs go from the island to the mountain.

15. The king abandons the palace, the son enters the monastery.

16. The lion sleeps, the monkeys play.

17. The teacher protects his sons from the dog.

18. Hunters shoot deer with arrows for ministers.

19. Children desire rice from the uncle.

20. The doctor gives a garment to the hermit.

21. The merchant brings a goat by cart for the teacher.

22. Sons see the moon from the mountain.

23. Wise men get profit from the dhamma.

24. Monkeys leave the village.

25. The son brings a parrot for his friend from the mountain.

26. The doctor enters the monastery.

27. The jackal runs from the village to the mountain along the road.

28. The cart falls off the road, the child cries.

29. The ministers go up the stairway, the doctor comes down the stairway.

30. Wise men ask questions from the Buddha.

Lesson 6

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

(contd.)

Genitive case - The inflections of the genitive case are very similar to those of the dative case.

The case ending -ssa is added to the nominal base to form the genitive singular.

The case ending -ānaṃ is added to form the genitive plural.

Singular

1. nara + ssa = narassa (of the man)

2. mātula + ssa = mātulassa (of the uncle)

3. kassaka + ssa = kassakassa (of the farmer) Plural

1. nara + ānaṃ = narānaṃ (of the men)

2. mātula + ānaṃ = mātulānaṃ (of the uncles)

3. kassaka + ānaṃ = kassakānaṃ (of the farmers)

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Narassa putto bhattaṃ yācati.

The man's son asks for rice.

2. Mātulassa sahāyako rathaṃ āharati.

The uncle's friend brings the vehicle.

3. Kassakassa sûkaro dîpaṃ dhāvati.

The farmer's pig runs to the island.

20 Pāli Primer

Plural

1. Narānaṃ puttā bhattaṃ yācanti.

Sons of the men ask for rice.

2. Mātulānaṃ sahāyakā rathe āharanti.

Uncles' friends bring vehicles.

3. Kassakānaṃ sûkarā dîpe dhāvanti.

Farmers' pigs run to the islands.

Exercise 6

3. Translate into English

1. Kassakassa putto vejjassa sahāyena saddhiṃ āgacchati.

2. Brāhmaṇassa kuddālo hatthamhā patati.

3. Migā āvāṭehi nikkhamanti.

4. Vāṇijānaṃ assā kassakassa gāmaṃ dhāvanti.

5. Mātulassa mitto Tathāgatassa sāvake vandati.

6. Amacco bhūpālassa khaggena sappaṃ paharati.

7. Vāṇijā gāme manussānaṃ piṭakehi macche āharanti.

8. Coro vejjassa sakaṭena mittena saha gāmamhā nikkhamati.

9. Upāsakassa puttā samaṇehi saha vihāraṃ gacchanti.

10. Yācako amaccassa sāṭakaṃ icchati.

11. Mittānaṃ mātulā tāpasānaṃ odanaṃ dadanti.

12. Dhīvarassa kakacena coro kukkuraṃ paharati.

13. Bhūpālassa putto amaccassa assaṃ āruhati.

14. Paṇḍitassa puttā Buddhassa sāvakena saha vihāraṃ pavisanti.

15. Suriyo manusse rakkhati.

16. Vejjassa sunakho ācariyassa sopānamhā patati.

17. Rajakā rukkhehi oruhanti.

18. Yācakassa dārakā rodanti.

19. Luddakassa puttā corassa dārakehi saddhiṃ kīḷanti.

Lesson 6 21

20. Tāpaso Tathāgatassa sāvakānaṃ odanaṃ dadāti.

21. Samaṇā ācariyassa hatthena sāṭake labhanti.

22. Coro vāṇijassa sahāyakasmā assaṃ yācati.

23. Upāsakā Tathāgatassa sāvakehi pañhe pucchanti.

24. Pāsāṇamhā migo patati, luddako hasati, sunakhā dhāvanti.

25. Vejjassa patto puttassa hatthamhā patati.

26. Kumāro mātulānaṃ puttānaṃ hatthena odanaṃ dadāti.

27. Sarā luddakassa hatthehi patanti, migā pabbataṃ dhāvanti.

28. Bhūpālassa putto amaccehi saddhiṃ pāsādasmā oruhati.

29. Vejjassa soṇo kassakassa sūkaraṃ ḍasati.

30. Dhīvaro manussānaṃ macche āharati, lābhaṃ labhati.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. The brahmin's sons bathe with the minister's son.

2. Uncle's friend cooks rice with the farmer's son.

3. The fisherman brings fish to the king's palace.

4. The king calls the ministers' sons from the palace.

5. The merchant's chariot falls from the mountain.

6. The king's ministers set out from the palace with the horses.

7. The brahmin's doctor gives garments to the hermits.

8. The hunter's dogs run from the mountain to the village.

9. The merchant brings a bed for the doctor's child.

10. Deer run from the mountain to the village.

11. The teacher's child falls from the farmer's tree.

12. The dog eats fish from the fisherman's basket.

13. The disciples of the Buddha go from the monastery to the mountain.

14. The hunter kills a pig with an arrow for the minister's friends.

22 Pāli Primer

15. The child gets a lamp from the hands of the teacher.

16. The doctors' teacher calls the child's uncle.

17. The boy brings rice in a bowl for the monk.

18. Men go to the village of the lay devotees.

19. Pigs run away from jackals.

20. Monkeys play with the deer.

21. The wise man comes to the king's island with the merchants.

22. The farmer's children go to the mountain by their uncles' chariots.

23. Garments fall from the carts of the merchants.

24. The recluse gets a bowl from the king's hands.

25. The washerman brings garments for the man's uncle.

26. King's ministers eat rice together with the teacher's friends.

27. Wise men protect the islands of the kings from the thieves.

28. Boys bring baskets for the fishermen from farmers.

29. The farmer's horse drags the doctor's vehicle away from the road.

30. Monks enter the village of the teacher.

1. Vocabulary

Masculine nouns ending in -a

nāvika - sailor

ākāsa - sky

samudda - ocean, sea deva / sura - deity, god loka - world

āloka - light

sakuṇa - bird

kāka - crow

nivāsa - house sappurisa - virtuous man asappurisa - wicked man kāya - body

dûta - messenger

goṇa - ox, bull

Verbs

āhiṇ¹ati - wanders

carati - walks

nisîdati - sits sannipatati - assembles viharati - dwells

vasati - lives

jîvati - lives

tiṭṭhati - stands uppatati - flies, jumps up tarati - crosses (water)

uttarati - comes out (of water)

pasîdati - becomes glad,

- is pleased with

24 Pāli Primer

Plural

1. nara + esu = naresu (in / on / at men)

2. mātula + esu = mātulesu (in / on / at uncles)

3. kassaka + esu = kassakesu (in / on / at farmers)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Sappo narasmiṃ patati.

The snake falls on the man.

2. Putto mātulamhi pasîdati.

The son is pleased with the uncle.

3. Vāṇijo kassakasmiṃ pasîdati.

The merchant is pleased with the farmer.

Plural

1. Sappā naresu patanti.

Snakes fall on men.

2. Puttā mātulesu pasîdanti.

Sons are pleased with their uncles.

3. Vāṇijā kassakesu pasîdanti.

Merchants are pleased with farmers.

Exercise 7

4. Translate into English

1. Brāhmaṇo sahāyakena saddhiṃ rathamhi nisīdati.

2. Asappurisā corehi saha gāmesu caranti.

3. Vāṇijo kassakassa nivāse bhattaṃ pacati.

4. Bhūpālassa amaccā dīpesu manusse rakkhanti.

5. Sugatassa sāvakā vihārasmiṃ vasanti.

6. Makkaṭo rukkhamhā āvāṭasmiṃ patati.

7. Suriyassa āloko samuddamhi patati.

Lesson 7 25

8. Kassakānaṃ goṇā gāme āhiṇḍanti.

9. Vejjassa dārako mañcasmiṃ sayati.

10. Dhīvarā samuddamhā piṭakesu macche āharanti.

11. Sīho pāsāṇasmiṃ tiṭṭhati, makkaṭā rukkhesu caranti.

12. Bhūpālassa dūto amaccena saddhiṃ samuddaṃ tarati.

13. Manussā loke jīvanti, devā sagge vasanti.

14. Migā pabbatesu dhāvanti, sakuṇā ākāse uppatanti.

15. Amacco khaggaṃ bhūpālassa hatthamhā ādadāti.

16. ācariyo mātulassa nivāse mañcamhi puttena saha nisīdati.

17. Tāpasā pabbatamhi viharanti.

18. Upāsakā samaṇehi saddhiṃ vihāre sannipatanti.

19. Kākā rukkhehi uppatanti.

20. Buddho dhammaṃ bhāsati, sappurisā Buddhamhi pasīdanti.

21. Asappuriso khaggena nāvikassa dūtaṃ paharati.

22. Puriso sarena sakuṇaṃ vijjhati, sakuṇo rukkhamhā

āvāṭasmiṃ patati.

23. Manussā suriyassa ālokena lokaṃ passanti.

24. Kassakassa goṇā magge sayanti.

25. Goṇassa kāyasmiṃ kāko tiṭṭhati.

26. Migā dīpasmiṃ pāsāṇesu nisīdanti.

27. Sakuṇo nāvikassa hatthamhā āvāṭasmiṃ patati.

28. Sappuriso nāvikena saha samuddamhā uttarati.

29. Kuddālo luddakassa hatthamhā āvāṭasmiṃ patati.

30. Suriyassa ālokena cando bhāsati (shines).

5. Translate into Pāli

1. The lion stands on the rock in the mountain.

2. Thieves enter the house of the teacher.

3. Children run from the road to the sea with friends.

26 Pāli Primer

4. Uncle's oxen wander on the road.

5. Birds sit on the tree.

6. The ox hits the goat with its foot.

7. Jackals live on the mountain.

8. The king worships the feet of the Buddha with his ministers.

9. The uncle sleeps on the bed with his son.

10. The fisherman eats rice in the house of the farmer.

11. The king's horses live in the island.

12. The virtuous man brings a lamp for the hermit.

13. The doctor brings a garment to the teacher's house.

14. The monkey plays with a dog on the rock.

15. The garment falls on the farmer's body.

16. The hunter carries arrows in a basket.

17. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the monastery.

18. The washerman washes the garments of the ministers.

19. Birds fly in the sky.

20. The virtuous man comes out of the sea together with the sailor.

21. Deities are pleased with the Buddha's disciples.

22. Merchants cross the sea together with sailors.

23. The good man protects the dog from the serpent.

24. Crows fly from trees in the mountain.

25. The pig pulls a fish from the fisherman's basket.

26. The light of the sun falls on the men in the world.

27. Deities go through the sky.

28. Children play with the dog on the road.

29. The wicked man drags a monkey from the tree.

30. The king's messenger gets down from the horse.

Neuter nouns ending in -a

nayana /

locana - eye udaka / jala - water arañña / vana - forest puppha /

kusuma - flower

geha /ghara - house

āsana - seat

paṇṇa - leaf

tiṇa - grass

khīra - milk

nagara - city, town

uyyāna - park

khetta - field

bhaṇ¹a - goods

sīla - virtue, precept

dāna - alms, charity

rūpa - object

dvāra - door

vattha - cloth

Verbs

vivarati - opens

naccati - dances

nikkhipati - puts

uṭṭhahati - gets up

phusati - touches

anusāsati - instructs

ovadati - advises

saṃharati - collects

āsiñcati - sprinkles

akkosati - scolds

bhindati - breaks

pibati / pivati - drinks

Lesson 8 29

Exercise 8

5. Translate into English

1. Upāsako pupphāni āharati.

2. Araññe migā vasanti, rukkhesu makkaṭā caranti.

3. Goṇā tiṇaṃ khādanti.

4. Manussā nayanehi passanti.

5. Samaṇo vihārasmiṃ āsane nisīdati.

6. Rukkhamhā paṇṇāni patanti.

7. Vāṇijā gāmamhā khīraṃ nagaraṃ haranti.

8. Bhūpālo kumārena saddhiṃ uyyāne carati.

9. Kassako khettamhi kuddālena āvāṭe khaṇati.

10. Mātulo puttassa bhaṇḍāni dadāti.

11. Upāsakā samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dadanti, sīlāni rakkhanti.

12. Dārakā mittehi saddhiṃ udakasmiṃ kīḷanti.

13. Kassakā vāṇijehi vatthāni labhanti.

14. Kumāro uyyānamhā mātulassa kusumāni āharati.

15. Brāhmaṇassa ajā goṇehi saha vane āhiṇḍanti, tiṇāni khādanti.

16. Sīho vanasmiṃ rukkhamūle (at the foot of a tree) nisīdati.

17. Rajakā udakena āsanāni dhovanti.

18. Amacco dūtena saddhiṃ rathena araññaṃ pavisati.

19. Yācakassa putto udakena paṇṇāni dhovati.

20. Vāṇijā bhaṇḍāni nagaramhā gāmaṃ āharanti.

21. Tathāgatassa sāvakā asappurisānaṃ putte anusāsanti.

22. Upāsakā udakena pupphāni āsiñcanti.

23. Kumāro pattaṃ bhindati, mātulo akkosati.

24. Luddakassa putto migassa kāyaṃ hatthena phusati.

25. Goṇo khette pāsāṇamhā uṭṭhahati.

26. Rajakassa putto sāṭake mañcasmiṃ nikkhipati.

30 Pāli Primer

27. Sugatassa sāvako vihārassa dvāraṃ vivarati.

28. Vejjassa dārakā gehe naccanti.

29. Paṇḍito asappurisaṃ ovadati.

30. Coro ācariyassa sakaṭaṃ pabbatasmiṃ pajahati.

6. Translate into Pāli

1. Children play in the water with the dog.

2. The wicked man breaks leaves from the tree.

3. Kings go in vehicles to the park with their ministers.

4. Merchants set out from the city with goods.

5. Virtuous men give alms to monks.

6. Disciples of the Buddha assemble in the park with lay devo- tees.

7. The thief gets down from the tree in the forest.

8. Wicked men hit the monkeys on the trees with stones.

9. The doctor’s horse eats grass with the ox on the road.

10. Jackals live in forests, dogs live in villages.

11. Brahmins sit on seats in the house of the wise man.

12. The sailor opens the doors of his house.

13. The sons of fishermen dance with friends in the park.

14. The merchant puts fish in baskets.

15. The world gets light from the sun.

16. Sailors get up from their seats.

17. The doctor’s friend touches the body of the dog with his foot.

18. The Buddha instructs his disciples in the monastery.

19. Boys collect flowers from the park, lay devotees sprinkle them with water.

20. The parrot flies into the sky from the house of the sailor.

21. The thief cuts a tree with a saw, the farmer scolds (him).

Lesson 9

1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle

The suffix -tvā is added to the root of the verb or verbal base* with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the gerund, absolutive or the indeclinable participle.

pac + i + tvā = pacitvā = having cooked khād + i + tvā = khāditvā = having eaten gam + tvā =gantvā = having gone han+tvā =hantvā = having killed

The suffix -ya is sometimes added to roots with a prefix.

ā + gam + ya = āgamma (with assimilation) = having come

ā + dā + ya =ādāya = having taken

ā + ruh + ya = āruyha (with metathesis) = having climbed

ava + ruh + ya =oruyha (with metathesis) = having descended

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

bhuñjati - bhuñjitvā, bhutvā

āgacchati - āgantvā, āgamma hanati - hanitvā, hantvā

dadāti - daditvā, datvā

nahāyati - nahāyitvā, nahātvā

*The root is the simplest element of a verb without prefixes, suffixes or terminations. These are normally given in Sanskrit in grammars by Western scholars. The base is formed by adding a suffix to the root before a termination.

e.g. pac is the root; paca is the base khād is the root; khāda is the base bhuj is the root; bhuñja is the base gam is the root; gaccha is the base

Lesson 9 33

tiṭṭhati - ṭhatvā

nikkhamati - nikkhamitvā, nikkhamma pajahati - pajahitvā, pahāya

passati - passitvā; but disvā is more commonly used from the root d\ś to see, instead of passitvā.

uṭṭhahati - uṭṭhahitvā, uṭṭhāya

3. Examples in sentence formation

1. Kassako khettamhā āgantvā bhattaṃ bhuñjati.

The farmer, having come from the field, eats rice.

2. Vānarā rukkhaṃ āruyha phalāni khādanti.

Having climbed the tree, monkeys eat fruits.

3. Dārako bhattaṃ yācitvā rodati.

Having asked for rice, the child cries.

4. Samaṇo Buddhaṃ passitvā vandati.

Having seen the Buddha, the recluse worships (him).

Exercise 9

4. Translate into English

1. Upāsako vihāraṃ gantvā samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dadāti.

2. Sāvako āsanamhi nisīditvā pāde dhovati.

3. Dārakā pupphāni saṃharitvā mātulassa datvā hasanti.

4. Yācakā uyyānamhā āgamma kassakasmā odanaṃ yācanti.

5. Luddako hatthena sare ādāya araññaṃ pavisati.

6. Kumārā kukkurena saddhiṃ kīḷitvā samuddaṃ gantvā nahāyanti.

7. Vāṇijo pāsāṇasmiṃ ṭhatvā kuddālena sappaṃ paharati.

8. Sappuriso yācakassa putte pakkositvā vatthāni dadāti.

9. Dārako āvāṭamhi patitvā rodati.

34 Pāli Primer

10. Bhūpālo pāsādamhā nikkhamitvā amaccena saddhiṃ bhāsati.

11. Sunakho udakaṃ pivitvā gehamhā nikkhamma magge sayati.

12. Samaṇā bhūpālassa uyyāne sannipatitvā dhammaṃ bhāsanti.

13. Putto nahātvā bhattaṃ bhutvā mañcaṃ āruyha sayati.

14. Vāṇijā dīpamhā nagaraṃ āgamma ācariyassa gehe vasanti.

15. Rajako vatthāni dhovitvā puttaṃ pakkosati.

16. Vānarā rukkhehi oruyha uyyāne āhiṇḍanti.

17. Migā vanamhi āhiṇḍitvā paṇṇāni khādanti.

18. Kumāro nayanāni dhovitvā suriyaṃ passati.

19. Nāvikassa mittā nagarasmā bhaṇḍāni ādāya gāmaṃ

āgacchanti.

20. Dārako khīraṃ pivitvā gehamhā nikkhamma hasati.

21. Sappurisā dānāni datvā sīlāni rakkhitvā saggaṃ gacchanti.

22. Sūkaro udakamhā uttaritvā āvāṭaṃ oruyha sayati.

23. Tāpaso Tathāgatassa sāvakaṃ disvā vanditvā pañhaṃ pucchati.

24. Asappuriso yācakassa pattaṃ bhinditvā akkositvā gehaṃ gacchati.

25. Sakuṇā gāme rukkhehi uppatitvā araññaṃ otaranti.

26. Paṇḍito āsanamhā uṭṭhahitvā tāpasena saddhiṃ bhāsati.

27. Dārako gehā nikkhamma mātulaṃ pakkositvā gehaṃ pavisati.

28. Devā sappurisesu pasīditvā te (them) rakkhanti.

29. Kumārassa sahāyakā pāsādaṃ āruyha āsanesu nisīdanti.

30. Goṇā khettamhi āhiṇḍitvā tiṇaṃ khāditvā sayanti.

Lesson 9 35

5. Translate into Pāli

1. Having gone out of the house the farmer enters the field.

2. Having preached (deseti)the doctrine, the Buddha enters the monastery.

3. The king having been pleased with the Buddha, abandons the palace and goes to the monastery.

4. Having climbed down from the stairway, the child laughs.

5. Having hit the serpent with a stone the boy runs into the house.

6. Having gone to the forest the man climbs a tree and eats fruits.

7. Having washed the clothes in the water, the washerman brings (them) home.

8. The lion having killed a goat, eats having sat on a rock.

9. The doctor having seen the merchants’ goods leaves the city.

10. Having broken (into) the house thieves run to the forest.

11. Having roamed in the field the pig falls into a pit.

12. The fisherman brings fish from the sea for farmers.

13. Having taken goods from the city, the teacher comes home.

14. Having stood on a mountain, the hunter shoots birds with arrows.

15. The oxen having eaten grass in the park, sleep on the road.

16. The king having got down from the chariot speaks with the farmers.

17. The man having given up his house enters the monastery.

18. Fishermen give fish to merchants and receive profits.

19. The lay devotee having asked a question from the monk sits on his seat.

Lesson 10

1. The Infinitive

The suffix -tuṃ is added to the root of the verb or the verbal base with or sometimes without the connecting vowel -i- to form the infinitive.

pac + i + tuṃ	= pacituṃ	= to cook
khād + i + tuṃ	= khādituṃ	= to eat
gam + tuṃ	= gantuṃ	= to go
dā + tuṃ	= dātuṃ	= to give
(Skt sthā) ṭhā + tuṃ	= ṭhātuṃ	= to stand
pā + tuṃ	= pātuṃ / pivituṃ	= to drink

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Kassako khettaṃ kasituṃ icchati.

The farmer wishes to plough the field.

2. Dārako phalāni khādituṃ rukkhaṃ āruhati.

The child climbs the tree to eat fruits.

3. Manussā samaṇehi pañhe pucchituṃ vihāraṃ āgacchanti.

Men come to the monastery to ask questions from the recluses.

4. Kumārā kīḷituṃ mittehi saha samuddaṃ gacchanti.

Boys go to the sea with friends to play.

38 Pāli Primer

Exercise 10

3. Translate into English

1. Kumārā vanamhi mittehi saha kīḷitvā bhattaṃ bhuñjituṃ gehaṃ dhāvanti.

2. Migā tiṇaṃ khāditvā udakaṃ pātuṃ pabbatamhā uyyānaṃ

āgacchanti.

3. Vāṇijassa putto bhaṇḍāni āharituṃ rathena nagaraṃ gacchati.

4. Yācako mātulassa kuddālena āvāṭaṃ khaṇituṃ icchati.

5. Amaccā bhūpālaṃ passituṃ pāsādamhi sannipatanti.

6. Goṇā uyyāne āhiṇḍitvā kassakassa khettaṃ āgacchanti.

7. Upāsakā samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dātuṃ vihāraṃ pavisanti.

8. Rathena nagaraṃ gantuṃ puriso gehasmā nikkhamati.

9. Brāhmaṇo vejjena saddhiṃ nahāyituṃ udakaṃ otarati.

10. Coro amaccassa gehaṃ pavisituṃ uyyāne āhiṇḍati.

11. Sīho pabbatamhi sayitvā uṭṭhāya migaṃ hantuṃ oruhati.

12. Udakaṃ otaritvā vatthāni dhovituṃ rajako puttaṃ pakkosati.

13. Tathāgataṃ passitvā vandituṃ upāsako vihāraṃ pavisati.

14. Khettaṃ kasituṃ kassako kuddālaṃ ādāya gehā nikkhamati.

15. Sarehi mige vijjhituṃ luddakā sunakhehi saha araññaṃ pavisanti.

16. Narā gāmamhā nikkhamitvā nagare vasituṃ icchanti.

17. Sakuṇe passituṃ amaccā kumārehi saha pabbataṃ āruhanti.

18. Pabbatasmā rukkhaṃ ākaḍḍhituṃ vāṇijena saha kassako gacchati.

19. Phalāni khādituṃ makkaṭā rukkhesu caranti.

20. Paṇḍito sugatassa sāvakehi saddhiṃ bhāsituṃ icchati.

Lesson 10 39

21. Samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ gantvā vatthāni āharituṃ vāṇijā icchanti.

22. Pupphāni saṃharitvā udakena āsiñcituṃ upāsako kumāre ovadati.

23. Ajassa kāyaṃ hatthehi phusituṃ dārako icchati.

24. Brāhmaṇassa gehe āsanesu nisīdituṃ rajakassa puttā icchanti.

25. Pātuṃ udakaṃ yācitvā dārako rodati.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. Goats roam in the park to eat leaves and drink water.

2. The wicked man wishes to hit the dog with his foot.

3. Friends go to the park to play with their dogs.

4. The lay devotee wishes to come home and instruct his sons.

5. The deity wishes to go to the monastery and speak to the Buddha.

6. The good man wishes to protect virtues and give alms.

7. Pigs run from the village to enter the forest.

8. The farmer asks for a hoe from the merchant to dig pits in his field.

9. Lay devotees assemble in the monastery to worship the Buddha.

10. The uncle comes out of the house to call the fisherman.

11. Farmers wish to get oxen; merchants wish to get horses.

12. The king wishes to abandon his palace.

13. Men take baskets and go to the forest to collect fruits for their children.

14. The farmer wanders in the forest to cut grass for his oxen.

15. Men wish to live in houses in the city with their sons.

16. Having stood on the rock, the child sees flowers on the trees.

1. Vocabulary

Neuter nouns ending in -a

āpaṇa - shop, bazaar

puñña - merit

pāpa - evil, sin

kamma - deed, action

kusala - good

akusala - evil

dhana - wealth

dhañña - corn

bīja - seed

dussa - cloth

cīvara - robe

mūla - root, money rukkhamūla - foot of a tree tuṇ¹a - beak

vetana - wage, pay

paduma - lotus

gīta - song

suvaṇṇa /

hirañña - gold

sacca - truth

pānīya - drinking water

citta - mind

2. The Present Participle

Verbs

pariyesati - searches, seeks

ārabhati -begins

ussahati - tries upasaukamati - approaches adhigacchati - understands,

attains

gāyati - sings

āmasati - touches, strokes

bhāyati - fears

cavati - departs, dies

uppajjati - is born

khipati - throws

vapati - sows

ākaukhati - hopes

sibbati - sews

42 Pāli Primer

declined like -a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter. (As the feminine gender has not been introduced so far, the feminine gender of the present participle will be explained in Lesson 21).

paca + nta / māna	= pacanta / pacamāna	= cooking
gaccha + nta / māna	= gacchanta / gacchamāna	= going
bhuñja + nta / māna	= bhuñjanta / bhuñjamāna	= eating
tiṭṭha + nta / māna	= tiṭṭhanta / tiṭṭhamāna	= standing
vihara + nta / māna	= viharanta / viharamāna	= dwelling

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Bhattaṃ pacanto / pacamāno puriso hasati. (Nom. case) The man who is cooking rice laughs.

2. Vejjo bhattaṃ pacantaṃ / pacamānaṃ purisaṃ pakkosati.

(Acc. case)

The doctor calls the man who is cooking rice.

3. Vejjo bhattaṃ pacantena / pacamānena purisena saha bhāsati. (Inst.case)

The doctor speaks with the man who is cooking rice.

Plural

1. Bhattaṃ pacantā / pacamānā purisā hasanti.

(Nom. case)

The men who are cooking rice laugh.

2. Vejjo bhattaṃ pacante / pacamāne purise pakkosati.

(Acc. case)

The doctor calls the men who are cooking rice.

3. Vejjo bhattaṃ pacantehi / pacamānehi purisehi saha bhāsati. (Inst.case)

The doctor speaks with the men who are cooking rice.

Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree with the nouns they qualify.

Lesson 11 43

Exercise 11

4. Translate into English

1. Pānīyaṃ yācitvā rodanto dārako mañcamhā patati.

2. Vatthāni labhituṃ icchanto vāṇijo āpaṇaṃ gacchati.

3. Upāsako padumāni ādāya vihāraṃ gacchamāno Buddhaṃ disvā pasīdati.

4. Sakuṇo tuṇḍena phalaṃ haranto rukkhasmā uppatati.

5. Cīvaraṃ pariyesantassa samaṇassa ācariyo cīvaraṃ dadāti.

6. Araññe āhiṇḍanto luddako dhāvantaṃ migaṃ passitvā sarena vijjhati.

7. Uyyāne āhiṇḍamānamhā kumāramhā brāhmaṇo padumāni yācati.

8. Rathena gacchamānehi amaccehi saha ācariyo hasati.

9. Dānaṃ dadāmānā sīlāni rakkhamānā manussā sagge uppajjanti.

10. Dhaññaṃ ākankhantassa purisassa dhanaṃ dātuṃ vāṇijo icchati.

11. Goṇe hanantā rukkhe chindantā asappurisā dhanaṃ saṃharituṃ ussahanti.

12. Vihāraṃ upasankamanto Buddho dhammaṃ bhāsamāne sāvake passati.

13. Rukkhamūle nisīditvā gītāni gāyantā kumārā naccituṃ

ārabhanti.

14. Suvaṇṇaṃ labhituṃ ussahantā manussā pabbatasmiṃ āvāṭe khaṇanti.

15. Udakaṃ pātuṃ icchanto sīho udakaṃ pariyesamāno vanamhi carati.

16. Vetanaṃ labhituṃ ākankhamāno naro rajakāya dussāni dhovati.

17. Samaṇehi bhāsantā upāsakā saccaṃ adhigantuṃ ussahanti.

18. Magge sayantaṃ sunakhaṃ udakena siñcitvā dārako hasati.

44 Pāli Primer

19. Sīlaṃ rakkhantā sappurisā manussalokā cavitvā devaloke uppajjanti.

20. Dhanaṃ saṃharituṃ ussahanto vāṇijo samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ gantuṃ ārabhati.

21. Goṇe pariyesamāno vane āhiṇḍanto kassako sīhaṃ disvā bhāyati.

22. Rukkhesu nisīditvā phalāni bhuñjamānā kumārā gītaṃ gāyanti.

23. Cittaṃ pasīditvā dhammaṃ adhigantuṃ ussahantā narā sagge uppajjanti.

24. Tuṇḍena piṭakamhā macchaṃ ākaḍḍhituṃ icchanto kāko sunakhamhā bhāyati.

25. Khettaṃ kasitvā bījāni vapanto kassako dhaññaṃ labhituṃ

ākankhati.

26. Suriyassa ālokena locanehi rūpāni passantā manussā loke jīvanti.

27. Rukkhamūle nisīditvā cīvaraṃ sibbantena samaṇena saddhiṃ upāsako bhāsati.

28. Rukkhamūle sayantassa yācakassa kāye paṇṇāni patanti.

29. Vāṇijassa mūlaṃ datvā asse labhituṃ amacco ussahati.

30. Khīraṃ pivitvā hasamāno dārako pattaṃ mañcasmiṃ khipati.

5. Translate into Pāli.

1. The man washing clothes speaks with the boy going on the road.

2. The brahmin sees the deer coming out of the forest to drink water.

3. Goats in the park eat leaves falling from the trees.

4. Wicked men wish to see hunters killing deer.

5. The farmer sees birds eating seeds in his field.

6. Recluses who enter the city wish to worship the Buddha dwelling in the monastery.

7. Standing on the stairway the child sees monkeys sitting on the tree.

Lesson 11 45

8. Boys give rice to fish moving in the water.

9. The sailor wishing to cross the sea asks for money from the king.

10. Men see with their eyes the light of the moon falling on the sea.

11. Lay devotees try to give robes to monks living in the monastery.

12. Wishing for merit virtuous men give alms to the monks and observe (rakkhanti) the precepts.

13. The man walks on the leaves falling from the trees in the forest.

14. The uncle gives a lotus to the child searching for flowers.

15. Having given the beggar some corn the fisherman enters the house.

16. The minister gives seeds to the farmers who plough their fields.

17. The dog tries to bite the hand of the man who strokes his body.

18. The Buddha’s disciples question the child crying on the road.

19. The uncle’s friend calls the boys singing songs seated under the tree.

20. Virtuous men give food to the monks who approach their houses.

21. Wise men who wish to be born in heaven practise (rakkhanti) virtue.

22. Seeing the jackal approaching the village the farmer tries to hit it with a stone.

23. Speaking the truth lay devotees try to understand the doctrine.

24. Having washed the bowl with water the hermit looks for drinking water.

25. Wise men who observe the precepts begin to understand the truth.

Lesson 12

1. Conjugation of Verbs

The Present Tense, Active Voice

So far only the present tense, active voice, third person singular and plural have been introduced. This lesson gives the conjugation in full.

Singular Plural

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. So bhattaṃ pacati = He cooks rice.

2. Tvaṃ bhattaṃ pacasi = You (sg.) cook rice.

3. Ahaṃ bhattaṃ pacāmi = I cook rice. Plural

1. Te bhattaṃ pacanti = They cook rice.

2. Tumhe bhattaṃ pacatha = You (pl.) cook rice.

3. Mayaṃ bhattaṃ pacāma = We cook rice.

Exercise 12

3. Translate into English

1. Tvaṃ mittehi saddhiṃ rathena āpaṇamhā bhaṇḍāni āharasi.

2. Ahaṃ udakamhā padumāni āharitvā vāṇijassa dadāmi.

3. Tumhe samaṇānaṃ dātuṃ cīvarāni pariyesatha.

4. Mayaṃ sagge uppajjituṃ ākankhamānā sīlāni rakkhāma.

Lesson 12 47

5. Te dhammaṃ adhigantuṃ ussahantānaṃ samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dadanti.

6. So araññamhi uppatante sakuṇe passituṃ pabbataṃ āruhati.

7. Mayaṃ sugatassa sāvake vandituṃ vihārasmiṃ sannipatāma.

8. āgacchantaṃ tāpasaṃ disvā so bhattaṃ āharituṃ gehaṃ pavisati.

9. Ahaṃ udakaṃ oruyha brāhmaṇassa dussāni dhovāmi.

10. Tvaṃ gehassa dvāraṃ vivaritvā pānīyaṃ pattamhā ādāya pivasi.

11. Ahaṃ hiraññaṃ pariyesanto dīpamhi āvāṭe khaṇāmi.

12. Phalāni khādantā tumhe rukkhehi oruhatha.

13. Pāsāṇasmiṃ ṭhatvā tvaṃ candaṃ passituṃ ussahasi.

14. Mayaṃ manussalokamhā cavitvā sagge uppajjituṃ

ākankhāma.

15. Tumhe araññe vasante mige sarehi vijjhituṃ icchatha.

16. Mayaṃ uyyāne carantā sunakhehi saddhiṃ kīḷante dārake passāma.

17. Tvaṃ rukkhamūle nisīditvā ācariyassa dātuṃ vatthaṃ sibbasi.

18. Mayaṃ puññaṃ icchantā samaṇānaṃ dānaṃ dadāma.

19. Tumhe saccaṃ adhigantuṃ ārabhatha.

20. Tvaṃ gītaṃ gāyanto rodantaṃ dārakaṃ rakkhasi.

21. Mayaṃ hasantehi kumārehi saha uyyāne naccāma.

22. So pānīyaṃ pivitvā pattaṃ bhinditvā mātulamhā bhāyati.

23. Pāsādaṃ upasankamantaṃ samaṇaṃ disvā bhūpālassa cittaṃ pasīdati.

24. Mayaṃ araññaṃ pavisitvā ajānaṃ paṇṇāni saṃharāma.

25. Khettaṃ rakkhanto so āvāṭe khaṇante varāhe disvā pāsāṇehi paharati.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. I call the child who is stroking the dog’s body.

48 Pāli Primer

2. We try to learn the truth speaking with the monks who assemble in the monastery.

3. Sitting in the park you (pl.) eat fruits with friends.

4. You drink milk seated on a chair.

5. We set out from home to go and see the deer roaming in the forest.

6. I wish to understand the doctrine.

7. Standing on the mountain we see the moonlight falling on the sea.

8. I drag the farmer’s cart away from the road.

9. You (pl.) sit on the seats, I bring drinking water from the house.

10. We wander in the fields looking at the birds eating seeds.

11. I advise the wicked man who kills pigs.

12. You (sg.) get frightened seeing the snake approaching the house.

13. I ask questions from the men who come out of the forest.

14. Seeing the crying child we call the doctor going on the road.

15. I protect virtues, give alms to the monks and live in the house with children.

16. Good men who fear evil deeds are born in heaven.

17. Expecting to get profit we bring goods from the city.

18. We stand under the tree and sprinkle water on the flowers.

19. I wash the bowls with water and give (them) to the doctor.

20. Searching for the truth I give up the house and enter the monastery.

21. Wishing to see the monks you (pl.) assemble in the park.

22. I see a fruit falling from the crow’s beak.

23. You (sg.) cross the sea and bring a horse from the island.

24. I set out from home to bring a lamp from the market.

25. Having taken a basket I go to the field to collect corn.

7. The two verbs bhavati / hoti (to be) and karoti (to do) occur frequently in the language. Their gerunds and infinitives are as follows:

Gerund - bhavitvā / hutvā; katvā

Infinitive - bhavituṃ / hotuṃ; kātuṃ

The verb atthi (to be) from root as and karoti (to do) from root k\ are special verbs of frequent occurrence. They are conju- gated as follows:

Singular Plural

3rd 2nd 1st

atthi asi

asmi / amhi

santi attha

asma / amha

3rd 2nd 1st

karoti karosi karomi

karonti karotha karoma

Exercise 13

8. Translate into English

1. Buddho vihārasmiṃ sannipatantānaṃ manussānaṃ dhammaṃ deseti.

2. Buddhassa pūjetuṃ cintento upāsako pupphāni ocināti.

3. Te patte udakena pūrentā gītaṃ gāyanti.

4. Tumhe araññe vasante mige pīḷetvā asappurisā hotha.

52 Pāli Primer

5. Mayaṃ āpaṇaṃ gantvā vāṇijehi saddhiṃ kathetvā dhaññaṃ vikkiṇāma.

6. Tvaṃ uḍḍentaṃ sukaṃ disvā gaṇhituṃ icchasi.

7. Pabbatamhā udentaṃ candaṃ passituṃ kumāro gharamhā dhāvati.

8. Ahaṃ kassakehi saha khettasmiṃ rukkhe ropemi.

9. Mayaṃ amaccehi saha mantentā pāsādasmiṃ āsanesu nisīdāma.

10. Tumhe Tathāgatassa sāvake nimantetvā dānaṃ detha.

11. Upāsakā vihāraṃ gantvā dīpe jāletvā dhammaṃ sotuṃ nisīdanti.

12. Luddako sīsaṃ (head) dussena chādetvā nisīditvā sakuṇe maretuṃ ussahati.

13. So vane āhiṇḍante goṇe gāmaṃ ānetvā vāṇijānaṃ vikkiṇāti.

14. Tvaṃ āpaṇehi bhaṇḍāni kiṇitvā sakaṭena ānetvā gehe

ṭhapesi.

15. Tumhe kakacehi rukkhe chinditvā pabbatamhā pātetha.

16. Dhammena manusse pālentā bhūpālā akusalaṃ parivajjenti.

17. Saccaṃ ñātuṃ icchanto ahaṃ samaṇehi pañhe pucchāmi.

18. Dānaṃ datvā sīlaṃ rakkhantā sappurisā saggalokaṃ pāpuṇanti.

19. Dhaññaṃ minanto kassako āpaṇaṃ netvā dhaññaṃ vikkiṇituṃ cinteti.

20. Ahaṃ pattena pānīyaṃ pivanto dvārasmiṃ ṭhatvā maggaṃ olokemi.

21. So āpaṇamhā khīraṃ kiṇituṃ puttaṃ pahiṇāti.

22. Mayaṃ dhammaṃ uggaṇhituṃ ussahantā paṇḍitena saha mantema.

23. Corehi saddhiṃ gehe bhinditvā manusse pīḷentā tumhe asappurisā hotha.

Lesson 13 53

24. Ahaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ pariyesamāne dīpamhā āgacchante vāṇije jānāmi.

25. Ahaṃ ācariyo homi, tvaṃ vejjo hosi.

26. Tvaṃ asappurisa, Buddhena desentaṃ dhammaṃ sutvā sappuriso bhavituṃ ussahasi.

27. Ahaṃ paṇḍitehi saddhiṃ mantento dhammena dīpaṃ pālento bhūpālo asmi.

28. Varāhe mārentā corā kassake pīḷentā pāpakammāni karonti.

29. Sīlaṃ rakkhantā puññakammāni karontā manussā saggaṃ pappotuṃ ākankhanti.

30. Akusalaṃ pahāya pāpaṃ parivajjetvā viharantā narā sappurisā bhavanti.

9. Translate into Pāli

1. Having picked fruits from the trees you send (them) to the market.

2. Having heard the Buddha preach the doctrine I become glad.

3. Thinking of collecting corn I go to the field with the farmer.

4. Singing songs you (pl.) look at the birds flying in the sky.

5. I advise the wicked man who oppresses the farmers in the village.

6. We dig pits to plant trees in the park.

7. We know the man who is lighting lamps in the monastery.

8. You (pl.) cross the sea with sailors to reach the island.

9. The king governing the island wins.

10. We begin to learn the dhamma from recluses living in the village.

11. Searching for the truth the wise man goes from city to city.

54 Pāli Primer

12. Avoiding the sleeping dog with his foot the child runs home.

13. Wishing to be born in heaven wise men fear to do evil.

14. Departing from the human world wicked men are born in hell (narake).

15. Having invited the hermit from the mountain the king gives him a robe.

16.Trying to understand the truth lay devotees become re- cluses.

17. Expecting to hear the monk preaching the dhamma lay devotees assemble in the monastery.

18. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears (sotehi), touch with our bodies.

19. I am the king governing the islands.

20. You (pl.) are wicked men who take counsel with thieves.

21. Good men begin to plant trees to protect the world.

22. Having heard the dhamma, the thief wishes to avoid evil.

23. Merchants keep clothes in shops to sell (them) to farmers coming from the villages.

24. The sick man (gilāna) is a messenger of the gods in the human world.

25. There are good men in the world who admonish wicked men.

26. Having picked lotuses from the water, the doctor goes to the monastery to listen to the dhamma.

27. Seeing the Buddha and being pleased the thief throws away the arrows.

28. Wishing to avoid evil I practise virtue.

29. We cook rice to give alms to the monks coming from the monastery.

30. You (pl.) go from island to island searching for gold with merchants.

56 Pāli Primer

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

gacchati - gamissati = he will go

āgacchati - āgamissati = he will come dadāti - dadissati / dassati = he will give tiṭṭhati - ṭhassati = he will stand

karoti - karissati = he will do

Exercise 14

3. Translate into English

1. So pabbatamhā udentaṃ candaṃ passituṃ pāsādaṃ

āruhissati.

2. Bhūpālo corehi dīpaṃ rakkhituṃ amaccehi saha mantessati.

3. Ahaṃ samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ pāpuṇitvā bhaṇḍāni vikkiṇissāmi.

4. Tumhe vihāraṃ upasankamantā magge pupphāni vikkiṇante manusse passissatha.

5. Udakaṃ otaritvā vatthāni dhovanto kassako nahāyitvā gehaṃ āgamissati.

6. Gāme viharanto tvaṃ nagaraṃ gantvā rathaṃ ānessasi.

7. Puññaṃ kātuṃ icchantā tumhe sappurisā pāpamitte ovadissatha.

8. Dhammaṃ sotuṃ uyyāne nisīdantānaṃ upāsakānaṃ ahaṃ pānīyaṃ dassāmi.

9. Mayaṃ bhūpālā dhammena dīpe pālessāma.

10. Rukkhaṃ pātetvā phalāni khādituṃ icchantaṃ asappurisaṃ ahaṃ akkosāmi.

11. Dānaṃ dadamānā sīlaṃ rakkhantā mayaṃ samaṇehi dhammaṃ uggaṇhissāma.

12. Dhāvantamhā sakaṭamhā patantaṃ dārakaṃ disvā tvaṃ vejjaṃ ānesi.

13. Saccaṃ adhigantuṃ ussahanto tāpaso Tathāgataṃ passituṃ ākankhati.

Lesson 14 57

14. Buddhe pasīditvā upāsako devaputto hutvā saggaloke uppajjati.

15. Udentaṃ suriyaṃ disvā brāhmaṇo gehā nikkhamma vandati.

16. Dīpaṃ pappotuṃ ākankhamānā mayaṃ samuddaṃ tarituṃ nāvikaṃ pariyesāma.

17. Amaccassa dūtaṃ pahiṇituṃ icchanto bhūpālo ahaṃ asmi.

18. Puññakammāni karontānaṃ vāṇijānaṃ dhanaṃ atthi.

19. Mayaṃ gītāni gāyante naccante kumāre olokessāma.

20. Pāpaṃ parivajjetvā kusalaṃ karonte sappurise devā pūjessanti.

21. Saccaṃ bhāsantā asappurise anusāsantā paṇḍitā upāsakā bhavissanti.

22. Tvaṃ dhaññena pattaṃ pūretvā ācariyassa dassasi.

23. Rukkhamūle nisīditvā cīvaraṃ sibbantaṃ samaṇaṃ ahaṃ upasankamissāmi.

24. Ahaṃ sayantassa puttassa kāyaṃ āmasanto mañcasmiṃ nisīdāmi.

25. Uyyānesu rukkhe ropetuṃ samaṇā manusse anusāsanti.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. Having learnt the dhamma from the Buddha I will live righteously (dhammena) in the world.

2. I will advise the king to rule the island righteously with his ministers.

3. Keeping the garment on the seat the child will enter the water to bathe.

4. Having heard the doctrine you (pl.) will become pleased with the Tathāgata.

5. They who are walking in the forest collecting fruits will desire to drink water.

58 Pāli Primer

6. Farmers approaching the city will look at vehicles running on the road.

7. The rising sun will illuminate the world.

8. The trees in the park will bathe in the light of the moon.

9. You (sg.) will be pleased seeing your sons asking questions from the wise man.

10. The children will like to see the parrots eating fruits on the trees.

11. We are doctors coming from the island, you are teachers going to the island.

12. He will take money and go to the shop to buy goods.

13. Having filled the bowl with drinking water the child will give it to the beggar eating rice.

14. Men wishing to get merit will plant trees for people in the world.

15. Searching for wealth wicked men will oppress farmers living righteously in villages.

16. There are fruits on the trees in the mountains.

17. Good men doing meritorious deeds will learn the dhamma from monks.

18. Wise men instruct kings governing the islands.

19. You will buy fish from fishermen coming from the sea.

20. Wishing to learn the dhamma we approach the Buddha.

21. Seeing the jackal coming to the park the children will get frightened.

22. They will go to see the king coming to the village with the ministers.

23. You are a good man who lives righteously.

24. I see a parrot picking a fruit with its beak.

25. We will become good men practising virtue.

Lesson 15

1. The Optative or the Potential Mood

The optative expresses mainly probability and advice, and ideas such as those conveyed by if, might, would, etc. It is formed by adding -eyya to the verbal base before terminations.

Base paca = to cook Singular

3rd (So) paceyya = If he would cook 2nd (Tvaṃ)paceyyāsi = If you would cook 1st (Ahaṃ)paceyyāmi = If I would cook

Plural

3rd (Te)paceyyuṃ = If they would cook 2nd (Tumhe)paceyyātha = If you would cook 1st (Mayaṃ)paceyyāma = If we would cook

It should be observed that the terminations of the second and first persons are similar to those of the present tense.

2. The following particles are useful for construction of sentences.

sace / yadi = if

ca = and

pi = too, also

na = not

viya = like, similar

60 Pāli Primer

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Sace so bhattaṃ paceyya, ahaṃ bhuñjeyyāmi.

If he would cook rice I will eat.

2. Sace tvaṃ iccheyyāsi, ahaṃ coraṃ puccheyyāmi.

If you would like, I will question the thief.

3. Yadi ahaṃ nagare vihareyyāmi, so pi nagaraṃ

āgaccheyya.

If I dwell in the city, he too would come to the city.

Plural

1. Sace te bhattaṃ paceyyuṃ, mayaṃ bhuñjeyyāma.

If they cook rice we will eat.

2. Sace tumhe iccheyyātha, mayaṃ core puccheyyāma.

If you so wish, we will question the thieves.

3. Yadi mayaṃ nagare vihareyyāma, te pi nagaraṃ

āgaccheyyuṃ.

If we dwell in the city, they too will come to the city.

Exercise 15

4. Translate into English

1. Sace tvaṃ dhammaṃ suṇeyyāsi, addhā (certainly) tvaṃ Buddhassa sāvako bhaveyyāsi.

2. Yadi te gītāni gāyituṃ uggaṇheyyuṃ, ahaṃ pi uggaṇheyyāmi.

3. Sace tvaṃ bījāni pahiṇeyyāsi, kassako tāni (them) khette vapeyya.

4. Sace tumhe padumāni ocineyyātha, kumārā tāni Buddhassa pūjeyyuṃ.

5. Sace tvaṃ mūlaṃ gaṇheyyāsi, ahaṃ dussaṃ ādadeyyāmi.

6. Yadi mayaṃ bhūpālena saha manteyyāma amaccā na

āgaccheyyuṃ.

Lesson 15 61

7. Sace tumhe rukkhe ropeyyātha dārakā phalāni bhuñjeyyuṃ.

8. Sace mayaṃ sappurisā bhaveyyāma, puttā pi sappurisā bhaveyyuṃ.

9. Sace bhūpālā dhammena dīpe pāleyyuṃ, mayaṃ bhūpālesu pasīdeyyāma.

10. Sace kassako goṇaṃ vikkiṇeyya, vāṇijo taṃ kiṇeyya.

11. Sace manusse pīḷentā asappurisā gāmaṃ āgaccheyyuṃ ahaṃ te ovadeyyāmi.

12. Yadi amaccā pāpaṃ parivajeyyuṃ, manussā pāpaṃ na kareyyuṃ.

13. Sace tumhe pabbataṃ āruheyyātha, āhiṇḍante mige ca rukkhesu carante makkaṭe ca uḍḍente sakuṇe ca passeyyātha.

14. Sace tvaṃ pattena pānīyaṃ āneyyāsi pipāsito (thirsty) so piveyya.

15. Kusalakammāni katvā tumhe manussaloke uppajituṃ ussaheyyātha.

16. Sace so vejjo bhaveyya, ahaṃ taṃ (him) rodantaṃ dārakaṃ passituṃ āneyyāmi.

17. Yadi putto pāpaṃ kareyya ahaṃ taṃ (him) ovadeyyāmi.

18. Sace amacco paṇḍitaṃ ācariyaṃ āneyya mayaṃ dhammaṃ uggaṇheyyāma.

19. Sace ahaṃ hatthena suvaṃ phusituṃ ussaheyyāmi so gehā uppateyya.

20. Yadi so vejjaṃ pakkosituṃ iccheyya ahaṃ taṃ (him)

āneyyāmi.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. If you cover the evil deeds your sons do, they will become thieves.

2. If you (pl.) want to become virtuous men avoid evil.

3. If we look with our eyes we will see objects in the world, if we look with our minds we will see good and evil.

62 Pāli Primer

4. If you (sg.) start singing a song, the children will start dancing.

5. If we depart from the human world we will not fear to be born in the human world.

6. If gods are born in the human world they will do meritori- ous deeds.

7. If you search for the truth you will approach the Buddha living in the monastery.

8. If you admonish the merchant he will become a virtuous man.

9. If I invite the monk he will come home to preach the dhamma.

10. If you are a good man you will not kill oxen roaming in the forest.

11. If you do work in the field you will get wealth and corn.

12. If the king wishes to govern the island righteously he will discuss with wise men and ministers.

13. If you work in the field you will see farmers ploughing.

14. I see boys playing in the park with a monkey.

15. If they want to see birds singing they will go to the park.

16. If you listen to the dhamma you will be able to live righteously.

17. If you avoid evil friends (pāpamitte) you will become a good man.

18. If the minister is not a good man we will not approach him.

19. If there are fruits on the tree I will climb to pick them (tāni).

20. If I pick fruits you will eat them with friends.

Lesson 16

1. The Imperative

The imperative mood expresses a command, benediction, prayer or wish.

Base paca - to cook Singular

3rd (So) pacatu = Let him cook 2nd (Tvaṃ)paca,pacāhi = You cook

1st (Ahaṃ)pacāmi = Let me cook

Plural

3rd (Te) pacantu = Let them cook 2nd (Tumhe)pacatha = You cook

1st (Mayaṃ)pacāma = Let us cook

It should be observed that the second person plural and first person singular and plural have the same forms as in the present tense.

The prohibitive particle mā is also used with the imperative.

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. So vāṇijānaṃ bhattaṃ pacatu.

Let him cook rice for the merchants.

2. Tvaṃ rathena nagaraṃ gaccha / gacchāhi.

You go to the city in the vehicle.

3. Ahaṃ dhammaṃ uggaṇhāmi. Let me learn the dhamma.

64 Pāli Primer

Plural

1. Te vāṇijānaṃ bhattaṃ pacantu.

Let them cook rice for the merchants.

2. Tumhe rathena nagaraṃ gacchatha.

You go to the city in the vehicle.

3. Mayaṃdhammaṃuggaṇhāma. Let us learn the dhamma.

The prohibitive particle mā

1. Mā tumhe saccaṃ parivajjetha.

You do not avoid the truth.

2. Mā te uyyānamhi pupphāni ocinantu.

Let them not pick flowers in the park.

Exercise 16

3. Translate into English

1. Bhūpālā dhammena dīpaṃ pālentu.

2. Mā manusso bhāyatu, sace so saccaṃ jānāti, bhāsatu.

3. Tumhe pāpaṃ karonte putte ovadatha.

4. Sugato dhammaṃ desetu, sāvakā ca upāsakā ca vihārasmiṃ nisīdanti.

5. Mā te pāpakammāni katvā manussalokamhā cavitvā narake (in purgatory) uppajjantu.

6. Mā corā kassakānaṃ goṇe mārentu.

7. Mā tvaṃ sunakhaṃ āmasāhi, so taṃ (you) ḍaseyya.

8. Tumhe dīpe jāletvā vihārasmiṃ rūpāni oloketha.

9. Tumhe asappurise āmantetvā dhammena jīvituṃ anusāsatha.

10. Putta, mā tvaṃ pāpamitte upasankama.

11. Sace tumhe saccam bhāsituṃ ussaheyyātha, tumhe sappurisā bhaveyyātha.

Lesson 16 65

12. Sace tvaṃ pāsāṇe khipeyyāsi, kākā ca sakuṇā ca ākāsaṃ uppateyyuṃ.

13. Mā dāraka pānīyaṃ pivitvā pattaṃ bhinda.

14. Mā suvaṇṇaṃ coretvā gacchantā corā samuddaṃ tarantu.

15. Upāsaka, mā putte akkosāhi, samaṇehi saddhiṃ mantetvā putte anusāsāhi.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. May the king ruling the island protect the people righteously.

2. Let the children playing in the park collect falling leaves.

3. Let the farmers and merchants assemble in the king’s park.

4. Let the sons climb the mountain to see lions, deer and birds.

5. Do not cut trees in forests if you wish to protect deer.

6. Let the child not come down the stairway, he will fall.

7. Let the farmer plough the fields and sow seeds, let him not kill goats.

8. Let the parrots fly taking fruits with their beaks.

9. Sons, do not commit sins, live righteously.

10. May the disciples of the Buddha get alms and robes.

11. Let the children come out of the house and see the moon rising from the mountain.

12. Boys, do not go and kill deer in the forest with the hunter.

13. You (pl.) run home and bring water for the farmers ploughing the field.

14. Do not ask questions from the king’s messenger.

15. You lay devotees should try to avoid evil and do good deeds.

Lesson 17

1. The Past Tense

Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -a.

Base paca = to cook Singular

3rd (So) apaci, paci = He cooked 2nd (Tvaṃ) apaci, paci = You cooked 1st (Ahaṃ) apaciṃ, paciṃ = I cooked

Plural

3rd (Te) apaciṃsu, paciṃsu = They cooked 2nd (Tumhe) apacittha, pacittha = You cooked 1st (Mayaṃ)apacimha,pacimha = We cooked

It should be noted that a- in apaci, apaciṃsu etc. is not a negative prefix. It is the augment (optional) denoting the past tense.

Verbs whose bases end in -nā are also conjugated in the past tense as above.

Conjugation of verbs with the base ending in -e

Base core = to steal Singular

3rd (So) coresi, corayi = He stole 2nd (Tvaṃ) coresi = You stole 1st (Ahaṃ) coresiṃ, corayiṃ = I stole

Plural

3rd (Te) coresuṃ, corayiṃsu = They stole 2nd (Tumhe)corayitha = You stole 1st (Mayaṃ)corayimha = We stole

Lesson 17 67

2. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Bhûpālo dîpe cari / acari - The king wandered in the island.

Samaṇodhammaṃdesesi - The monk preached the dhamma.

2. Tvaṃ bhaṇ¹āni vikkiṇi - You sold goods.

Tvaṃ pupphāni pûjesi - You offered the flowers.

3. Ahaṃ pabbataṃ āruhiṃ - I climbed the mountain.

Ahaṃ dîpaṃ jālesiṃ / - I lit the lamp.

jālayiṃ

Plural

1. Bhûpālā dîpesu cariṃsu / - Kings wandered in the islands.

acariṃsu

Samaṇādhammaṃdesesuṃ/ - Monks preached the dhamma.

desayiṃsu

2. Tumhe bhaṇ¹āni vikkiṇittha - You sold goods.

Tumhepupphāni pûjayittha - You offered flowers.

3. Mayaṃ pabbate āruhimha - We climbed mountains.

Mayaṃ dîpe jālayimha - We lit lamps.

Exercise 17

3. Translate into English

1. Kassako khettaṃ kasitvā nahāyituṃ udakaṃ otari.

2. Uggaṇhantānaṃ dārakānaṃ dātuṃ ācariyā kusumāni

āhariṃsu.

3. Upāsakā āsanehi uṭṭhahitvā dhammaṃ desetuṃ upa- sankamantaṃ samaṇaṃ vandiṃsu.

4. Nagaresu kammāni katvā vetane labhituṃ ākankhamānā narā gāmehi nikkhamiṃsu.

5. ācariyo āsanaṃ dussena chādetvā samaṇaṃ nisīdituṃ nimantesi.

68 Pāli Primer

6. Kumāro dvāraṃ vivaritvā rukkhamhā oruhante vānare passamāno aṭṭhāsi (stood).

7. Paṇḍito goṇe coretvā akusalaṃ karonte nare pakkositvā ovadi.

8. Yācakassa puttā rukkhehi patantāni phalāni saṃharitvā

āpaṇasmiṃ vikkiṇiṃsu.

9. Kassako dhaññaṃ minitvā vāṇijassa vikkiṇituṃ pahiṇi.

10. Dhammaṃ uggaṇhitvā samaṇo bhavituṃ ākankhamāno amacco ācariyaṃ pariyesamāno Buddhaṃ upasankami.

11. Sace tumhe gāmaṃ pāpuṇeyyātha mitte olokeyyātha.

12. Paṇḍitamhā pañhe pucchitvā saccaṃ jānituṃ mātulo ussahi.

13. Pāsāṇamhi ṭhatvā ajaṃ khādantaṃ sīhaṃ disvā vānarā bhāyiṃsu.

14. Rukkhamūle nisīditvā gitāni gāyantānaṃ kumārānaṃ kāyesu paṇṇāni ca pupphāni ca patiṃsu.

15. Tumhe dhanaṃ saṃharamānā mā samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ gacchatha.

16. āpaṇasmiṃ bhaṇḍāni vikkiṇantassa vāṇijassa ratho atthi.

17. Ahaṃ puttassa dātuṃ dussaṃ sibbanto gītaṃ gāyiṃ.

18. Sūkarā ca sunakhā ca khette āvāṭe khaṇiṃsu.

19. Purisā rukkhamūle nisīditvā tāpasena bhāsamānaṃ suṇiṃsu.

20. Luddakena saddhiṃ vane āhiṇḍante putte āmantetvā kassakā akkosiṃsu.

21. Mā tvaṃ suvaṇṇapattaṃ vikkiṇitvā khagge kiṇāhi.

22. So bhaṇḍāni ca khettaṃ ca goṇe ca puttānaṃ daṭvā gehaṃ pahāya samaṇo bhavituṃ cintesi.

23. Dhammena jīvantā sappurisā mige na māresuṃ.

24. Ahaṃ sopānaṃ āruhiṃ, te sopānamhā oruhiṃsu.

25. Sahāyakā udakaṃ otaritvā nahāyantā padumāni ociniṃsu.

kaññā / dārikā - girl

gangā - river Ganges

nāvā - ship

ammā - mother

paññā - wisdom

sālā - hall

bhariyā - wife

sabhā - assembly

kathā - speech

latā - creeper

guhā - cave

chāyā - shadow

vālukā - sand

mañjûsā - box

mālā - garland

surā - liquor

sākhā - branch

devatā - deity

parisā - retinue

saddhā - faith, devotion

gîvā - neck

jivhā - tongue

pipāsā - thirst

khudā - hunger

72 Pāli Primer

12. Dhammena dhanaṃ saṃharamānā paññāya putte posentā narā manussaloke sukhaṃ vindanti.

13. Sace tumhe nāvāya gangaṃ tareyyātha dīpasmiṃ vasante tāpase disvā āgantuṃ sakkissatha.

14. Parisaṃ parivāretvā pāsādamhā nikkhamantaṃ bhūpālaṃ disvā vanitāyo modanti.

15. Kaññāyo sālāyaṃ sannipatitvā kumārehi saddhiṃ sallapiṃsu.

16. Khudāya pīḷentaṃ gilānaṃ yācakaṃ disvā ammā bhattaṃ adadi / adāsi.

17. Guhāyaṃ nilīyitvā suraṃ pivantā corā sīhaṃ passitvā bhāyiṃsu.

18. Varāhe māretvā jīvanto naro gilāno hutvā dukkhaṃ vindati.

19. Vāṇijassa āpaṇe mañjūsāyaṃ mūlaṃ (money) atthi.

20. Samaṇā manusse pāpā nivāretvā sappurese kātuṃ vāyamanti.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. The man stood on the road asking my mother the way to go to the monastery.

2. Having prepared rice with faith for the monks, the woman took it to the monastery.

3. You can live righteously and seek wealth.

4. Sitting in the shade of the house the girls cut branches from the creeper.

5. Wicked men did not advise their sons who drink liquor.

6. Taking the basket and money the girl went to the market to buy corn.

7. If you light lamps the lay devotees will see the objects in the monastery.

8. O good men, you learn the dhamma and try to live righteously.

9. If you try, you can avoid evil and do good.

10. Having seen the lion sleeping in the cave the woman ran.

Lesson 19

1. The Past Participle

Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the connecting vowel -i-.

pacati - pac + i + ta = pacita = cooked bhāsati - bhās + i + ta = bhāsita = spoken yācati - yāc + i + ta = yācita = begged deseti - dis’ + i + ta = desita = preached pûjeti - pûj + i + ta = pûjita = honoured gacchati - gam + ta = gata = gone hanati - han + ta = hata = killed nayati / neti - nî + ta =nîta = led

The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.

chindati - chid + na =chinna = cut bhindati - bhid + na =bhinna = broken nisîdati - ni + sad + na = nisinna = seated tarati - t\ + na = tiṇṇa = crossed

2. Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from transitive verbs, but from intransitive verbs they have an active meaning. They are declined in the three genders, as -a ending nouns in the masculine and the neuter, and -ā ending nouns in the feminine.

Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are transitive verbs. Therefore: pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning) chinnaṃ paṇṇaṃ = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning) nimantitā kaññā = the girl who is invited (passive meaning).

kasati - kasita, kaṭṭha pucchati - pucchita, puṭṭha pacati - pacita, pakka

¹asati - daṭṭha

phusati - phuṭṭha pavisati - paviṭṭha

āmasati - āmasita,

āmaṭṭha

labhati - laddha, labhita

ārabhati -āraddha bhavati - bhûta

bhuñjati - bhuñjita, bhutta vapati - vutta

vasati - vuttha

āsiñcati - āsitta

khipati - khitta

dhovati - dhovita, dhota pajahati - pahîna vivarati - vivaṭa

pivati - pîta

cavati - cuta

hanati - hata nikkhamati - nikkhanta jānāti - ñāta

suṇāti - suta

mināti - mita

gaṇhāti - gahita

kiṇāti - kîta pāpuṇāti - patta karoti - kata

tiṭṭhati - ṭhita

harati - haṭa

kujjhati -kuddha

dadāti - dinna pasîdati -pasanna (passati) - diṭṭha, (d\ś) muñcati - mutta

Lesson 19 75

3. Dārikāya āhaṭāni bhaṇ¹āni ammā piṭakesu pakkhipi.

The mother put in baskets the goods brought by the girl.

4. Vānijo patitassa rukkhassa sākhāyo chindi.

The merchant cut the branches of the fallen tree.

5. Mayaṃ udakena āsittehi pupphehi Buddhaṃ pûjema.

We may worship the Buddha with flowers sprinkled with water.

6. Kassakena kasite khette sûkaro sayati.

A pig sleeps in the field ploughed by the farmer.

Exercise 19

5. Translate into English

1. Ammāya mañjūsāyaṃ pakkhittaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ dārikā na gaṇhi.

2. Dhotāni vatthāni gahetvā bhariyā udakamhā uttari.

3. Kassakehi uyyāne ropitesu rukkhesu phalāni bhaviṃsu.

4. Buddhā devehi ca narehi ca pūjitā honti.

5. Udakena pūritaṃ pattaṃ gahetvā vanitā gehaṃ āgatā hoti.

6. Adhammena (unrighteously) dīpaṃ pālentena bhūpālena pīḷitā manussā kuddhā honti.

7. Pakkaṃ (ripe) phalaṃ tuṇḍena gahetvā uḍḍentaṃ suvaṃ ahaṃ apassiṃ.

8. Udento suriyo brāhmaṇena namassito hoti.

9. Ammāya jālitaṃ dīpaṃ ādaya putto vihāraṃ paviṭṭho hoti.

10. Vanitāya dussena chādite āsane samaṇo nisīditvā sannipatitāya parisāya dhammaṃ desesi.

11. Kassakena khettaṃ ānītā goṇā tiṇaṃ khādantā āhiṇḍiṃsu.

12. Vāṇijā mañjūsāsu ṭhapitāni dussāni na vikkiṇiṃsu

13. Sace tvaṃ saccaṃ jāneyyāsi mā puttaṃ akkosa.

14. Nāvāya nikkhantā narā samuddaṃ taritvā dīpaṃ pāpuṇitvā bhariyāhi saddhiṃ kathentā modanti.

76 Pāli Primer

15. Magge ṭhite vāṇijassa sakaṭe ahaṃ kaññāya ānītāni bhaṇḍāni ṭhapesiṃ.

16. Dhammena laddhena dhanena putte posetvā jīvantā manussā devatāhi rakkhitā honti.

17. Sāvakehi ca upāsakehi ca parivārito Buddho vihārassa chāyāya nisinno hoti.

18. Ammāya pāpehi nivāritā puttā sappurisā hutvā dhammaṃ suṇanti.

19. Kassake pīḷentā corā paṇḍitena anusāsitā sappurisā bhavituṃ vāyamantā upāsakehi saddhiṃ uyyāne rukkhe ropenti.

20. Vanitā puttāya paṭiyāditamhā bhattamhā khudāya pīḷitassa yācakassa thokaṃ (little) datvā pānīyaṃ ca dadi / adāsi.

21. Sabhāyaṃ nisīditvā dārikāya gāyitaṃ gītaṃ sutvā kaññāyo modiṃsu.

22. Amaccena nimantitā purisā sālāyaṃ nisīdituṃ asakkontā (unable) uyyāne sannipatiṃsu.

23. Kassakehi khettesu vuttehi bījehi thokaṃ (little) sakuṇā khādiṃsu.

24. Kumārehi rukkhamūle nilīyitvā sayanto sappo diṭṭho hoti.

25. Vāṇijena dīpamhā āhaṭāni vatthāni kiṇituṃ vanitāyo icchanti.

26. Sace bhūpālo dhammena manusse rakkheyya te kammāni katvā dārake posentā sukhaṃ vindeyyuṃ.

27. Puttena yācitā ammā mittānaṃ odanaṃ paṭiyādesi.

28. Amaccena puṭṭhaṃ pañhaṃ adhigantuṃ asakkonto corānaṃ dūto cintetuṃ ārabhi.

29. Corehi guhāyaṃ nilīyitāni bhaṇḍāni passitvā vānarā tāni (them) ādāya rukkhe āruhiṃsu.

30. Ahaṃ pariyesitaṃ dhammaṃ adhigantvā modāmi.

Lesson 19 77

6. Translate into Pāli

1. The man who came to the assembly could not speak with the ministers.

2. The child ran to the shop taking the money given by the mother.

3. The king is seated in the chariot drawn by horses.

4. Having discussed with the wise man the farmers sent a messenger to the king.

5. The children went out of the open door.

6. The women who got down to the water washed clothes and bathed.

7. Buddhas and their disciples are worshipped by gods and men.

8. The merchant sold the clothes sewn by women.

9. I did not take the flowers and fruits brought by the girl from the forest

10. Being chased by the dog, the girls quickly (sîghaṃ) ran home.

11. The teacher having seen the evil deed done by the girl advised her.

12. We did not light the lamps prepared by the women.

13. You do not drag the branches cut by the farmer from the mountain.

14. Without getting the pay for the work done, the woman is angry.

15. Do not ask for fruits from the boy sitting on the branch.

16. The woman who is scolded by the brahmin cries, seated at the door.

17. The girl being called by the mother ran home to eat rice.

18. The men who tried to cut the creepers started pulling the branches.

Exercise 20

4. Translate into English

1. Bhūpālo rājiniyā saddhiṃ nāvāya nadiṃ taranto udake carante macche olokento amaccehi saddhiṃ katheti.

2. Pāniyaṃ pivitvā dārikāya bhūmiyaṃ nikkhitto patto bhinno hoti.

3. Kassakānaṃ gāviyo aṭaviyaṃ āhiṇḍitvā khettaṃ āgamiṃsu.

4. Rattiyā samuddasmiṃ patitā candassa rasmiyo oloketvā taruṇiyo modiṃsu.

5. Upāsakā iddhiyā ākāse gacchantaṃ tāpasaṃ disvā pasannā honti.

6. Bhaginiyā saddhiṃ pokkharaṇiyā tīre (bank) ṭhatva so padumāni ocinituṃ vāyami.

7. Nāriyo vāpīsu nahāyituṃ vā (or) vatthāni dhovituṃ vā na icchiṃsu.

8. Yuvatiyā puṭṭhaṃ pañhaṃ vyākātuṃ asakkonto ahaṃ tāya (with her) saddhiṃ sallapituṃ ārabhiṃ.

9. Asappurisassa puttena kataṃ pāpakammaṃ paṭicchādetuṃ ammā na ussahi.

10. Bhaginiyā dussena veṭhetvā mañcasmiṃ ṭhapitaṃ bhaṇḍaṃ itthī mañjūsāyaṃ pakkhipi.

11. Mā tumhe magge sayantaṃ kukkuraṃ viheṭhetha.

12. Sappuriso amacco dhanaṃ vissajjetvā yācakānaṃ vasituṃ sālāyo gāmesu karitvā bhūpālaṃ ārocesi.

Lesson 20 81

13. Kumāro suvaṃ hatthamhā muñcitvā taṃ uḍḍentaṃ passamāno rodanto rukkhamūle aṭṭhāsi.

14. Saddhāya dānaṃ dadamānā kusalaṃ karontā sappurisā puna(again) manussaloke uppajjituṃ patthenti.

15. Kumāro mañjūsaṃ vivaritvā sāṭakaṃ nīharitvā ammāya pesesi.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. There are lotuses and fishes in ponds in the king’s park.

2. The young women picked lotuses from the tank and kept them on the ground.

3. The queen spoke with her sisters who came having crossed the river by boat.

4. I saw the dog chasing the cow in the field.

5. Women and girls did not climb trees to pick fruits and flowers.

6. You (pl.) went to the river to bathe and got frightened hearing the peal of thunder (asanisaddaṃ).

7. You (pl.) do not conceal the evil committed with your friends.

8. If you spent money to buy clothes, inform your mother.

9. Send the lotuses wrapped in lotus leaves to the young girls seated in the hall.

10. We can explain the questions asked by the women in the assembly.

Lesson 21

1. The Present Participle (contd.)

This lesson is a continuation of Lesson 11 and should be studied together with that lesson. It was learnt in Lesson 11 that -nta /

-māna are added to the base of verbs which end in -a, to form the present participle masculine and neutuer genders. e.g.:

paca + nta =pacanta paca + māna =pacamāna

They are declined like -a ending nouns in these two gen-

ders.

Further it should be noted that with verbs whose base ends

in -e / -aya, -nta is usually added to the base ending in -e; and

-māna is added to the base ending in -aya. e.g.:

core + nta = corenta coraya + māna =corayamāna

With verbs whose base ends in -nā both -nta / -māna are generally added, but the -nā is shortened to -na. e.g.:

kiṇā + nta = kiṇanta

kiṇā + māna =kiṇamāna

suṇā + nta =suṇanta suṇā+ māna =suṇamāna

Present participles ending in -nta occur more frequently in Pāli literature than those ending in -māna.

2. The present participle feminine gender is formed by adding

-ntî / -mānā to the verbal base. e.g.: paca + ntî =pacantî paca + mānā =pacamānā core + ntî = corentî coraya + mānā =corayamānā

Lesson 21 83

kiṇā + ntî = kiṇantî

kiṇā + mānā =kiṇamānā

When -ntî is added, the present participle feminine is declined like feminine nouns ending in -î. When -mānā is added it is declined like feminine nouns ending in -ā.

Declension of pacantî

Singular Plural

3. Examples in sentence formation

Singular

1. Ammā bhattaṃ pacantî kaññāya saddhiṃ katheti.

Cooking rice the mother speaks with the girl.

2. Kaññā bhattaṃ pacantiṃ ammaṃ passati.

The girl sees the mother cooking rice.

3. Kaññā bhattaṃ pacantiyā ammāya udakaṃ deti.

The girl gives water to the mother cooking rice.

Plural

1. Bhattaṃ pacantiyo ammāyo kaññāhi saddhiṃ kathenti.

Cooking rice mothers speak with girls.

2. Kaññāyo bhattaṃ pacantiyo ammāyo passanti.

Girls see mothers cooking rice.

3. Kaññāyobhattaṃpacantînaṃammānaṃudakaṃdenti. Girls give water to mothers cooking rice.

Similarly, the present participle can be declined in all cases to agree in gender, number and case with the nouns they qualify.

84 Pāli Primer

Exercise 21

4. Translate into English

1. Khette phalāni corentī dārikā kassakaṃ disvā bhāyitvā dhāvituṃ ārabhi.

2. Buddhassa sāvakena desitaṃ dhammaṃ sutvā yuvati saccaṃ adhigantuṃ icchantī ammāya saddhiṃ mantesi.

3. Sayantaṃ sunakhaṃ āmasantī kumārī gehadvāre nisinnā hoti.

4. Rājinī nārīhi puṭṭhe pañhe vyakarontī sabhāyaṃ nisinnā parisaṃ āmantetvā kathaṃ kathesi.

5. Aṭaviṃ gantvā rukkhaṃ chinditvā sākhāyo ākaḍḍhantiyo itthiyo sigāle disvā bhāyiṃsu.

6. Gehadvāre nisīditvā dussaṃ sibbantī bhaginī gītaṃ gāyati.

7. Asappuriso pāpakammāni paṭicchādetvā upāsakehi saddhiṃ sallapanto vihārasmiṃ āsane nisinno hoti.

8. Sāṭakena veṭhetvā nilīyitaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ passituṃ

ākankhamānā yuvati ovarakassa (room) dvāraṃ vivari.

9. Sace tvaṃ mulaṃ vissajjetuṃ iccheyyāsi, mā vatthaṃ kiṇāhi.

10. Sace tumhe bhūpālassa dūtaṃ pesetha amacce pi ārocetha.

11. Kassako chinnā sakhāyo khettamhā nīharitvā aṭaviyaṃ pakkhipi.

12. Pokkaraṇiyā tīre (bank) ṭhatvā kadaliphalaṃ khādantī kaññā bhaginiyā dinnaṃ padumaṃ gaṇhi.

13. Amhākaṃ (our) hatthapādesu vīsati (twenty) anguliyo santi.

14. Rattiyā gehā nikkhamituṃ bhāyantī kaññā dvāraṃ na vivari.

15. Sace tvaṃ yaṭṭhiyā kukkuraṃ pahareyyāsi so ḍaseyya.

16. Mayaṃ sappurisā bhavituṃ ākankhamānā samaṇe upa- sankamma dhammaṃ sutvā kusalaṃ kātuṃ ārabhimha.

Lesson 21 85

17. Pāpakammehi anubandhitā asappurisā corā niraye (purga- tory) uppajjitvā dukkhaṃ vindanti.

18. Mā puññaṃ parivajjetvā pāpaṃ karotha, sace kareyyātha manussalokamhā cavitvā dukkhaṃ vindissatha.

19. Sace tumhe sagge uppajjitvā modituṃ patthetha puññāni karotha.

20. Saccaṃ ñātuṃ ussahantā brāhmaṇā sahāyakehi saha mantayiṃsu.

21. Nāriyā pañjare (cage) pakkhittā sukā kadaliphalaṃ khādantā nisinnā honti.

22. Goṇaṃ viheṭhetuṃ na icchanto vāṇijo sakaṭamhā bhaṇḍāni nīharitva bhūmiyaṃ nikkhipitvā kassakaṃ

ārocesi.

23. Aṭaviyaṃ viharantā migā ca goṇā ca varāhā ca sīhamhā bhāyanti.

24. Samaṇā saddhāya upāsakehi dinnaṃ bhuñjitvā saccaṃ adhigantuṃ vāyamantā sīlāni rakkhanti.

25. Rattiyā nikkhantā doṇi nadiṃ taritvā pabhāte (in the morning) dīpaṃ pāpuṇi.

26. Gehassa chāyāya ṭhatvā dārikāya bhūmiyaṃ nikkhittaṃ odanaṃ sunakho khādituṃ ārabhi.

27. Bhariyāya nāḷiyā mitaṃ dhaññaṃ ādāya kassako āpaṇaṃ gato hoti.

28. Uḍḍente kāke disvā vālukāya ca udakena ca kīḷantī dārikā hasamānā dhāvi.

29. Rathaṃ pājetuṃ (to drive) uggaṇhanto puriso dakkho (clever) rathācariyo bhavituṃ vāyami.

30. Vivaṭamhā dvāramhā nikkhantā kumārā pañjarehi muttā sakuṇā viya (like) uyyānaṃ dhāviṃsu.

5. Translate into Pāli

1. Seated on the bed the girl drank the milk given by her mother.

86 Pāli Primer

2. Taking the pots (ghaṭe) and talking the women went to the river to bring water.

3. Without wishing to harass the bird the woman released him from the cage (pañjara).

4. Unable (asakkoti) to pick the fruits from the tree the young girl called the farmer.

5. There is no (natthi) milk in the bowl of the crying child.

6. The girls who were singing under the tree started dancing.

7. Being chased by the hunter and his dogs the deer ran into the forest.

8. Wishing to get profit the women sold garments in shops.

9. In order to buy oil (tela) to light lamps the boy went from shop to shop.

10. I gave the box to the girl sitting in the shade of the tree.

11. The girls laughed pulling the creeper from the tree.

12. They who oppress women and children are wicked men.

13. We see with our eyes the rays of the sun falling on the ground.

14. Hitting with a stick the woman killed the serpent entering the house.

15. Putting fruits and flowers in boxes sisters sat at the open door.

16. If you will come out of water and protect the child I will step into the pond and bathe.

17. We got angry with the women committing evil and left the hall.

18. Do not shoot the cows and deer roaming in the park, the king and queen will get angry.

19. May the king and his ministers not oppress the people living in the island.

20. I gave rice to the starving dogs walking on the road.

Lesson 22

1. The Future Passive Participle

The future passive participle or the potential participle as it is sometimes called, is formed by adding -tabba / -anîya to the base of the verb; -tabba is mostly added with the connecting vowel -i-. These participles are declined like a ending nouns in the masculine and neuter genders, and like ā ending nouns in the feminine. They express ideas such as ‘must,’ ‘should be’ and ‘fit to be.’

pacati - pacitabba / pacanîya bhuñjati - bhuñjitabba / bhojanîya karoti - kātabba / karaṇîya

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Ammā pacitabbaṃ / pacanîyaṃ taṇ¹ulaṃ (raw rice) piṭake ṭhapesi.

The mother kept the (raw) rice which is to be cooked in the basket.

2. Dārikāya bhuñjitabbaṃ/ bhojanîyaṃ odanaṃ ahaṃ na bhuñjissāmi.

I will not eat the rice which should be eaten by the girl.

3. Kassakena kātabbaṃ/karaṇîyaṃkammaṃ kātuṃ tvaṃ icchasi.

You wish to do the work that should be done by the farmer.

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Exercise 22

3. Translate into English

1. Upāsakehi samaṇā vanditabbā honti.

2. Mañjūsāyaṃ nikkhipitabbaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ mā mañcasmiṃ

ṭhapehi.

3. Sappurisā pūjanīye pūjenti, asappurisā tathā (likewise) na karonti.

4. Bhūpālena rakkhitabbaṃ dīpaṃ amaccā na sammā (well) pālenti.

5. Manussehi dhammo uggaṇhitabbo, saccaṃ adhigantabbaṃ hoti.

6. Kumārīhi āhaṭāni pupphāni udakena āsiñcitabbāni honti.

7. Corena gahitaṃ bhaginiyā dhanaṃ pariyesitabbaṃ hoti.

8. Uyyāne ropitā rukkhā na chinditabbā honti.

9. Dhotabbāni dussāni gahetvā yuvatiyo hasamānā pokkharaṇiṃ otariṃsu.

10. Samaṇehi ovaditabbā kumārā vihāram na gamiṃsu.

11. Kassakena kasitabbaṃ khettaṃ vikkiṇituṃ vāṇijo ussahi.

12. āpaṇesu ṭhapitāni vikkiṇitabbāni bhaṇḍāni kiṇituṃ te na icchiṃsu.

13. Ammā khādanīyāni ca bhojanīyāni ca paṭiyādetvā dārakānaṃ deti.

14. Manussehi dānāni dātabbāni, sīlāni rakkhitabbāni, puññāni kātabbāni.

15. Goṇānaṃ dātabbāni tiṇāni kassako khettamhā āhari.

16. Migā pānīyaṃ udakaṃ pariyesantā aṭaviyaṃ āhiṇḍiṃsu.

17. Darikāya dātuṃ phalāni āpaṇāya vā (or) khettamhā vā

āharitabbāni honti.

18. Kathetabbaṃ vā akathetabbaṃ* vā ajānanto asappuriso mā sabhāyaṃ nisīdatu.

*akathetabbaṃ: a- here is a negative prefix.

Lesson 22 89

19. Tumhe bhūpālā amaccehi ca paṇḍitehi ca samaṇehi ca anusāsitabbā hotha.

20. Upāsakena puṭṭho pañho paṇḍitena vyākātabbo hoti.

21. Bhūpālassa uyyāne vasantā migā ca sakunā ca luddakehi na hantabbā honti.

22. Kusalaṃ ajānitvā pāpaṃ karontā kumārā na akkositabbā, te samaṇehi ca paṇḍitehi ca sappurisehi ca anusāsitabbā.

23. Asappurisā parivajjetabbā, mā tumhe tehi saddhiṃ (with them) gāme āhiṇḍatha.

24. Surā na pātabbā, sace piveyyātha tumhe gilānā bhavissatha.

25. Dhammena jīvantā manussā devehi rakkhitabbā honti.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. At night people should light lamps.

2. The merchant brought horses to be sold to the farmers.

3. Objects should be seen with eyes, tastes (rasāni) should be enjoyed with the tongue.

4. The dog should not be hit with sticks and stones.

5. People in the island should be protected by the king and his ministers.

6. Flowers should not be picked by men walking in the park.

7. The corn should be measured by the farmer with his wife.

8. Men should not do evil.

9. Grass and water should be given to oxen and goats.

10. The assembly should be addressed by the teacher’s sister.

11. The lions sleeping in the caves should not be approached by men.

12. The mother’s clothes should be washed by the girl.

Lesson 23

1. The Causative

Causative verbs are formed by adding -e / -aya / -āpe / -āpaya to the root or verbal base. Sometimes the vowel in the root is strengthened when the suffixes are added. Verbal bases ending in -e / -aya invariably take the suffixes -ape / -āpaya to form the causative.

pacati - pāceti / pācayati / pacāpeti / pācāpayati bhuñjati - bhojeti / bhojāpeti

coreti - corāpeti / corāpayati

kināti - kiṇāpeti / kiṇāpayati

karoti - kāreti / kārāpayati dadāti / deti -dāpeti / dāpayati

In sentences with causative verbs the agent carrying out the action is expressed by the accusative or the instrumental case.

2. Examples in sentence formation

1. Ammā bhaginiṃ bhattaṃ pacāpeti.

Mother gets the sister to cook rice.

2. Bhûpālo samaṇe ca yācake ca bhojāpesi.

The king fed the recluses and beggars.

3. Coro mittena kakacaṃ corāpetvā vanaṃ dhāvi.

The thief ran having got a friend to steal a saw.

4. Vejjo puttena āpaṇamhā khîraṃ kiṇāpesi.

The doctor got his son to buy milk from the market.

5. Upāsakā amaccena samaṇānaṃ vihāraṃ kārāpesuṃ.

Lay devotees got the minister to build a monastery for the monks.

Lesson 23 91

6. Yuvati bhaginiyā ācariyassa mûlaṃ dāpetvā sippaṃ uggaṇhi.

The maiden got the sister to give money to the teacher and learnt an art.

7. Brāhmaṇo coraṃ / corena saccaṃ bhāsāpetuṃ vāyami.

The brahmin tried to make the thief speak the truth.

Exercise 23

3. Translate into English

1. Ammā samaṇehi asappurise putte anusāsāpesi.

2. Tumhe manusse pīḷente core āmantāpetvā ovadatha.

3. Vāṇijo kassakena rukkhe chindāpetvā / chedāpetvā sakaṭena nagaraṃ netvā vikkiṇi.

4. Samaṇo upāsake sannipātāpetvā dhammaṃ desesi.

5. Mātulo kumārehi pupphāni ca phalāni ca ocināpesi.

6. Dārikā sunakhaṃ pokkharaṇiṃ otarāpesi.

7. Amacco vāṇije ca kassake ca pakkosāpetvā pucchissati.

8. Kaññāhi āhaṭāni pupphāni vanitāyo āsiñcāpesuṃ.

9. Bhariyāya kātabbaṃ kammaṃ ahaṃ karomi.

10. Luddako mittena migaṃ vijjhitvā mārāpesi.

11. Brāhmaṇo ācāriyena kumāriṃ dhammaṃ uggaṇhāpesi.

12. Ammā dārikaṃ khīraṃ pāyetvā mañce sayāpesi.

13. Vāṇijā assehi bhaṇḍāni gāhāpetva vikkiṇituṃ nagaraṃ gamiṃsu.

14. Vanitā sahāyakena rukkhassa sākhāyo ākaḍḍhāpetvā gehaṃ nesi.

15. Ammā puttena gehaṃ āgataṃ samaṇaṃ vandāpesi.

16. Upāsakā samaṇe āsanesu nisīdāpetvā bhojāpesuṃ.

17. Bhaginī bhinnapattassa khaṇḍāni (pieces) āmasantī rodantī gehadvāre aṭṭhāsi.

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18. Udakaṃ āharituṃ gacchantiyo nāriyo sallapantiyo rukkhamūlesu patitāni kusumāni oloketvā modiṃsu.

19. Luddako tuṇḍena phalaṃ ocinituṃ vāyamantaṃ suvaṃ sarena vijjhi.

20. Sappurisena kārāpitesu vihāresu samaṇā vasanti.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. The wicked man gets his sons to shoot birds.

2. The lay devotees will get the monk to preach the doctrine.

3. Women get their children to honour the Buddha’s disciples.

4. The young woman will get her sister to speak at the assembly.

5. The farmer caused the tree to fall into the pit.

6. You (pl.) will get the flowers sprinkled with water.

7. The king got his ministers to build a monastery.

8. The queen will live in the palace which the king got built.

9. The merchant got his wife to put the goods in boxes.

10. The brahmin got the Buddha’s disciple to preach to his people.

94 Pāli Primer

Exercise 24

4. Translate into English

1. Vadhū sassuyā dhenuṃ rajjuyā bandhitvā khettaṃ nesi.

2. Ammā yāguṃ pacitvā dārakānaṃ datvā mañce nisīdi.

3. Yuvatiyā hattesu ca aṇgulīsu ca daddu atthi.

4. Mayaṃ aµaviyaṃ carantiyo kaṇeruyo apassimha.

5. Itthī yuvatiyā bhattaṃ pacāpetvā dārikānaṃ thokaṃ thokaṃ vibhaji.

6. Tumhe vijjuyā ālokena guhāyam sayantam sīhaṃ passittha.

7. Yuvatiyā hatthesu kumārehi dinnā mālāyo santi.

8. Vadhū khette kāsūsu patitāni phalāni saṃhari.

9. Brāhmaṇo Buddhassa dhātuyo vibhajitvā bhūpālānaṃ adadi / adāsi.

10. Vadhū sassuyā pāde vandi.

11. Yuvatiyā geham sammajjitabbaṃ hoti.

12. Devatāyo sakalaṃ (entire) vihāraṃ obhāsentiyo Buddhaṃ upasankamiṃsu.

13.Aµavīsu vasantiyo kaṇeruyo sākhāyo bhañjitvā khādanti.

14. Ahaṃ rukkhassa chāyāyaṃ nisinnānaṃ dhenūnaṃ ca goṇānaṃ ca tiṇāni adadiṃ / adāsiṃ.

15. Itthī magge gacchantiṃ ammaṃ passitvā rathamhā oruyha taṃ vanditvā rathasmiṃ āropetvā gehaṃ nesi.

16. Vadhū gehassa dvāram thaketvā nahāyituṃ nadiṃ upa- sankamitvā yuvatīhi saddhiṃ sallapantī nadiyā tīre aµµhāsi.

17. Bhūpālo manusse vihiṃsante core nāsetvā dipaṃ pālesi.

18. Ammā asappurise bhajamāne putte samaṇehi ovādāpesi.

19. Sappurisena kiṇitvā āhaµehi bhaṇḍehi chaḍḍetabbaṃ natthi.

20. Mā tumhe gāme vasante kassake vihiṃsatha.

muni / isi - sage

kavi - poet

ari - enemy

bhūpati - king

pati - husband, master gahapati - householder adhipati - lord, leader atithi - guest

vyādhi - illness

udadhi - ocean

nidhi - (hidden) treasure

vīhi - paddy

kapi - monkey

ahi - serpent

dīpi - leopard

ravi - sun

giri - mountain

maṇi - gem

asi - sword

rāsi - heap

pāṇi - hand

kucchi - belly

muµµhi - fist, hammer

Lesson 25 97

Exercise 25

3. Translate into English

1. Munayo sīlaṃ rakkhantā girimhi guhāsu vasiṃsu

2. ācariyena saddhiṃ viharanto kavi isi hoti.

3. Bhūpati asinā ariṃ paharitvā māresi.

4. Pati bhariyāya paµiyāditaṃ odanaṃ bhuñjitvā khettaṃ agami.

5. Sappurisā gahapatayo bhariyāhi ca puttehi ca gehesu vasantā sukhaṃ vindanti.

6. Nidhiṃ pariyesanto adhipati sahāyakehi saddhiṃ dīpaṃ agacchi.

7. Atithīnaṃ odanaṃ pacantī itthī aggiṃ jālesi.

8. Vyādhinā pīḷito naro mañce sayati.

9. Gahapati vīhīnaṃ rāsiṃ minanto bhariyāya saddhiṃ kathesi.

10. Dārikā girimhā udentaṃ raviṃ olokentī hasanti.

11. Bhūpatino muµµhimhi maṇayo bhavanti.

12. Ari kavino soṇaṃ yaµµhiyā paharitvā dhāvi.

13. Kavi patinā dinnaṃ maṇiṃ pāṇinā gaṇhi.

14. Nāriyo patīhi saddhiṃ udadhiṃ gantvā nahāyituṃ

ārabhiṃsu.

15. Adhipati atithiṃ khādanīyehi ca bhojanīyehi ca bhojāpesi.

16. Bhūpatinā kattabbāni kammāni adhipatayo na karissanti.

17. Munīhi pariyesitabbaṃ dhammaṃ aham pi uggaṇhituṃ icchāmi.

18. Ahaṃ dīpaṃ jāletvā udakena āsittāni padumāni Buddhassa pūjemi.

19. Tvaṃ girimhi vasante dīpayo oloketuṃ luddakena saha giriṃ āruhasi.

98 Pāli Primer

20. Devī parisāya saha sabhāyaṃ nisinnā hoti.

21. Gahapatayo pañhe pucchituṃ ākankhamānā isiṃ upa- sankamiṃsu.

22. Gahapatīhi puµµho isi pañhe vyākari.

23. Nāriyā dhotāni vatthāni gaṇhante kapayo disvā kumārā pāsāṇehi te (them) pahariṃsu.

24. Uyyāne āhiṇḍitvā tiṇaṃ khādantiyo gāviyo ca goṇā ca ajā ca aµaviṃ pavisitvā dīpiṃ disvā bhāyiṃsu.

25. Gahapatīhi munayo ca atithayo ca bhojetabbā honti.

26. Ammā mañjūsāya pakkhipitvā rakkhite maṇayo dārikāya ca vadhuyā ca adadi / adāsi.

27. Yadi tumhe bhūpatiṃ upasankameyyātha mayaṃ rathaṃ paµiyādessāma.

28. Gahapati coraṃ gīvāya gahetvā pādena kucchiṃ pahari.

29. Sakuṇehi katāni kulāvakāni (nests) mā tumhe bhindatha.

30. Gītaṃ gāyantī yuvati gāviṃ upasankamma khīraṃ duhituṃ (to milk) ārabhi.

31. Buddhassa dhātuyo vandituṃ mayaṃ vihāraṃ gamimha.

32. Mayaṃ kaññāyo dhammasālaṃ sammajjitvā kilañjāsu (on mats) nisīditvā dhammaṃ suṇimha.

33. Mayaṃ locanehi rūpāni passāma, sotehi (with ears) saddaṃ (sound) suṇāma, jivhāya rasaṃ sādiyāma (we taste)

34. Te aµaviyā āhiṇḍantiyo gāviyo rajjūhi bandhitvā khettam

ānesuṃ.

35. Bhariyā vyādhinā pīḷitassa patino hatthaṃ āmasantī taṃ (him) samassāsesi (comforted).

36. Gahapati atithinā saddhiṃ sallapanto sālāya nisinno hoti.

37. Muni saccaṃ adhigantvā manussānaṃ dhammaṃ desetuṃ pabbatamhā oruyha gāme vihāre vasati.

Lesson 25 99

38. Rajjuyā bandhitā gāvī tattha tattha (here and there)

āhiṇḍfituṃ asakkontī rukkhamūle tiṇaṃ khādati.

39. Devī bhūpatinā saddhiṃ rathena gacchantī anatarāmagge (on the way) kasante kassake passi.

40. Mā tuhme akusalaṃ karotha, sace kareyyātha sukhaṃ vindituṃ na labhissatha.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. The husbands brought gems from the island for their wives.

2. Sicknesses oppress people living in the world.

3. Sitting on the ground the woman measured paddy with a

nāḷi.

4. Householders who do evil do not worship sages.

5. If you dig up the treasure you will get gems.

6. I washed the clothes which were to be washed by the wife.

7. We drank the gruel which was prepared by our mother.

8. You kindle the fire to cook rice and gruel for the guests coming from the city.

9. The householder hit with a sword the thief who entered the house.

10. The young girl gave grass to the cows standing in the shade of the tree.

11. Monkeys dwell on trees, lions sleep in caves, serpents move on the ground.

12. If you buy goods from the city and bring, I will sell them (tāni) to farmers.

13. O wicked man, if you do merit you will experience happiness.

14. There are gems and gold in the boxes in my mother’s house.

15. The sage preached the doctrine to the king’s retinue seated on the ground.

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Exercise 26

3. Translate into English

1. Pakkhī gāyanto sākhāyaṃ nisīdati.

2. Gāviṃ rajjuyā muñcamānā ammā khette µhitā hoti.

3. Kaññāyo sabhāyaṃ naccantiyo gāyiṃsu.

4. Seµµhī mahantaṃ (much) dhanaṃ vissajjetvā samaṇānaṃ vihāraṃ kārāpesi.

5. Hatthino ca kaṇeruyo ca aµaviyaṃ āhiṇḍanti.

6. Pāpakārī pāpāni paµicchādetvā sappuriso viya (like) sabhāyaṃ nisinno seµµhinā saddhiṃ kathesi.

7. Sappurisā dīghajīvino hontu, puttā sukhino bhavantu.

8. Vāṇijo nagaramhā bhaṇḍāni kiṇitvā piµakesu pakkhipitvā rajjuyā bandhitvā āpaṇaṃ pesesi.

9. Sārathinā āhaµe rathe vaḍḍhakī nisinno hoti.

10. Sabbe (all) pāṇino dīghajīvino na bhavanti / honti.

11. Ammā vaḍḍhakinā gehaṃ kārāpetvā dārikāhi saha tattha (there) vasi.

12. Mayaṃ maṇayo vatthena veµhetvā mañjūsāyaṃ nikkhipitvā bhariyānaṃ pesayimha.

13. Muni pāpakāriṃ pakkosāpetvā dhammaṃ desetvā ovadi.

14. Balinā bhūpatino dinnaṃ kariṃ oloketuṃ tumhe sannipatittha.

15. Ahaṃ seµµhī kuµµhiṃ pakkosāpetvā bhojanaṃ (food) dāpesiṃ.

16. Sace girimhi sikhino vasanti, te (them) passituṃ ahaṃ giriṃ āruhituṃ ussahissāmi.

17. Bhūpati sappuriso abhavi / ahosi; mantino pāpakārino abhaviṃsu / ahesuṃ.

18. Balinā kārāpitesu pāsādesu seµµhino puttā na vasiṃsu.

19. Sabbe pāṇino sukhaṃ pariyesamānā jīvanti, kammāni karonti.

Lesson 26 103

20. Sāmī maṇayo ca suvaṇṇaṃ ca kiṇitvā bhariyāya adadi / adāsi.

21. Asanisaddaṃ (sound of thunder) sutvā girimhi sikhino naccituṃ ārabhiṃsu.

22. Mā balino pāpakārī hontu / bhavantu.

23. Sappurisā kusalaṃ karontā, manussehi puññaṃ kārentā, sukhino bhavanti.

24. Kavi asinā ariṃ pahari; kaviṃ paharituṃ asakkonto ari kuddho ahosi.

25. Kapayo rukkhesu carantā pupphāni ca chindiṃsu.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. Followed by the evil hunter the elephants ran in the forest.

2. The leper took the garments given by the husband.

3. Leopards living in the forest do not fear lions living in the caves.

4. Singing a song, the boys danced with the girls in the hall.

5. Mothers with their daughters spread lotuses on the flower altar (pupphāsane).

6. If the boys drink liquor, the girls will become angry and will not sing.

7. The farmer got angry with the evil doer (use gen.) who harassed the cows grazing in the field.

8. The banker got the carpenter to build a mansion for his sons.

9. May the deities protect the good king governing the island righteously.

10. May all (sabbe) living beings live long happily.

Lesson 27

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -u

Garu = Teacher

Singular Plural

2. Masculine nouns ending in -u

bhikkhu	- monk	ākhu	- rat
bandhu	- relation	ucchu	- sugar cane
taru	- tree	veḷu	- bamboo
bahu	- arm	kaµacchu	- spoon
sindhu	- sea	sattu	- enemy
pharasu	- axe	setu	- bridge
pasu	- beast	ketu	- banner
		susu	- young one

3. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -ǔ

Vidǔ - wise man

Singular Plural

The rest is similar to the garu declension.

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Lesson 27 105

4. Masculine nouns ending in -ǔ pabhū - eminent person sabbaññū - omniscient one viññū - wise man

vadaññū - philanthropist

atthaññū - benevolent man

mattaññū - moderate or abstemious man

5. Translate into English

1. Bhikkhavo Tathāgatassa sāvakā honti.

2. Bandhavo ammaṃ passituṃ nagaramhā gāmaṃ āgamiṃsu.

3. Coro āraññe taravo chindituṃ pharasuṃ ādāya gacchi / agami.

4. Sīhā ca dīpayo ca aµaviyaṃ vasante pasavo māretvā khādanti.

5. Sappurisā viññuno bhavanti.

6. Bhūpati mantīhi saddhiṃ sindhuṃ taritvā sattavo paharitvā jinituṃ ussahi.

7. Ammā kaµacchunā dārikaṃ odanaṃ bhojāpesi.

8. Hatthino ca kaṇeruyo ca ucchavo ākaḍḍhitvā khādiṃsu.

9. Bhūpatissa mantino sattūnaṃ ketavo āhariṃsu.

10. Setumhi nisinno bandhu taruno sākhaṃ hatthena ākaḍḍhi.

11. Uyyāne ropitesu veḷūsu pakkhino nisīditvā gāyanti.

12. Sace pabhuno atthaññū honti manussā sukhino gāme viharituṃ sakkonti.

13. Sabbaññū Tathāgato dhammena manusse anusāsati.

14. Mattaññū sappurisā dīghajīvino ca sukhino ca bhaveyyuṃ.

15. Viññūhi anusāsitā mayaṃ kumārā sappurisā bhavituṃ ussahimha.

16. Mayaṃ ravino ālokena ākāse uḍḍente pakkhino passituṃ sakkoma.

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17. Tumhe pabhuno hutvā dhammena jīvituṃ vāyameyyātha.

18. Ahaṃ dhammaṃ desentaṃ bhikkhuṃ jānāmi.

19. Ahayo ākhavo khādantā aµaviyā vammikesu (anthills) vasanti.

20. Vanitāya sassu bhaginiyā ucchavo ca padumāni ca adadi / adāsi.

6. Translate into Pāli

1. Crossing the bridge the enemy has entered the island.

2. You shall not cut bamboos with axes, you may with saws.

3. King’s ministers tied banners on the bridge and on trees.

4. The beasts fed the young ones with rats.

5. Wise men became eminent people.

6. The monk was a relation of the king who rules the island.

7. The trees cut by the enemy fell into the sea.

8. With the fist the mother hit the dog which was trying to bite the girl.

9. Kings protect recluses, brahmins, men and beasts living in the island.

10. Mother’s sister killed a rat with a bamboo.

11. The teacher sent sugar-cane to the tuskers’ young ones.

12. Seeing a monkey trying to enter the house the husband closed the door.

Lesson 28 109

Exercise 28

5. Translate into English

1. Satthā bhikkhūnaṃ dhammaṃ desento rukkhassa chāyāya nisinno hoti.

2. Puññāni kattāro bhikkhūnaṃ ca tāpasānaṃ ca dānaṃ denti.

3. Sace satthā dhammaṃ deseyya viññātāro bhavissanti.

4. Bhūpati dīpasmiṃ jetā bhavatu.

5. Pitā dhītaraṃ ādāya vihāraṃ gantvā satthāraṃ vandāpesi.

6. Viññātāro loke manussānaṃ netāro hontu / bhavantu.

7. Bhātā pitarā saddhiṃ mātuyā pacitaṃ yāguṃ bhuñji.

8. Bhattā nattārehi saha kīḷantaṃ kapiṃ disvā hasanto aµµhāsi (stood).

9. Setuṃ kattāro veḷavo bandhitvā nadiyā tīre µhapesuṃ.

10. Sindhuṃ taritvā dīpaṃ gantāro sattūhi hatā honti.

11. Bhariyā bhattu sāµake rajakena dhovāpesi.

12. Netuno kathaṃ sotāro uyyāne nisinnā suriyena pīḷitā honti.

13. Dātārehi dinnāni vatthāni yācakehi na vikkiṇitabbāni honti.

14. Rodantassa nattussa kujjhitvā vanitā taṃ (him) hatthena pahari.

15. Vinetuno ovādaṃ (advice) sutvā bandhavo sappurisā abhaviṃsu / ahesuṃ.

16. Gehesu ca aµavīsu ca vasante ākhavo ahayo khādanti.

17. Nattā mātaraṃ yāguṃ yācanto bhūmiyaṃ patitvā rodati.

18. Tumhe bhātarānaṃ ca bhaginīnaṃ ca mā kujjhatha.

19. Dīpaṃ gantārehi nāvāya sindhu taritabbo hoti.

20. Pubbakā (ancient) isayo mantānaṃ (magic spells) kattāro ca mantānaṃ pavattāro (reciters) ca abhaviṃsu / ahesuṃ.

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21. Mattaññū dātā nattārānaṃ thokaṃ thokaṃ modake (sweets) dadiṃsu / adaṃsu.

22. Atthaññū netāro manusse sappurise karontā vinetāro bhavanti.

23. Mātā dhītaraṃ ovadantī sīsaṃ (head) cumbitvā (kissed) bāhuṃ āmasitvā samassāsesi.

24. Vadaññū brāhmaṇo khudāya pīḷente yācake disvā pahūtaṃ (much) bhojanaṃ (food) dāpesi.

25. Sārathinā āhaµe veḷavo gahetvā vaḍḍhakī sālaṃ māpesi.

6. Translate into Pāli

1. Father and mother went with the brother to see the sister.

2. Evil doers will not live long happily.

3. May the king, together with his retinue, become victorious.

4. Mother’s brother is the uncle.

5. The enemies of my brothers tied banners on trees and bamboos.

6. The house builder gave bamboos to the grandsons.

7. Brother gave food to (my) daughter with a spoon.

8. The Buddha is the teacher of gods and men.

9. May you (pl.) be speakers of the truth.

10. Good husbands are kind (kāruṇikā) to their wives like gods.

11. Let good men become powerful ministers to govern the island.

12. The powerful kings were victorious.

anukampati - feels compassionate

vāceti - teaches

sammisseti - mixes

pabbajati - renounces, becomes ordained vippakirati - scatters, (pp. vippakiṇṇa) parājeti - defeats

anugacchati - follows

pattheti - aspires, hopes

samijjhati - fulfils, succeeds

pavatteti - sets in motion (assūni) pavatteti - sheds tears vibhajati - distributes, analyses

Exercise 29

6. Translate into English

1. Gehaṃ pavisantaṃ ahiṃ disvā kaññā bhāyitvā assūni pavattentī rodituṃ ārabhi.

2. Dīpinā hatāya gāviyā aµµhīni bhūmiyaṃ vippakiṇṇāni honti.

3. Nadiyā vārinā vatthāni dhovanto pitā nahāpetuṃ puttaṃ pakkosi.

4. Tvaṃ sappinā ca madhunā ca sammissetvā odanaṃ bhuñjissasi.

5. Mayaṃ khīramhā dadhiṃ labhāma.

Lesson 29 113

6. Bhikkhu dīpassa acciṃ olokento aniccasaññaṃ (perception of impermanence) vaḍḍhento (developing) nisīdi.

7. Pāpakāri luddako dhanuṃ ca sare ca ādāya aµaviṃ paviµµho.

8. Sattu amaccassa satthiṃ asīnā paharitvā aµµhiṃ chindi.

9. Ahaṃ sappinā pacitaṃ odanaṃ madhunā bhuñjituṃ na icchāmi.

10. Nattā hatthehi ca jaṇṇūhi ca gacchantaṃ yācakaṃ disvā anukampamāno bhojanaṃ ca vatthaṃ ca dāpesi.

11. Dārūni saṃharantiyo itthiyo aµaviyaṃ āhiṇḍantī gāyiṃsu.

12. Ambūmhi jātāni padumāni na ambunā upalittāni (smeared) honti.

13. Manussā nānākammāni (various work) katvā vasuṃ saṃharitvā puttadāre (children and wife) posetuṃ ussahanti.

14. Bhattā mātuyā akkhīsu assūni disvā bhariyāya kujjhi.

15. Pitā khettavatthūni puttānaṃ ca nattārānaṃ ca vibhajitvā vihāraṃ gantvā pabbaji.

16. Pakkhīhi khāditānaṃ phalānaṃ aµµhīni rukkhamūle patitāni honti.

17. ācariyo sissānaṃ (pupils) sippaṃ (art) vācento te anukampamāno dhammena jīvituṃ anusāsi.

18. Bodhisatto samaṇo māraṃ (the evil one) parājetvā Buddho bhavi / ahosi.

19. Buddhaṃ passitvā dhammaṃ sotuṃ patthentā narā dhammaṃ carituṃ vāyamanti.

20. Sace sappurisānaṃ sabbā patthanā (fem. aspirations) samijjheyyuṃ manussā loke sukhaṃ vindeyyuṃ.

21. Vyādhinā pīḷitā mātā assūni pavattentī dhītuyā gehaṃ

āgantvā mañce sayitvā yāguṃ yāci.

22. Mātaraṃ anukampamānā dhītā khippaṃ (soon) yāguṃ paµiyādetvā mātuyā mukhaṃ (face) dhovitvā yāguṃ pāyesi.

114 Pāli Primer

23. Pitarā puµµhaṃ pañhaṃ bhattā sammā (correctly) vibhajitvā upamāya (with a smile) atthaṃ vyākari / vyākāsi.

24. Luddako aµaviyā bhūmiyaṃ dhaññaṃ vippakiritvā mige palobhetvā (tempting) māretuṃ ussahi.

25. Dhaññaṃ khādantā migā āgacchantaṃ luddakaṃ disvā vegena (speedily) dhāvimsu.

7. Translate into Pāli

1. He saw the bones of the animals killed by the leopard in the forest.

2. You (pl.) will bathe in the river water.

3. There are tears in the eyes of the daughter who is a young girl.

4. The farmer sells ghee and curd to the merchants.

5. The flames of the lamps danced in the wind (vātena).

6. There is eczema on the feet of the enemy.

7. The bee (bhamara / madhukara) collects honey from flowers without hurting them.

8. The woman bringing firewood from the forest fell into the river.

9. Planting trees in the fields and gardens men try to collect wealth.

10. The husband brought a gem for the wife from the city.

Lesson 30 117

2. Mayaṃ cakkhūhi bhānumantassa suriyassa rasmiyo oloketuṃ na sakkoma.

3. Bhikkhavo Bhagavatā desitaṃ dhammaṃ sutvā satimantā bhavituṃ vāyamiṃsu.

4. Sīlavantā upāsakā Bhagavantaṃ vanditvā dhammaṃ sutvā satimantā bhavituṃ vāyamiṃsu.

5. Paññavantehi icchitaṃ patthitaṃ samijjhissati.

6. Kulavato bhātā Bhagavatā saha mantento bhūmiyaṃ pattharitāya kilañjāyaṃ (mat) nisinno ahosi.

7. Phalavantesu tarūsu nisinnā pakkhino phalāni khāditvā aµµhīni bhūmiyaṃ pātesuṃ.

8. Himavati bahū (many) pasavo ca pakkhī ca uragā (reptiles) ca vasanti.

9. Sīlavantā dhammaṃ sutvā cakkhumantā bhavituṃ ussahissanti.

10. Guṇavato bandhu sīlavatiṃ pañhaṃ pucchi.

11. Guṇavatī yuvati sīlaṃ rakkhantī mātaraṃ posesi.

12. Yasavatiyā bandhavo balavanto pabhuno abhaviṃsu.

13. Dhanavantassa sappurisassa bhariyā puññavatī ahosi.

14. Sīlavantesu vasantā asappurisā pi guṇavantā bhaveyyuṃ.

15. Silavatiyo mātaro putte guṇavante kātuṃ ussahanti.

16. Buddhimā puriso pāpaṃ karonte putte anusāsituṃ paññavantaṃ bhikkhuṃ pakkosi.

17. Kulavato nattā sīlavatā bhikkhunā dhammaṃ sutvā pasīditvā gehaṃ pahāya bhikkhūsu pabbaji.

18. Balavantā pabhuno guṇavanto bhavantu.

19. Dhanavantā balavantā kadāci karahaci (seldom) guṇavantā bhavanti.

20. Himavantasmā āgato paññavā isi sīlavatiyā mātuyā uyyāne atithi ahosi.

21. Dubbalaṃ (weak) sīlavatiṃ itthiṃ disvā anukampamānā dhanavatī taṃ (her) posesi.

22. Himavati phalavantā taravo na chinditabbā honti.

118 Pāli Primer

23. Dhammassa viññātāro yasavantā bhavituṃ na ussahanti.

24. Bandhumā balavā hoti, dhanavā bandhumā hoti.

25. Sīlavatī rājinī guṇavatīhi itthīhi saddhiṃ sālāyaṃ nisīditvā yasavatiyā kaññāya kathaṃ suṇi.

26. Guṇavā puriso rukkhamhā ojavantāni phalāni ocinitvā vihāre vasantānaṃ silavantānaṃ bhikkhūnaṃ vibhaji.

27. Balavatiyā rājiniyā amaccā dhammena dīpe manusse pālesuṃ.

28. Yasavantīnaṃ nārīnaṃ dhītaro pi yasavantiyo bhavissanti.

29. Paññavantiyā yuvatiyā puµµho dhanavā pañhaṃ vyākātuṃ asakkonto sabhāyaṃ nisīdi.

30. Bhānumā suriyo manussānaṃ ālokaṃ deti.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. Sages living in the Himalaya sometimes (kadāci) come to towns.

2. Mindful monks preached the doctrine to wise lay devotees.

3. Fortunate people have virtuous friends and relations.

4. Rich merchants go from village to village selling goods.

5. The virtuous girl was the wife of the rich teacher.

6. The intelligent monk answered the question asked by the powerful eminent person.

7. There are garlands in the hand of the virtuous girl.

8. The rich are famous, the wise are virtuous.

9. You (pl.) do not avoid virtuous and wise men.

10. The Fortunate One is living in the famous island ruled by the powerful king.

11. If a wise monk lives in the village, people will become virtuous.

12. May men of good families become virtuous and wise.

13. People will follow the rich and powerful.

14. The famous king defeated the powerful enemy who has many relations.

15. People with eyes see the radiant sun.

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Exercise 31

3. Translate into English

1. Mama ācariyo maṃ vācento potthakaṃ (book) likhi (wrote).

2. Mayhaṃ bhaginī gilānaṃ (sick) pitaraṃ posesi.

3. Dātāro bhikkhūnaṃ dānaṃ dentā amhe pi bhojāpesuṃ.

4. Tumhākaṃ dhītaro kuhiṃ (where) gamissanti?

5. Amhākaṃ dhītaro satthāraṃ namassituṃ Veḷuvanaṃ gamissanti.

6. Amhaṃ kammāni karontā dāsā (servants) pi sappurisā bhavanti.

7. Amhehi katāni puññāni ca pāpāni ca amhe anubandhanti.

8. Tayā kītāni bhaṇḍāni tava dhītā mañjūsāsu pakkhipitvā µhapesi.

9. Kulavantā ca caṇḍālā (outcasts) ca amhesu bhikkhūsu pabbajanti.

10. Amhākaṃ uyyāne phalavantesu tarūsu vaṇṇavantā pakkhino caranti.

11. Uyyānaṃ āgantvā tiṇāni khādantā migā amhe passitvā bhāyitvā aµaviṃ dhāviṃsu.

12. Amhākaṃ bhattāro nāvāya udadhiṃ taritvā dīpaṃ pāpuṇiṃsu.

13. Amhaṃ bhūpatayo balavantā jetāro bhavanti.

14. Tumhākaṃ nattāro ca mama bhātaro ca sahayakā abhaviṃsu / ahesuṃ.

15. Tumhehi āhaµāni cīvarāni mama mātā bhikkhūnaṃ pūjesi.

16. Uyyāne nisinno ahaṃ nattārehi kīḷantaṃ tavaṃ apassiṃ.

17. Dhaññaṃ minanto ahaṃ tayā saddhiṃ kathetuṃ na sakkomi.

18. Ahaṃ tava na kujjhāmi, tvam me kujjhasi.

Lesson 31 121

19. Mama dhanavanto bandhavo viññū viduno bhavanti.

20. Dīpassa accinā ahaṃ tava chāyaṃ passituṃ sakkomi.

21. Amhākaṃ bhūpatayo jetāro hutvā pāsādesu ketavo ussāpesum (hoisted).

22. Bhātuno puttā mama gehe viharantā sippaṃ uggaṇhiṃsu.

23. Tava duhitā bhikkhuno ovāde µhatvā patino kāruṇikā sakhī (friend) ahosi.

24. Kusalaṃ karontā netāro saggaṃ gantāro bhavissanti.

25. Sace coro gehaṃ pavisati sīsaṃ bhinditvā nāsetabbo hoti.

26. Amhākaṃ sattuno hatthesu ca pādesu ca daddu atthi.

27. Sīlavantā buddhimantehi saddhim loke manusssānaṃ hitasukhāya (for welfare and happiness) nānā kammāni karonti.

28. Sace susūnaṃ vinetā kāruniko hoti, te sotavantā susavo gunavantā bhavissanti.

29. Mayaṃ khīramhā dadhi ca dadhimhā sappiṃ ca labhāma.

30. Mayaṃ sappiṃ ca madhuṃ ca sammissetvā bhojanaṃ paµiyādetvā bhuñjissāma.

4. Translate into Pāli

1. May our sons and grandsons live long and happily.

2. Trees should not be cut by us or by you.

3. Your king went to the island with the ministers and de- feated the enemy.

4. I picked up the seeds which were scattered on the ground by you.

5. Our teacher who was wise and famous taught us the doc- trine.

6. A bird taking a fruit by the beak was seen by you.

7. My grandson wishes to become a doctor.

8. You (pl.) saw sages living in caves in the Himalaya moun- tain.

Lesson 32

1. Declension of Pronouns

There are relative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and inter- rogative pronouns of all three genders. They are declined in all cases except the vocative. They become adjectives when they qualify other nouns.

2. Masculine gender, singular number

Relative Pronoun		Demonstrative Pronoun	Interrogative Pronoun
Nom.	yo = he who	so = he, that	ko = who
Acc.	yaṃ	taṃ	kaṃ
Ins.	yena	tena	kena
Abl.	yamhā, yasmā	tamhā, tasmā	kasmā, kismā
Dat.	yassa	tassa	kassa, kissa
Gen.	yassa	tassa	kassa, kissa
Loc.	yamhi, yasmiṃ	tamhi, tasmiṃ	kamhi, kasmiṃ kimhi, kismiṃ

3. Neuter Gender, singular number

Nom.

Acc.

yaṃ = that

which

yaṃ

taṃ

= it, that

kim

which

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

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124 Pāli Primer

4. Feminine gender, singular number

Relative Pronoun

Demonstrative Pronoun

Interrogative Pronoun

Nom. Acc. Ins. Abl. Dat. Gen. Loc.

yā = she, who yaṃ

yāya yāya

yassā, yāya yassā, yāya yassaṃ, yāyaṃ

sā = she, that taṃ

tāya tāya

tassā, tāya tassā, tāya tassaṃ, tāyaṃ

kā = who kaṃ

kāya kāya

kassā, kāya kassā, kāya kassaṃ, kāyaṃ

5. Masculine gender, plural number

Nom. Acc. Ins. Abl. Dat. Gen. Loc.

ye = they, who ye

yehi yehi

yesaṃ(yesānaṃ) yesaṃ(yesānaṃ) yesu

te = they, those te

tehi tehi

tesaṃ (tesānaṃ) tesaṃ (tesānaṃ) tesu

ke = who ke

kehi kehi

kesaṃ (kesānaṃ) kesaṃ (kesānaṃ) kesu

6.

Nom.

Acc.

y±ni, ye = those,

which

y±ni, ye

t±ni, te = those

t±ni, te

k±ni, ke = whic

k±ni, ke

Neuter gender, plural

The rest is similar to the masculine declension

Lesson 32 125

7. Feminine gender, plural number

Relative Pronoun		Demonstrative Pronoun	Interrogative Pronoun
Nom.	yā, yāyo = they, who yā, yāyo yāhi yāhi yāsaṃ (yāsānaṃ) yāsaṃ (yāsānaṃ) yāsu	tā, tāyo = they, those tā, tāyo tāhi tāhi tāsaṃ (tāsānaṃ) tāsaṃ (tāsānaṃ) tāsu	kā, kāyo = who
Acc.			kā, kāyo
Ins.			kāhi
Abl.			kāhi
Dat.			kāsaṃ(kāsānaṃ)
Gen.			kāsaṃ(kāsānaṃ)
Loc.			kāsu

8. The indefinite particle ci

The indefinite particle ci (Skt. cid) is appended to the case forms of the interrogative pronoun, expressing ideas such as any- one, whichever, whoever, e.g.

Masc. - koci puriso = some man;

- kenaci purisena = by some man

Neut. - kiñci phalaṃ = some fruit;

- kenaci phalena = by some fruit

Fem. - kāci itthi = some woman;

- kāyaci itthiyā = by, to, of, on some woman.

126 Pāli Primer

9. Pronominal Adverbs

Relative Adverbs	Demonstrative Adverbs	Interrogative Adverbs
yattha - where	tattha - there tatra - there tato - thence therefore tathā - in that manner tasmā - therefore tadā - then tena - there tāva - so long	kattha - where
yatra - where		kutra - where
yato - whence, where		kuto - whence
yathā - how, in what manner		kathaṃ- how
yasmā - because		kasmā - why
yadā - when		kadā - when
yena - where
yāva - how long

10.Examples in sentence formation

1. Yo atthaññu hoti so kumāre anusāsituṃ āgacchatu.

May he who is benevolent come to admonish the boys.

2. Yaṃ ahaṃ ākaukhamāno ahosiṃ so āgato hoti.

He whom I was expecting has come.

3. Yena maggena so āgato tena gantuṃ ahaṃ icchāmi.

By which road he came, I wish to go by the same.

4. Yassa sā bhariyā hoti so bhattā puññavanto hoti.

He is a fortunate husband whose wife she is.

5. Yasmiṃ hatthe daddu atthi tena hatthena patto na gaṇhitabbo hoti.

The bowl should not be taken by the hand which has eczema on it.

6. Yāni kammāni sukhaṃ āvahanti (bring) tāni puññāni honti.

Those actions which bring happiness are meritorious.

7. Yā bhariyā sīlavatī hoti sā bhattuno piyāyati.

The wife who is virtuous is dear to the husband.

Lesson 32 127

8. Yāya rājiniyā sā vāpī kārāpitā taṃ ahaṃ na anussarāmi.

I do not remember the queen by whom that tank was built.

9. Yassaṃ sabhāyaṃ so kathaṃ pavattesi tattha bahū manussā sannipatitā abhaviṃsu / ahesuṃ.

The meeting where he made a speech, there many people gathered.

10. Yāsaṃ itthīnaṃ mañjūsāsu suvaṇṇaṃ atthi tāyo dvārāni thaketvā gehehi nikkhamanti.

Those women in whose boxes there is gold close the doors and go out.

11. Yāsu itthīsu kodho natthi tāyo vinītā bhariyāyo ca mātaro ca bhavanti.

Women in whom there is no anger become disciplined wives and mothers.

12. Yattha bhūpatayo dhammikā honti tattha manussā sukhaṃ vindanti.

Where kings are righteous, there the men enjoy happiness.

13. Yato bhānumā ravi lokaṃ obhāseti tato cakkhumantā rūpāni passanti.

Since the radiant sun illuminates the world, (therefore) those who have eyes see objects.

14. Yathā Bhagavā dhammaṃ deseti, tathā tumhehi paµipajjitabbaṃ.

Just as the Blessed One preaches the doctrine, so should you conduct yourselves.

15. Yasmā pitaro rukkhe ropesuṃ, tasmā mayaṃ phalāni bhuñjāma.

Because fathers planted trees, (therefore) we enjoy fruits.

16. Yāda amhehi icchitaṃ patthitaṃ samijjhati tadā amhe modāma.

128 Pāli Primer

When our wishes and aspirations are fulfilled, then we are happy.

17. Ko tvaṃ asi? Ke tumhe hotha?

Who are you (sg.)? Who are you (pl.)?

18. Kena dhenu aµaviyā ānītā?

By whom was the cow brought from the forest?

19. Kassa bhūpatinā pāsādo kārāpito?

For whom was the palace built by the king?

20. Kasmā amhehi saccaṃ bhāsitabbaṃ?

Why should we speak the truth?

21. Asappurisehi pālite dīpe kuto mayaṃ dhammikaṃ vinetāraṃ labhissāma?

In an island governed by wicked men where will we get a righteous disciplinarian?

22. Kehi kataṃ kammaṃ disvā tumhe kujjhatha?

Seeing whose work (lit. done by whom) do you get angry?

23. Kesaṃ nattāro tuyhaṃ ovāde µhassanti?

Whose grandsons will stand by your advice?

24. Kehi ropitāsu latāsu pupphāni ca phalāni ca bhavanti?

On the creepers planted by whom are there flowers and fruits?

25. Kāya itthiyā pādesu daddu atthi?

On the feet of which woman is there eczema?

Exercise 32

11. Translate into English

1. Yassā so putto hoti sā mātā puññavatī hoti.

2. Yo taṃ dīpaṃ pāleti so dhammiko bhūpati hoti.

3. Kena ajja (today) navaṃ (new) jīvitamaggaṃ na pariyesitabbaṃ?

4. Sace tumhe asappurisā lokaṃ dūseyyātha (pollute) kattha puttadhītarehi saddhiṃ tumhe vasatha?

Lesson 32 129

5. Yadā bhikkhavo sannipatitvā sālāyaṃ kilañjāsu nisīdiṃsu tadā Buddho pāvisi.

6. Yasmiṃ padese Buddho viharati tattha gantuṃ ahaṃ icchāmi.

7. Yāyaṃ guhāyaṃ sīhā vasanti taṃ pasavo na upasankamanti.

8. Yo dhanavā hoti, tena sīlavatā bhavitabbaṃ.

9. Sace tumhe maṃ pañhaṃ pucchissatha ahaṃ vissajjetuṃ (to explain) ussahissāmi.

10. Yattha sīlavantā bhikkhavo vasanti tattha manussā sappurisā honti.

11. Kadā tvaṃ mātaraṃ passituṃ bhariyāya saddhiṃ gacchasi?

12. Yāhi rukkhā chinnā tāyo pucchituṃ kassako āgato hoti.

13. Kathaṃ tumhe udadhiṃ tarituṃ ākankhatha?

14. Kuto tā itthiyo maṇayo āhariṃsu?

15. Yāsu mañjūsāsu ahaṃ suvaṇṇaṃ nikkhipiṃ tā corā coresuṃ.

16. Yo ajja nagaraṃ gacchati so tarūsu ketavo passissati.

17. Yassa mayā yāgu pūjitā so bhikkhu tava putto hoti.

18. Kuto ahaṃ dhammassa viññātāraṃ paññavantaṃ bhikkhuṃ labhissāmi?

19. Yasmā so bhikkhūsu pabbaji, tasmā sā pi pabbajituṃ icchati.

20. Yaṃ ahaṃ jānāmi tumhe pi taṃ jānātha.

21. Yāsaṃ itthīnaṃ dhanaṃ so icchati tāhi taṃ labhituṃ so na sakkoti.

22. Yato amhākaṃ bhūpati arayo parājesi tasmā mayaṃ tarūsu ketavo bandhimha.

23. Kadā amhākaṃ patthanā (aspirations) samijjhanti?

130 Pāli Primer

24. Sabbe te sappurisā tesaṃ pañhe vissajjetuṃ vāyamantā sālāya nisinnā honti.

25. Sace tvaṃ dvāraṃ thakesi ahaṃ pavisituṃ na sakkomi.

26. Amhehi katāni kammāni chāyāyo viya amhe anubandhanti.

27. Susavo mātaraṃ rakkhanti.

28. Ahaṃ sāminā saddhiṃ gehe viharantī modāmi.

29. Tumhākaṃ puttā ca dhītaro ca udadhiṃ taritvā bhaṇḍāni vikkiṇantā mūlaṃ pariyesituṃ icchanti.

30. Tvaṃ suraṃ pivasi, tasmā sā tava kujjhati.

12. Translate into Pāli

1. He who is virtuous will defeat the enemy.

2. The girl who spoke at the meeting is not a relation of mine.

3. When the mother comes home the daughter will give the gems.

4. The dog to whom I gave rice is my brother’s.

5. Why did you not come home today to worship the monks?

6. From where did you get the robes which you offered to the monks?

7. Whom did you give the gold which I gave you?

8. Eat what you like.

9. I will sit on the rock until you bathe in the river.

10. Where intelligent people live there I wish to dwell.

List of Verbs

Prefixes and roots of verbs are given in Sanskrit within brackets

akkosati (a + k\ś)---------------------- scolds

atthi (as) - is

adhigacchati (adhi + gam) - understands anukampati (anu + kamp) - feels compassionate anugacchati (anu + gam) - follows anubandhati (anu + badh) - follows, chases after anusāsati (anu + śās) - admonishes

ākaukhati (ā + kāukŒ)------------------ expects

āka¹¹hati (ā + k\Œ?) - pulls, drags

āgacchati (ā + gam) - comes

ādadāti (ā + dā) - takes

āneti (ā + nī) - brings, leads

āmanteti (ā + denom. mantra) - addresses

āmasati (ā + m\ś) - touches, strokes

ārabhati (ā + rabh) - starts, commences

āruhati (ā + ruh) - climbs, ascends

āroceti (ā + ruc) - informs

āvahati (ā + vah) - brings forth

āsiñcati (ā + sic) - sprinkles

āharati (ā + h\) - brings

āhiṇ¹ati (ā + hiṇ¹) - roams, wanders

icchati (iŒ / āp)----------------------------------------- wishes uggaṇhāti (ud + g\h)------------------------------------------ learns

uµµhahati (ud + sthā) - stands up

u¹¹eti (ud + ¹ī) - flies

131

132 Pāli Primer

uttarati (ud + t\) - crosses

udeti ( ud + i) - rises

upasaukamati (upa + saṃ + kram) - approaches

uppajjati (ud + pad) - is born

uppatati (ud + pad) - flies, jumps up

ussahati (ud + sah) - tries

ussāpeti (ud + śri) - hoist

ocināti (ava + ci)----------------------- collects, picks

otarati (ava + t\) - gets down, descends (into water)

obhāseti (ava + bhāŒ) - illuminates

oruhati (ava + ruh) - climbs down

oloketi (ava + lok) - looks at

ovadati (ava + vad) - advises

katheti (kath)---------------------------- speaks

karoti (k\) - does, commits

kasati (k\Œ) - ploughs

kiṇāti (krī) - buys

kīḷati (krī¹) - plays

khaṇati (khaṇ)-------------------------- digs

khādati (khād) - eats

khipati (kŒip) - throws

kujjhati (krudh) - gets angry

gacchati (gam)-------------------------- goes

gaṇhāti (g\h) - takes

gāyati (gai) - sings

carati (car)------------------------------ wanders, conducts oneself

cavati (cyu) - departs, dies

cinteti (cit) - thinks

cumbati (cumb) - kisses

coreti (cur) - steals

List of Verbs 133

cha¹¹eti (cha¹¹)------------------------- throws away

chādeti (chad) - conceals

chindati (chid) - cuts

jānāti (jñā)------------------------------- knows

jāleti (jval) - lights, kindles

jināti (ji) - wins

jīvati (jīv?) - lives

µhapeti (sthā)---------------------------- places, keeps

¹asati (¹as)------------------------------ bites, stings

tarati (t\)--------------------------------- crosses

tiµµhati (sthā) - stays, stands

thaketi (sthag)-------------------------- closes, shuts

dadāti / deti (dā)------------------------ gives

*dassati (d\ś) - to see

duhati (duh) - milks

dūseti (dūŒ) - spoils, pollutes

deseti (diś) - points out, instructs, preaches

dhāvati (dhāv)-------------------------- runs

dhovati (dhov) - washes

naccati (n\t)----------------------------- dances

namassati (denom, namas) - worships, salutes

nahāyati (snā) - bathes

nāseti (naś) - destroys

nikkhamati (nis + kram) - leaves, renounces nikkhipati (ni + kŒip) - throws away, puts down nimanteti (ni + denom. mantra) - invites

nilīyati (ni+ lī) - hides

nivāreti (ni + v\) - prevents

nisidati (ni + sad) - sits

134 Pāli Primer

nīhareti (ni + h\) - takes out

neti (nī) - leads

pakkosati (pra + k\Œ)------------------ calls, summons

pakkhipati (pra + kŒip) - puts, places, deposits

pacati (pac) - cooks

pajahati (hā) - rejects, abandons paµicchādeti (prati + chad) - conceals, hides paµiyādeti (prati + yat) - prepares

patati (pat) - falls

pattharati (pra + st\) - spread

pattheti (pra + arth) - wishes, aspires

pappoti (see pāpuṇāti ) - attains

pabbajati (pra + vraj) - goes forth, renounces the

world, gets ordained

parājeti (parā + ji) - defeats

pariyesati (pari + iŒ) - explores, searches

parivajjeti (pari + v\j) - avoids

parivāreti (pari + v\) - accompanies

palobheti (pra + lubh) - tempts

pavatteti (pra + v\t) - sets in motion

pavisati (pra + viś) - enters

pasīdati (pra + sad) - is pleased

passati (spaś) - sees

paharati (pra + h\) - hits, strikes

pahiṇāti (pra + hi) - dispatches

pājeti (pra + aj) - drives

pāteti (pat) - fells

pāpuṇāti (pra + āp) - attains

pāleti (pāl) - rules, governs

piyāyati (denom. piya) - is dear

pivati (pā) - drinks

pīḷeti (pī¹) - oppresses

pucchati (p\cch) - questions

List of Verbs 135

pūjeti (pūj) - honours, worships

pūreti (p\) - fills

peseti (pra + iŒ) - sends

poseti (puŒ) - nourishes, looks after

phusati (sprś)--------------------------------------------- touches bandhati (badh)------------------------ binds, ties

bhajati (bhaj)--------------------------- keeps company

bhañjati (bhañj) - breaks

bhavati (bhū) - becomes

bhāyati (bhī) - fears

bhāsati (bhāŒ) - speaks

bhindati (bhid) - breaks

bhuñjati (bhuj) - eats, enjoys, partakes of

manteti (denom. mantra)------------- discusses, takes counsel

māpeti (mā) - creates, builds

māreti (m\) - kills

mināti (mā) - measures

muñcati (muc) - releases, frees

modati (mud) - takes delight

yācati (yac)------------------------------ begs

rakkhati (rakŒ) ------------------------- proptreaccttsi,ceosbsveirtuees /

rodati (rud) - cries, weeps

ropeti (rup) - plants

labhati (labh)--------------------------- gets, receives

likhati (likh) - writes

va¹¹heti (v\dh)-------------------------- developes, increases

vandati (vand) - worships

vapati (vap) - sows

vasati (vas) - dwells

vāceti (vac) - teaches

136 Pāli Primer

vāyamati (vi + ā + yam) - exerts, tries

vikkiṇāti (vi + krī) - sells

vijjhati (vyadh) - shoots

vindati (vid) - feels, experiences

vippakirati (vi + pra + k\\) - scatters

vibhajati (vi + bhaj) - distributes

vivarati (vi + v\) - opens

vissajjeti (vi + s\j) - spends

viharati (vi + h\) - dwells

vihiṃsati (vi + hiṃs) - hurts, harms

viheµheti (vi + hī¹) - harasses

veµheti (veŒµ) - wraps

vyākaroti (vi + ā + k\) - explains

saṃharati (saṃ + h\)----------------- collects

sakkoti (śak) - is able, can

sannipatati (saṃ + ni + pat) - assembles, gathers to-

gether samassāseti (saṃ + ā + śvas) - consoles, comforts samijjhati (saṃ + \dh) - fulfils, succeeds

sammajjati (saṃ + m\j) - sweeps sammisseti (saṃ + denom. miśra) - mixes sayati (śī) - sleeps

sallapati (saṃ + lap) - converses

sādiyati (svad) - enjoys

sibbati (sīv) - sews

suṇāti (śru) - listens, hears

hanati (han)----------------------------- kills

harati (h\) - carries, takes away

hasati (has) - laughs

hoti (bhū) - is, becomes

akusala, adj------ demerit

akkhi, n - eye

aggi, m - fire

auguli, f - finger

acci, n - flame

aja, m - goat

ajja, ind - today

aµavi, f - forest

aµµhi, n - bone

atithi, m - guest

atthaññū, m - benevolent

person

addhā, ind - indeed, certainly

adhipati, m - chief

anicca, adj - imperma-

nent antarā, ind - between amacca, m - minister

ambu, n - water

ammā, f - mother

arañña, n - forest

ari, m - enemy

asani, f - thunder

asappurisa, m - wicked man

asi, m - sword

assa, m - horse

assu, n - tear

ahaṃ, pron - I

ahi, m - serpent

ākāsa, m---------- sky

ākhu, m - mouse

ācariya, m - teacher

āpaṇa, n - shop

āloka, m - light

āvāµa, m - pit

āsana, n - seat

itthi, f-------------- woman

iddhi, f - psychic power

isi, m - sage

ucchu, m---------- sugar cane

udaka, n - water

udadhi, m - ocean, sea

upamā, f - simile upalitta, mfn - smeared upāsaka, m - lay devotee

137

uyyāna, n - park

uraga, m - reptile

odana, m---------- rice

ojavantu, adj - luscious ovaraka, m - bed room ovāda, n - advice

kakaca, m--------- saw

kaññā, f - girl kaµacchu, m - spoon kaṇeru, f - cow

elephant

kattu, m - doer

kattha, adv - where

kathā, f - speech kathaṃ, adv - how kadalī, f - banana,

plantain

kadā, adv - when

kadāci karahaci, adv

- sometimes

kapi, m - monkey

kamma, n - action, deed

karī, m - elephant

kavi, m - poet

kasmā, adv - why

kāka, m - crow

kāya, m - body

kāruṇika, adj - compassion-

ate

kāsu, f - pit

kilañjā, f - mat

kukkura, m - dog

kucchi, mf - belly

kuµµhī, m - leper

kuto, adv - whence

kutra, adv - where

kumāra, m - boy

kumārī, f - girl

kulavantu, adj - man of good

family

kusala, adj - merit

kusuma, n - flower

kuhiṃ, adv - where

ketu, m - flag

khagga, m-------- sword

khaṇ¹a, n - piece khādanīya, n - food khippaṃ, adv - soon khīra, n - milk

khudā, f - hunger

khetta, n - field

Gangā, f----------- Ganges river

gantu, m - one who goes

garu, m - teacher gahapati, m - householder gāma, m - village

gāvī, f - cow

giri, m - mountain

gilāna, m - sick man

gīta, n - song

gīvā, f - neck guṇavantu, adj - virtuous guhā, f - cave

geha, n - house, home

goṇa, m - ox

ghaµa, n----------- pot

ghara, n - house

ca, ind------------- and

cakkhu, n - eye

caṇ¹āla, m - outcast

canda, m - moon

citta, n - mind

cīvara, n - robe

cora, m - thief

chāyā, f------------ shade,

shadow

jāṇu / jaṇṇu, n - knee

jala, n - water

jāta, mfn - born

jivhā, f - tongue

jetu, m - victor

taṇ¹ula, n--------- raw rice

tato, adv - therefore

tattha, adv - there

tatra, adv - there

tathā, adv - thus Tathāgata, m - the Buddha tadā, adv - then

taru, m - tree

taruṇi, f - young woman

tasmā, adv - therefore

tāpasa, m - hermit

tāva, adv - so far, until

tiṇa, n - grass

tīra, n - bank

tuṇ¹a, n - beak

tela, n - oil

tvaṃ, pron - you

dakkha, adj------- clever

daddu, fn--------- eczema

dadhi, n - curd

dāµhī, m - tusker

dātu, m - giver

dāna, n - alms

dāraka, m - child

dāru, n - firewood

dāsa, m - servant

dīghajīvī, m - one with

long life

dīpa, m - island / lamp

dīpī, m - leopard dukkhaṃ, adv - suffering dubbala, adj - weak dussa, n - cloth

duhitu, f - daughter

dūta, m - messenger

deva, m - deity

devatā, f - deity

devi, f - queen

doṇi, f - boat

dvāra, n - door

dhañña, n--------- corn

dhana, n - wealth

dhanu, n - bow dhamma, m - doctrine dhātu, f - relics,

elements

dhītu, f - daughter

dhīvara, m - fisherman

dhenu, f - cow

na, ind------------- not

nagara, n - city, town

nadī, f - river

nayana, n - eye

nara, m - man

naraka, n - purgatory

nava, adj - new

nānā, ind - various

nārī, f - woman

nāḷi, f - a unit of measure

nāvā, f - ship

nāvika, m - sailor

nidhi, m - treasure

nivāsa, m - house

netu, m - leader

pakkhī, m--------- bird

pañjara, mn - cage

paññā, f - wisdom

pañha, m - question

paṇ¹ita, m - sage, wise

man

paṇṇa, n - leaf

pati, m - husband

patta, m - bowl

patthanā, f - hope, expectation

paduma, n - lotus pabbata, m - mountain pabhāte, n - early

morning

pabhū, m - eminent person

pasu, m - animal

parisā, f - retinue

pavattu, m - reciter

pahūta, adj - much

pāṇi, m - palm, hand

pāṇī, m - living being

pāda, m - foot

pānīya, n - drinking water

pāpa, n - evil

pāsāṇa, m - stone

pāsāda, m - mansion

pi, ind - too, also

piµaka, m - basket

pitu, m - father

pipāsā, f - thirst pipāsita, mfn - thirsty puñña, n - merit

putta, m - son

puttadāra, m - children and

wife

puna, ind - again

puppha, n - flower pupphāsana, n - flower altar pubbaka, mfn - ancient purisa, m - man pokkharaṇī, f - pond potthaka, n - book

pharasu, m-------- axe

phala, n - fruit

bandhu, m-------- relative

balavantu, mfn - powerful

balī, m - powerful one

bahu, adj - many

bīja, n - seed Buddha, m - the Buddha buddhi, f - intelligence brāhmaṇa, m - brahmin brāhmaṇī, f - brahmin

woman

bhaginī, f--------- sister

Bhagavā, m - the Buddha

bhaṇ¹a, n - goods

bhatta, mn - rice

bhattu, m - husband

bhariyā, f - wife

bhātu, m - brother bhānumā, m - sun bhikkhu, m - monk

bhūpati, m - king

bhūpāla, m - king

bhūmi, f - ground bhojana, n - food, meal bhojanīya, n - soft food

makkaµa, m------- monkey

magga, m - road

maccha, m - fish

mañca, m - bed

mañjūsā, f - box

maṇi, m - gem

mattaññū, m - moderate,

abstemious one

madhu, n - honey madhukara, m - bee manussa, m - man manta, n - magic spell

mantī, m - minister

mā, ind - do not

mātu, f - mother

mātula, m - uncle

māra, m - the evil one

mālā, f - garland

miga, m - deer

mitta, mn - friend

mukha, n - face, mouth

muµµhi, m - fist

muni, m - sage

mūla, n - money

modaka, n - sweetmeat

yaµµhi, f------------ walking

stick

yato, adv - since

yattha, adv - where

yatra, adv - where

yathā, adv - in which manner

yadā, adv - when

yadi, ind - if yasavantu, mfn - famous yasmā, adv - because yāgu, f - gruel

yācaka, m - beggar

yāva, adv - how far

yuvati, f - young woman

rajaka, m--------- washerman

rajju, f - rope

ratti, f - night

ratha, m - vehicle, chariot

ravi, m - sun

rasa, n - taste

rasmi, f - ray

rājinī, f - queen

rāsi, m - heap

rukkha, m - tree rukkhamūla, n - foot of tree rūpa, n - form, object

latā, f-------------- creeper

lābha, m - gain, profit

luddaka, m - hunter

loka, m - world

locana, n - eye

va¹¹hakī, m------- carpenter

vaṇṇavantu, mfn - colourful

vattu, m - speaker

vattha, n - cloth

vatthu, n - estate

vadaññū, m - generous

one

vadhū, f - wife/ daughter- in-law

vana, n - forest vammika, mn - anthill varāha, m - pig

vasu, n - wealth

vā, ind - or

vāṇija, m - merchant

vāta, m - wind

vānara, m - monkey

vāpī, f - tank

vāri, n - river

vālukā, f - sand

vijju, f - lightning

viññātu, m - knowledge-

able man

viññū, m - wise man

vidū, m - wise man

vinetu, m - disciplin- arian

viya, ind - like, similar

vihāra, m - monastery

vīsati - twenty

vīhi, m - paddy

vega, adj - speed

vetana, n - wage, pay

veḷu, m - bamboo

vyādhi, m - sickness

sakaµa, m---------- cart

sakala, adj - entire

sakuṇa, m - bird

sakhī, f - female friend

sagga, n - heaven

sace, ind - if

sacca, n - truth

sattu, m - enemy

satthi, n - thigh

satthu, m - teacher

sadda, m - sound

saddhā, f - faith saddhiṃ, ind - with sappa, m - serpent

sappi, n - ghee sappurisa, m - good man sabba, mfn - all sabaññū, m - all knowing

one

sabhā, f - assembly

samaṇa, m - monk samudda, m - sea, ocean sammajjanī, f - broom sammā, ind - well, right sara, m - arrow

sassu, f - mother-in- law

saha, ind - with sahāya (ka), m - friend sākhā, f - branch

sāµaka, m - garment

sāmī, m - husband

sārathī, m - charioteer

sālā, f - hall

sāvaka, m - disciple

sikhī, m - peacook

sigāla, m - jackal

sindhu, m - sea, ocean

sippa, n - arts and science

sissa, m - pupil sīghaṃ, adv - fast sīla, n - virtue

sīsa, n - head

sīha, m - lion

suka, m - parrot sukhaṃ, adv - happily sukhī, m - happy

person

sugata, m - the Buddha

sunakha, m - dog

sura, m - deity

surā, f - liquor

suriya, m - sun

suva, m - parrot

suvaṇṇa, n - gold

susu, m - young one

sūkara, m - pig

seµµhi, m - banker

setu, n - bridge

soṇa, m - dog

sota, n - ear

sotu, m - listener

sopāna, m - stairway

hattha, m---------- hand

hatthī, m - elephant himavantu, mfn- Himalaya hirañña, n - gold

accompany - bhajati /

parivāreti

action - kamma

address - āmanteti

admonish - anusāsati /

ovadati

advice - ovāda

advise - ovadati

again - puna

all - sabba

alms - dāna

ancient - pubbaka

and - ca

(be) angry - kujjhati

animal - pasu

anthill - vammika

approach - upasauka- mati

arrow - sara

arts

(and sciences) - sippa

assemble - sannipatati

assembly - sabhā

attain - pāpuṇāti / pappoti

avoid - parivejjeti

axe - pharasu

banana - kadalī

bamboo - veḷu

bank - tīra

banker - seµµhī

bathe - nahāyati

basket - piµaka

beak - tuṇ¹a

because - yato / yasmā

become - bhavati / hoti

bed - mañca

bee - bhamara / madhukara

beg - yācati

beggar - yācaka

belly - kucchi benevolent one - atthaññū between - antarā

bind - bandhati

bird - sakuṇa / pakkhī

bite - ¹asati

boat - doṇi

body - kāya

book - potthaka

(be) born - uppajjati

bow - dhanu

bowl - patta

box - mañjūsā

boy - kumāra

brahmin - brāhmaṇa

branch - sākhā

break - bhindati / bhañjati

bridge - setu

bring - āharati /

āneti /

āvahati

broom - sammajjanī

brother - bhātu

Buddha - Tathāgata / Sugata / Bhagavā

buy - kiṇāti

cage - pañjara

call - pakkosati

can - sakkoti

carpenter - va¹¹hakī

carry - harati

cart - sakaµa

caste - kula

cave - guhā

charioteer - sārathī chase after - anubandhati chief - adhipati

child - dāraka

city - nagara

clever - dakkha

climb - āruhati

close - thaketi

cloth - vattha / dussa / sāµaka

collect - ocināti / saṃharati

colourful - vaṇṇavantu

come - āgacchati compassionate - kāruṇika conceal - chādeti /

paµicchādeti

console - samassāseti

converse - sallapati

cook - pacati

corn - dhañña

cow - gāvī / dhenu cow elephant - kaṇeru create - māpeti

creeper - latā

cross - tarati / uttarati

crow - kāka

curd - dadhi

cut - chindati

dance - naccati

daughter - dārikā / dhītu / duhitu

(is) dear - piyāyati

deer - miga

defeat - parājeti

deity - deva / devatā

/ sura

delight - modati

demerit - akusala / pāpa

depart - nikkhamati

descend - otarati / oruhati

destroy - nāseti

develop - va¹¹heti

dig - khaṇati

disciple - sāvaka disciplinarian - vinetu discuss - manteti

dispatch - peseti / pahiṇāti

distribute - vibhajati

do - karoti

do not - mā (with imperative)

doctrine - dhamma

doer - kattu

dog - kukkura / sunakha / soṇa

door - dvāra

drink - pivati / pibati

drinking water - pānīya

drives - pājeti

dwells - viharati / vasati

ear - sota

eat - khādati / bhuñjati

eczema - daddu

elephant - hatthī / karī

elements - dhātu eminent person - pabhū enemy - sattu, ari

enjoy - bhuñjati

enter - pavisati

entire - sakala

estate - vatthu

evil - pāpa

evil one - māra

expects - ākaukhati / pattheti

explain - vyākaroti

explore - pariyesati

eye - akkhi /

cakkhu / locana / nayana

face - mukha

faith - saddhā

fall - patati

famous - yasavantu

fast - sīghaṃ

father - pitu

fear - bhāyati

feel - vindati

feel

compassionate - anukampati

fell - pāteti

field - khetta

fill - pūreti

finger - anguli

fire - aggi

firewood -dāru

fish - maccha

fisherman - dhīvara

fist - muµµhi

flag - ketu

flame - acci

flower - kusuma / puppha

flower altar - pupphāsana

fly - u¹¹eti /

uppatati

follow -anugacchati/ anubandhati

food - bhojana / khādanīya/ bhojanīya

foot - pāda

foot of tree - rukkhamūla

forest - arañña / vana / aµavi

form (object) - rūpa

friend - mitta / sahāya(ka)

friend (female)- sakhī

fruit - phala

fulfil - samijjhati

gain - lābha

garland - mālā

garment - sāµaka / vattha

gem - maṇi

generous one - vadaññū

get - labhati

ghee - sappi

girl - dārikā / kaññā / kumārī / yuvati

give - dadāti / deti

giver - dātu

go - gacchati

goat - aja

goer - gantu

gold - suvaṇṇa / hirañña

good man - sappurisa

goods - bhaṇ¹a

grass - tiṇa

ground - bhūmi

gruel - yāgu

guest - atithi

hall - sālā

hand - hattha

happy one - sukhi

happily - sukhaṃ

harass - pīḷeti

harm - hiṃsati

head - sīsa

heap - rāsi

heaven - sagga

hermit - tāpasa

hide - chādeti / paµicchādeti

Himalaya - himavantu

hit - paharati

hoe - kuddāla

hoist - ussāpeti

honey - madhu

honour - pūjeti / vandati

hope - pattheti /

ākaukhati

horse - assa

house - nivāsa / geha

/ ghara householder - gahapati how - kathaṃ /

yathā

how far - yāva... tāva

hunger - khudā

hunter - luddaka

husband - pati / bhattu

/ sāmī

I - ahaṃ

if - sace / yadi illuminate - obhāseti impermanent - anicca indeed - addhā

inform - āroceti intelligence - paññā intelligent one - paññavantu /

viññātu

invite - nimanteti / pakkosati

is - atthi /

bhavati / hoti

jackal - sigāla

keep - µhapeti

kill - hanati / māreti

king - bhūpāla / bhūpati

kiss - cumbati

knee - jāṇu / jaṇṇu

know - jānāti

knowledge-

able man - vidū / viññū

lamp - dīpa

laugh - hasati

lay devotee - upāsaka

lead - neti / nayati

leader - netu

leaf - paṇṇa

learn - uggaṇhāti

leave - nikkhamati

leopard - dīpi

leper - kuµµhī

light - n, āloka /

v, jāleti

lightning - asani

(is) like - viya

lion - sīha

liquor - surā

listen - suṇāti

listener - sotu

live - jīvati

living being - pāṇī

living long - dīghajīvī

look - oloketi

lotus - paduma

luscious - ojavantu

magic spell - manta

man - nara / purisa

/ manussa

mansion - pāsāda

many - bahu

mat - kilañjā

measure - n, nāḷi /

v, mināti

merchant - vāṇija

merit - kusala / puñña

messenger - dūta

milk - n, khīra /

v, duhati

mind - citta

minister - mantī

mix - sammisseti

moderate - mattaññū

monastery - vihāra

monk - samaṇa / bhikkhu

monkey - vānara / makkaµa / kapi

moon - canda

morning - pabhāte

mother - ammā / mātu mother-in-law - sassu mountain - pabbata /

giri

mouth - mukha

much - pahūta

neck - gīvā

nest - kulāvaka

new - nava

night - ratti

not - na

nourish - poseti

object - rūpa

ocean - samudda / udadhi / sindhu

oil - tela

omniscient - sabbaññū

open - vivarati

oppress - pīḷeti

or - vā

outcast - caṇ¹āla

ox - goṇa

paddy - vīhi

palm - pāṇi

park - uyyāna

parrot - suka / suva

peacock - sikhī

piece - khaṇ¹a

pig - varāha / sūkara

pit - āvāµa / kāsu

plant - v, ropeti

play - v, kīḷati

(be) pleased - pasīdati

plough - kasati

poet - kavi

pollute - dūseti

pond - pokkharaṇī

pot - ghaµa

powerful - balī / balavantu

preach - deseti

prepare - paµiyādeti

prevent - nivāreti

protect - rakkhati

psychic power - iddhi

pull - āka¹¹hati

pupil - sissa

purgatory - naraka

put - pakkhipati

queen - rājinī

question - n, pañha /

v, pucchati

ray - rasmi

receive - labhati

reciter - pavattu

reject - pajahati

relative - bandhu

release - muñcati

relic - dhātu

renounce - pabbajati

reptile - uraga

retinue - parisā

rice - bhatta / odana / taṇ¹ula

right - sammā

rise - udeti

river - nadī / vāri

road - magga

roam - āhiṇ¹ati / carati

robe - cīvara

room - ovaraka

rope - rajju

rule - pāleti

run - dhāvati

sage - isi / muni

sailor - nāvika

sand - vālukā

saw - kakaca

scatter - vikirati science & arts - sippa scold - vigarahati

sea - samudda / udadhi / sindhu

seat - āsana

see - passati

seed - bīja

sell - vikkiṇāti

send - peseti / pahiṇāti

serpent - sappa / ahi / uraga

servant - dāsa

sew - sibbati shade / shadow - chāyā ship - nāvā

shoot - vijjhati

shop - āpaṇa

sickness - vyādhi sick person - gilāna simile - upamā

since - yato

sing - gāyati

sister - bhagini

sit - nisīdatī

sky - ākāsa

sleep - sayati

smeared - upalitta

sometimes - kadāci

karahaci

son - putta

song - gīta

soon - khippaṃ

sound - sadda

sow - vapati

speak - bhāsati / katheti

speaker - vattu

speech - kathā

spend - vissajjeti

spoil - dūseti

spoon - kaµacchu

spread - pattharati

sprinkle - siñcati

stairway - sopāna

stand / stay - tiµµhati

steal - coreti

stone - pāsāṇa

suffering - dukkha sugar-cane - ucchu sun - suriya /

ravi /

bhānumantu

sweep - sammajjati sweetmeat - modaka sword - khagga / asi

take - ādadāti / gaṇhāti

take out - nīharati

tank - vāpi

taste - rasa

teach - vāceti

teacher - ācariya / garu / satthu

tear n. - assu

tempt - palobheti

then - tadā

there - tattha

therefore - tasmā

thief - cora

think - cinteti

thirst - pipāsā

thirsty - pipāsita

thunder - asani

thus - tathā

today - ajja

tongue - jivhā

touch - phusati

town - nagara

treasure - nidhi

tree - rukkha / taru

try - ussahati / vāyamati

throw - cha¹¹eti

truth - sacca

turn - pavatteti

tusker - dāµhī

twenty - vīsati

uncle - mātula understand - adhigacchati until - yāva... tāva

various - nānā

vehicle - ratha

victor - jetu

village - gāma

virtue - sīla / guṇa

virtuous - guṇavantu / sīlavantu

wage - vetana walking stick - yaµµhi wander - āhiṇ¹ati /

carati

wash - dhovati

washerman - rajaka

water - udaka / jala / pānīya

weak - dubbala

wealth - dhana / vasu

weep - rodati

when - yadā / kadā

whence - yato / kuto

where - yattha / kuhiṃ / kattha

why - yasmā / kasmā

wicked man - asappurisa

wife - bhariyā / vadhū

wife & children - puttadāra

win - jayati

wind - vāta

wisdom - paññā

wise man - vidū /

viññū / paññavantu

wish - icchati / pattheti

with - saddhiṃ / saha

woman - itthī / nāri/ yuvati /vanitā

world - loka

worship - vandati / namassati

wrap - veµheti

write - likhati

you - tvaṃ (sg.) / tumhe (pl.)

young one - susu

young woman - yuvati

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Vipassana Meditation Centres

There are 89 Vipassana centres in India and 105 centres in other countries of the world. The names of some centres are given below where 10- day courses are held every month. Those desirous of joining meditation course should seek information from any of the centres according to their convenience. visit:- <www.vridhamma.org> and <www.dhamma.org> India

Dhamma Giri, Dhamma Tapovana I and II, Vipassana International Academy, 422 403 Dist. Nashik, Tel: [91] (02553) 244076, 244086; Fax: [91] (02553) 244176; Website:

www.vridhamma.org Email: info@giri.dhamma.org

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Tel/Fax: (022) 3374-7531, Email: info@pattana.dhamma.org

Dhamma Thalī, Rajasthan Vipassana Centre, P.O. Box 208, Jaipur-302001 Tel: (0141) 2177446, Email: info@thali.dhamma.org, Mob. 0-99301-17187, Fax: 2576283.

Dhamma Sindhu, Kutch Vipassana Centre, Village-Bada, Tal. Mandvi, Dist. Kutch 370 475 Tel: Off. [91] (02834) 273 303, City Contact: Tel. Res. (02834) 223 406; Off. 223

076, Mob. 99254-85981; Email: info@sindhu.dhamma.org

Dhamma Khetta, VIMC, Kusumnagar, (12.6 km) Nagarjun Sagar Road, Vanasthali Puram, Hyderabad 500 070, A.P. Tel: Off. (040) 2424 0290, Fax: 2424 1746; City Off.

2473 2569, Website: www.khetta.dhamma.org Email: info@khetta.dhamma.org Dharmashringa, Nepal Vipassana Centre, PO. Box No. 12896, Budhanilkanth, Muhan Pokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel: [977] (01) 4371 655, 4371 007,

Myanmar

Dhamma Joti, Vipassana Centre, Wingaba Yele Kyaung, Nga Htat Gyi Pagoda Road, Bahan, Yangon, Myanmar Tel: [95] (1) 549 290, 546660; Office: No. 77, Shwe Bon Tha

Street, Yangon, Myanmar. Fax: [95] (1) 248 174 Email: dhammajoti@mptmail.net.mm

Sri Lanka

Dhamma Kǔµa, Vipassana Meditation Centre, Mowbray, Hindagala, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Tel/Fax: [94] (081) 238 5774; Tel: [94] (060) 280 0057; Email: dhamma@sltnet.lk Thailand,

Dhamma Kamala, Thailand Vipassana Centre, 200 Yoo Pha Suk Road, Ban Nuen Pha Suk, Tambon Dong Khi Lek, Muang District, Prachinburi Province, 25000, Thailand Tel. [66] (037) 403- 514-6, [66] (037) 403 185; Email: info@kamala.dhamma.org Australia

Dhamma Bhǔmi, Vipassana Centre, P. O. Box 103, Blackheath, NSW 2785, Australia Tel: [61] (02) 4787 7436; Fax: [61] (02) 4787 7221 Email: info@bhumi.dhamma.org Europe,

Dhamma Dīpa, Harewood End, Herefordshire, HR2 8JS, UK Tel: [44] (01989) 730 234;

Fax: [44] (01989) 730 450; Email: info@dipa.dhamma.org

North America

Dhamma Dharā, VMC, 386 Colrain-Shelburne Road, Shelburne MA 01370-9672, USA Tel: [1] (413) 625 2160; Fax: [1] (413) 625 2170; Email: info@dhara.dhamma.org South Africa

Dhamma Patākā, (Rustig) Brandwacht, Worcester, 6850, P. O. Box 1771, Worcester 6849, South Africa Tel: [27] (23) 347 5446; Contact: Ms. Shanti Mather, Tel/Fax: [27]

(028) 423 3449; Website: www.pataka.dhamma.org, Email: info@pataka.dhamma.org

For details like address, Phone no. and email of the rest of Vipassana Centres visit:- <www.vridhamma.org> and <www.dhamma.org>

157

ISBN 81-7414-014-X

VRI - E36

Dedicated

who paved the path to my academic career

PREFACE

v

CONTENTS

vii

viii

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato Sammāsambuddhassa.

Pronunciation

Lesson 1

1. Vocabulary

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

4. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 1 Translate into English

6. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 2

1. Vocabulary

2. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a (contd.)

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 2

5. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 3

1. Vocabulary

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 3

5. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 4

1. Vocabulary

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 4

5. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 5

1. Vocabulary

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 5

5. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 6

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

2. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 6

4. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 7

1. Vocabulary

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 7

5. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 8

1. Declension of masculine nouns ending in -a, (contd).

2. The full paradigm of the declension of masculine nouns ending in -a

4. Vocabulary

Exercise 8

6. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 9

1. The Gerund, the Absolutive or the Indeclinable Participle

2. Attention may be paid to the following forms:

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 9

5. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 10

1. The Infinitive

2. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 10

4. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 11

1. Vocabulary

2. The Present Participle

3. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 11

Lesson 12

1. Conjugation of Verbs

2. Examples in sentence formation

Exercise 12

4. Translate into Pāli

Lesson 13

1. Conjugation of Verbs

2. Some verbs similarly conjugated are as follows:

3. N.B. Gerunds / absolutives and infinitives from the above verbs are formed retaining the -e in the

4. Verbs which have the base ending in -nā are conjugated as follows:

5. Some verbs similarly declined are as follows:

6. Attention should be paid to the following forms: