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ľÄ]ŢŕĚÍ𪾤ĆJ^`ÉČévƢ¤ąĆšB
gandhabbaĚJ_ĚÁĽ
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lÔĆŽ¨ŞĹÉťĚĚćÉuśÜęévĆŤAbrahmaÉߢ`Ĺmanōmaya
kayaŞŚŔÉ`ŹłęܡB
ąęŞcuti-patisandhiiĆ]śjĚuÔÉJ}EGlM[ÉćÁÄśŹłęémanōmaya kayašB
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˝ĆŚÎAťĚlĚĚbhavaÍŠŕľęÜšńB
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lÔ͎ܽ¨ĚgandhabbaĚĚŕAdevaĆŻść¤Ékammaja
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ťľÄAťęçĚ´ođžéć¤Č§x̢ĚđŔŰÉÁĢܚńB
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sľÄŞđłęéąĆšB
łçÉA÷ĚÉÍŁĹuŠév¨ćŃuˇv@\Ş čÜšńB
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ĹşĘSĚćapāyās
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jA¨ćŃŽ¨ĚĚćĹAލĚĚ枯ŞÂ̢EšBťęçÍÜĆßÄapāyāsĆÄÎęܡB
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70ŞBłé°EĘáŹxóB´TĚŹ§ÍlAܢI˛ëB
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Ü˝ĺćIFĘŕŠçęAÁÉnÉÖˇéপڵLłęĢéB@TÉÍwł@OoxĚźĹřpłęéąĆŞ˝˘B@RÍwIđWxęńɨ˘ÄAs_Ě[MöĘÉ¢ÄuąęÉt˘ÄńLčBęÉ͢ÔĚöĘAńÉÍo˘ĚöĘČčB˘ÔĚöĘĆ͡ČíżZšĚöĘČčBwł@OoxÉલƾvišTOEęZŞ^ş@SOlZjƢ¤BwtCŕ@xiş@SńZZAŻOZęjÉŕŻďĚઠéB
31ĚćĚÄĚ
|
Pali |
żó |
ŕe |
E |
ó |
1 |
Niraya
(Hell) |
n |
C[WōȢęľÝ 10ĚsżČžŽĆŤŠÉćÁÄ]śˇé. |
~E Apayas ęE |
|
2 |
Peta
(Hungry Ghosts) |
ěS |
nĆn\ĚźűɢéŞ÷áĹÍŠéąĆŞĹŤČ˘ 10ĚsżČžŽĆŤŠÉćé]ś |
|
|
3 |
Vinipatha
Asuras (Asuras) |
˘C
|
ÓçżČn\ɢéŞ÷áĹÍŠéąĆŞĹŤČ˘ 10ĚsżČžŽĆŤŠÉćé]ś |
|
|
4 |
Thirisan
(Animal) |
ލ |
÷ś¨Šçĺ^ލÜĹ A¨âECXĚĚćÍH 10ĚsżČžŽĆŤŠÉćé]ś |
|
|
5 |
Manussa
(Human) |
lÔ |
ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]śPuñña abhisaṅkhāra thihethuka,3ö dvihethuka@2ö ahethuka@ |
~E KamaLoka |
ő˝ÍĎťˇé 80NŠç8NH |
6 |
Cātummahārājika
Deva Four
Great Kings The chief
of these kings is Vaisravana, but all are ultimately accountable to Sakra. |
lV¤ V@ Dhatarattha gF gandhabbas ˇV@@ Virulha ěćÖF kumbandas LÚV@@ Virupakkha źÝF nagas ˝ˇV@ Kuvera käá¸F yakkhas @ |
÷×ĚČĚĹAĚĚaŞČ˘ ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]ś GandhabbaŁčk Ch_bɨ˘ÄChiéßVjdŚéź_źbĚty_c OŠÍĺÉŞÉŞpĚpđśâľ˝Ô羢jŤĚăźgĆAŠŕĚšĚĆşźgđÁ˝pĹ\łęéB ťĚ埪DŤĹ÷~Ş˘ŞAĚçě_Ĺŕ éB §To ĚYakkhasayutta ˇĚć32oAtanatiya Sutta wůšĺV¤ox |
Sugathi VĆl |
|
7 |
Tāvatimsa
deva Thirty-three
gods live on
the peak of Sumeru Their
ruler is Sakka or Śakra, a devotee of the Buddha. |
忉V/O\OV Sakko devānam indo śakrađßĆšóľAdevađVĆÓóľ, indrađéĆÓóľ˝ŕĚ |
ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]ś éßVŞsłs×ŇÖĚv˘âčĆEĎĚ é`đÁÄĄľÄ˘éB ŢÍÜžlÔĹ éÔÉȢŃĺĚîđďĚťˇé7ÂĚž˘đĘ˝ˇąĆÉćÁÄdevaĚŇĆľÄĚnĘđlžľ˝B äuĚÍÍĚśÝ apsarases
(d¸)˝żŞ˘éę 11@Sakka Samyutta |
|
|
8 |
Yama
deva Yama
devas live in the air, free of all difficulties. |
éViVj |
ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]ś |
|
|
9 |
Thusitha
deva the
home of the contented gods, among whom many Bodhisattvas |
ŚVićNj˝Vj |
ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]ś Vb_[^ƾĜÜęéOĚ߸SetaketuŞíčÓČÇĚźĚěFĆęɢ˝ĚćB ŚVSantusita |
|
|
10 |
Nimmanarathi
deva Delighting Creation These
devas delight in the sense objects of their own creation. |
ťyViyĎťVj |
ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]ś ŠŞŠgđěΚé˝ßÉOĎđĎŚéąĆŞĹŤéB ĄŇÍSunimmita. |
|
|
11 |
Paranimmitha
Vasavatthi deva Wielding
Power over the Creation of Others |
źťŠÝViźťyVj |
ż é˘AvÉćÁÄ]ś ]Ţ`đěčołČ˘ŞAźĚdevaÉćÁÄSŞ˝łęĢéB ĎzĆ~]Ě[lťĹ é}ÍąąÉZńŢéB |
|
|
12 |
Brahma
Parisajja deva Retinue
of Brahma Councilors of
Brahmā "belonging
to the assembly of Brahmā". |
OV |
ćPT (minor) wG˘ůÜS_xw˛m_x w§ŕ§˘˘ůÜ_xÍő˝đ20Ź
VŞLľ˝čťgľ˝čxzˇéVOŞ˘é˝ßOVƢ¤ |
FE Rupa Loka |
gˇ 0.5R{ ő˝ 0.5
20Ź
|
13 |
Brahma
Purohitha deva Ministers
of Brahma originally
from the Ābhāsvara worlds, that are born as companions to Mahābrahmā after he
has spent some time alone. |
ăV |
ćPT (medium) VĚčOĚVÉÍAěq˝żŞŔńŢéBťĚ˝ßăVĆž¤ ~ĚďťťĚăɜܽĚĹA ŠŞŞn˘ŇĹ éĆMśÄ˘éB |
|
gˇ 1R{ ő˝ 1
40Ź
|
14 |
Brahmakayika
(Maha Brahma) Great Brahmas
a deity whose delusion leads him to
regard himself as the all-powerful, all-seeing creator of the Universe. |
ĺV |
ćPT (highest) VioEqhD[łĚut}[_jĚZ BrahmajālaSuttaÉćéĆA MahābrahmāÍĀbhāsvara̢EŠç˝śÝĹ čABrahma̢EĹęlĹśÜęĎíÁ˝B ČOĚśÝđYęÄAŠŞŞRŕȜݾ˝ĆzľÄ˘éB |
|
gˇ 1.5R{ő˝ 1.5
60Ź
|
15 |
Paritthaba
deva Limited
Radiance "limited
light" |
őV |
ćQT (minor) śęéĆgĚćčőžđúÂŞAăĚłĘőVćčŕȢĚĹAőVƢ¤B |
|
gˇ 2R{ ő˝2
120Ź
|
16 |
Appamanabbha
deva Unbounded
Radiance "limitless light" |
łĘőV |
ćQT (medium) śęéĆgĚćčłĘĚőžđúÂĚĹAłĘőVƢ¤B |
ŻĚĹÁšé |
gˇ 4R{ ő˝ 4
140Ź
|
17 |
Abhassara
deva Streaming
Radiance After 8
mahakalpas they are reborn in a lower realm. • |
őšV |
ćQT (highest) šşi¨ńśĺ¤jŞČA˝ŠđęéĆŤÉÍűŠçňçŠČőđľÄžęĚěpơéĚĹAőšVĆźĂB ĺŤČÎĐÉćčFEĚTVÜĹjółęéÍAşEĚOśÍąĆ˛ĆąĚVÉWÜčA˘EŞÄŃ\ŹłęéÜĹŇżAăÉ
𬷻ĚÉÁÄAąĚVŠçŕFĚ_đNąľĺ^
𝝏AťęÉćčTVČşnÉéÜĹ̢Eđ˘čAŽšˇéĚđŇÁÄAąĚVOĚŞ˘ŕĚŠçQÉşśi°ľĺ¤AşĚ˘EÉśÜęĎíéjľÄnÜŹƲĆOśđŠÉéƢ¤B |
ŻĚĹŕśÝˇé |
gˇ 8R{ ő˝ 8
160Ź
|
18 |
Paritthasubha
deva Devas
of Limited Glory "limited
beauty". |
ňV |
ć3T (minor) ÓŻÉyóiyľŤ´ojŞ čA´ňĹ é˝ßAÜ˝FEĚćOTĚĹňČéÓĹ éĚĹuvĆľAňVĆźĂB |
|
gˇ 16R{ ő˝ 16
2.5
|
19 |
Appamanasubha
deva Unbounded
Glory "limitless beauty". |
łĘňV |
ć3T (medium) yóiyľŤ´ojŞ čAşĚňVÉärˇéĆAĹĘ誽˘ĚĹAłĘňVĆźĂB |
|
gˇ 32R{ ő˝ 32
3.5
|
20 |
Subhkinhaka
deva Refulgent
Glory |
ŐĆV |
ć3T
(highest) őyĆ´ňŞüŐi ÜËÜíéjAÜ˝ňőŞüŐˇéĚĹAŐĆVĆźĂB |
|
gˇ 64R{ ő˝ 64
4
|
21 |
Vehappala
deva Very
Fruitful devas |
LĘV śV ł_V iFk˝EoĚ2ÍALĘVĚÉۡj |
ć4T wł_xÍ}vŞśÜęĎíéąĆĚĹŤéŹĘĆľÄÍĹĚVĹ é˝ßALĘVƢ¤B xJhana Sutta J}EGlM[đg˘Ę˝ˇĆnEěSŕľÍލEÉsÂ\ŤŞ é |
|
gˇ 500R{Aő˝ 500
|
22 |
Asanna
satta Unconscious
beings Realm of
mindless beings who have only bodies without consciousness. when
the life span in this realm ends, the beings pass away and are born in other
planes where consciousness returns. |
łzV |
ąĚVÉśę˝ŇÍAłzLîĹA çäéSzi¸_ěpjŞČ˘ĚĹAłzVƢ¤ w§ŕ§˘˘ůÜ_xÍAő˝đ1,000
ơéB |
|
gˇ 500R{Aő˝ 500
|
23 |
Aviha
deva "not
falling" devas, the
most common destination for reborn Anāgāmins. |
łĎV |
ąąŠçFčíVÜĹÍňVĆÄÎęAő˝ŞsŤęÎńxĆ~EÉ]śˇéąĆŞČČé sŇĘAnāgāmisžŻŞ]śˇé ~EĚęŕFEĚyŕ¤ÉŁęÄSgđĎíˇŕ̪ȢĚĹAłĎVĆźĂB wG˘ůÜS_xw˛m_xÍAąĚVĹĚVĚơéB wxÍČşĚć¤ÉŕF ćĂ~ĆŤđĹÚľA˘ÔĹ̡
đľccĚĚćĹ éDŔđnčIíčccŔ˘ĚśśĚŠđfÁ˝ccľlĚCsmŞłĎV(avihā)ÉśÜę˝B wxäuňA Ü˝AwxÉΡéwG˘ÜoxĹÍČşĚć¤É`ŚÄ˘éF uśŢłĎV@đEľäu@ćĂáŃßáś@´˘xś¤@NxŹ@ďxR@NĐăz@i´Ďťçbv —łĎVqAwG˘Üo |
|
gˇ 1,000R{ ő˝ 1,000
4,000
|
24 |
Athappa
deva "untroubled"
devas, for whose company those of lower realms long. |
łMV |
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|
gˇ 2,000R{ ő˝ 2,000
8,000
|
25 |
Sudassa
deva "beautiful"
devas |
PťV |
sŇĘAnāgāmisžŻŞ]śˇé PĚĘńŞťęéĚĹAPťVĆźĂB |
|
gˇ 4,000R{ ő˝ 4,000
2,000Ź
|
26 |
Sudassi
deva "clear-seeing"
|
PŠV |
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|
gˇ 8000R{ ő˝ 8,000
1,500
|
27 |
Akanitta
deva "un-equal
in rank". • |
FčíV |
sŇĘAnāgāmisžŻŞ]śˇé uFvĆÍL`ĹÍGlM[ĚąĆĹAFEÍ~]ŠçŁęÄ´çŠČGlM[ŞśÝˇé˘EĹ éB ąąćčăÍdÍGlM[ŞśÝľČ˘łFEÉČčAdÍđÂGlM[đLˇéVĚéęĹ éŠçAFčíVĆÄÎęéB ľ
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|
gˇ 16000R{ ő˝ 16,000
|
28 |
Ākāsānancāyatana
deva gākāsah
+hanantah +hāyatanag ananta=infinite the
realm where the infinite space is the focus of the mind (ārammana). |
ółç˛|V |
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łFE Arupa Loka |
ő˝ 20,000
|
29 |
Viññāṇañcāyatana deva gviññānah+hanantah
+hāyatanag the
realm where the infinite viññāna is the focus of the mind (ārammana). |
Żłç˛|V |
ćUT ółÓĚóĚłÓČéđ}i˘Ćj˘ASđ]śÄŻđśAŻĆľSččÄŽŠ¸AO˘ißEťÝE˘jĚŻŞťAčÉťśÄ´ňâĂČéĘńđ˘¤B OĚóĚđ}˘AŕČéŻđĎśÄAŻŞłÓĹ éĆBϡéąĆB |
|
ő˝ 40,000
|
30 |
Ākiñcaññāyatana
deva gākinh
+ gcah mind
+hāyatanah the realm
where the focus of the mind (ārammana) is only the mind. |
łL|V |
ćVT óÍłÓČčĆĎśÄAóđjľ˝lŞAłçÉŻŞO˘ißEťÝE˘jÉí˝ÁÄłÓĹ éđ}i˘Ćj˘A¤ÉLČľĆĎśA ąĚsÍÉËÁÄśÜééĹ éŠçAłLnƢ¤B ˝ŕśÝľČ˘ĆĎ@ľBϡéB |
|
ő˝ 60,000
|
31 |
Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana
deva Bhavāgra gnah + gasaññah without
perception +hnāg+ gsaññāh perception, i.e.,
the realm where one cannot say whether there is either gno perceptionh or
gthere is perceptionh One could go on for a short time
without perception (just like in the asañña realm), but it comes back since
the gbhavah is still there. |
ńzńńz L¸V |
ć8T wäÉ_xɢÄLiBhavaśÝj̸iagrajđÓĄľÄ˘éB ńzńńzVĆÍAąĚVÉśśéŇÍAşnĚ@Ťęeziťť¤jČŤđČÄuńzvAÜ˝ÍuńLzvƢ˘AľŠŕAȨ×zČŤÉńi çj´éđČÄuńńzvAÜ˝ÍuńłzvƢ¤B ńLzČéŞ×ÉOši§łČOjÍAąĚVđČÄ^̸ĎĆľAńłzČéŞ×Éŕšđ৳ɨ˘ÄAȨAąęđśĚŤĆˇéB • |
|
ő˝ 84,000
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31 Realms of Existence
Realm |
Description |
Cause of Birth in Realm ( 1) |
Lifetime |
The Apayas (Undesired Realms) |
|||
1. Niraya (Hell) |
Unimaginable suffering. |
Anantariya papa kamma, Ten akusala kamma with established
wrong views. |
Variable |
2. Thirisan (Animal) |
Microscopic to large animals. |
Ten akusala kamma with established wrong views. |
Variable |
3. Peta (Hungry Ghosts) |
Some live in our world unseen to us. |
Ten akusala kamma with established wrong views. |
Variable |
4. Vinipatha Asuras (Asuras) |
Some live in our world unseen to us. |
Ten akusala kamma with established wrong views. |
Variable |
Sugathi (Desired Kama Loka Realms) |
|||
5. Manussa (Human) |
Most valued birth of all realms. |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra (thihethuka, dvihethuka, and ahethuka) |
Variable |
(Note 2) |
|||
6. Cātummahārājika Deva |
Fine bodies from this realm; no diseases. |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra. |
500 CY |
9M HY |
|||
(Note 3) |
|||
7. Tāvatimsa deva |
Sakka lives in this realm. |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra. |
1000 CY |
36M HY |
|||
8. Yama deva |
@ |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra. |
2000 CY |
144M HY |
|||
9. Thusitha deva |
@ |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra. |
4000 CY |
576M HY |
|||
10. Nimmanarathi deva |
@ |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra. |
8000 CY |
2304M HY |
|||
11. Paranimmitha Vasavatthi deva |
@ |
Puñña abhisaṅkhāra. |
16000 CY |
9216M HY |
|||
Rupa Loka (Fine Material Realms) |
|||
12. Brahma Parisajja deva |
Jhanic bliss in this and higher realms. |
First jhana (minor) |
1/3 MK (Note 4) |
13. Brahma Purohitha deva |
@ |
First jhana (medium) |
1/2 MK |
14. Brahmakayika (Maha Brahma) |
@ |
First jhana (highest) |
1 MK |
15. Paritthaba deva |
@ |
Second jhana (minor) |
2 MK |
16. Appamanabbha deva |
@ |
Second jhana (medium) |
4 MK |
17. Abhassara deva |
@ |
Second jhana (highest) |
8 MK |
18. Paritthasubha deva |
@ |
Third jhana (minor) |
16 MK |
19. Appamanasubha deva |
@ |
Third jhana (medium) |
32 MK |
20. Subhkinhaka deva |
@ |
Third jhana (highest) |
64 MK |
21. Vehappala deva |
@ |
Fourth jhana various levels from here and above |
500 MK |
22. Asanna satta |
Body only; no mind |
@ |
500 MK |
23. Aviha deva |
Only Anagamis |
@ |
1000 MK |
24. Athappa deva |
Only Anagamis |
@ |
2000 MK |
25. Sudassa deva |
Only Anagamis |
@ |
4000 MK |
26. Sudassi deva |
Only Anagamis |
@ |
8000 MK |
27. Akanitta deva |
Only Anagamis |
@ |
16000 MK |
Arupa Loka (Immaterial Realms); see Note 4 |
|||
28. Ākāsānancāyatana deva |
@ |
Fifth jhana |
20,000 MK |
29. Viññāṇañcāyatana deva |
@ |
Sixth jhana |
40,000 MK |
30. Ākiñcaññāyatana deva |
@ |
Seventh jhana |
60,000 MK |
31. Nevasaññānāsaññāyatana deva |
@ |
Eighth jhana |
84,000 MK |
Notes:
1. See, gKamma, Saṅkhāra, and Abhisaṅkhāra.h Akusala kamma are
the same as apuññābhisaṅkhāra (apuñña abhisaṅkhāra.)
2. The realms and the
lifetimes are extracted from various suttas: see, for example, gDhammacakkappavattana Sutta – Introductiong, Sāleyyaka Sutta
(MN 41), and gPathama Metta Suttag.
3. Tihetuka means kusala
kamma done with alobha, adosa, amoha.
4. CE = Celestial Years; M HY = Millions of Human Years.
5. MK = Mahā Kalpa,
an aeon or the life of the Earth or the Solar system (roughly about 10 billion
years). Solar system is born, destroyed, and reborn just like living beings. We
will discuss this in the Agganna Sutta in the future.
6. The names of the
four arupa realms are descriptive of their characteristics.
The 31 Planes of Existence
Arupa-Loka (Formless Realms)
The immaterial or formless
realm (arupa loka) includes four planes into which beings are born as a
result of attaining the Four Formless Jhana arūpadhyānas. The inhabitants of these
realms are possessed entirely of mind. Having no physical form or location,
they are unable to hear Dhamma teachings. They achieve this by
attaining the formless jhana levels
in a previous life, and now enjoy the fruits (vipāka) of the good karma of
that accomplishment for a period before rebirth in a lower plane again. They do
not interact with the rest of the universe.
·
31 - Realm of Neither Perception
Nor Non-Perception (nevasannanasannayatanupaga deva): Rebirth in this
plane is a result of attaining the fourth formless jhana in
a previous life. The beings in this plane only have mind and no physical body.
They are unable to hear Dhamma. In this sphere the formless beings do not
engage in "perception". Uddaka Ramaputra's father reached this plane
and thought that this is awakening. After having experienced this state the
Buddha realized that it will eventually lead to further rebirth.[9]
·
30 - Realm of Nothingness (akincannayatanupaga
deva): Rebirth in this plane is a result of attaining the third
formless jhana in
a previous life. This is considered a form of perception, though a very subtle
one. This was the sphere reached by Āḷāra Kālāma, the Buddha's first teacher. Alara Kalama
thought that it is the state of awakening or liberation.[10]
·
29 - The Realm of Infinite
Consciousness (vinnanancayatanupaga deva): Rebirth in this plane is a
result of attaining the second formless jhana. In
this sphere formless beings dwell meditating on their consciousness (vijñāna) as infinitely pervasive.
·
28 - Realm of Infinite Space (akasanancayatanupaga
deva): Rebirth in this plane is a result of attaining the first
formless jhana.
Rupa-Loka (Fine-Material World )
The fine material realm (rupa-loka)
consists of sixteen planes. Beings are reborn into these planes as a result of
attaining the form jhanas.
The prevalent mode of experience here is meditative rather than sensory. They
have bodies made of fine matter. The sixteen planes correspond to the
attainment of the four form jhanas. The devas of
the rupa-loka have physical forms, but are sexless and
passionless. Beings in the lower planes are not able to see beings in planes
higher than theirs. The beings of the Form realm are not subject to the
extremes of pleasure and pain, or governed by desires for things pleasing to
the senses, as the beings of the Kāma-loka are. The bodies of
Form realm beings do not have sexual distinctions. Like the beings of the
Arupa-loka, the dwellers in the Rupa-loka have minds corresponding to the dhyānas (Pāli:
jhānas). In their case it is the four lower jhanas or rūpadhyānas.
Related Sutta : Jhana
Sutta from the Anguttara Nikaya
Pure Abodes (Suddhavasa)
Main
article: Pure land
The Pure Abodes are
distinct from the other worlds of the rupa-loka in that they
do not house beings who have been born there through ordinary merit or
meditative attainments. Birth in these five realms are a result of attaining
the fruit of non-returning or Anagami, the third level of enlightenment.
These Pure Abodes are accessible only to those who have destroyed the lower
five fetters, consisting of self-view, sceptical doubt, clinging to rites and
ceremonies, sense desires, and ill-will.[11] They will destroy their
remaining fetters of craving for fine material existence, craving for
immaterial existence, conceit, restlessness and ignorance during their
existence in the Pure Abodes. Those who take rebirth here are called
"non-returners" because they do not return from that world, but
attain final nibbana there without coming back. They guard and
protect Buddhism on earth, and will pass into enlightenment as Arhats when
they pass away from the Suddhavasa worlds.
According to the Ayacana Sutta, among its inhabitants is Brahma Sahampati,
who begs the Buddha to teach Dhamma to the world.
The five Pure Abodes are:
·
27 - Peerless Devas (Akanittha
deva): World of devas "un-equal in rank". The
highest of all the Rūpadhātu worlds, it is often used to refer
to the highest extreme of the universe. The current Śakra will
eventually be born there.
·
26 - Clear-Sighted Devas (Sudassi
deva): The "clear-seeing" devas live in a world
similar to and friendly with the Akanitṭha world.
·
25 - Beautiful Devas (Sudassa
deva): The world of the "beautiful" devas is said to be the place
of rebirth for five kinds of anāgāmins.
·
24 - Untroubled Devas (Atappa
deva): The world of the "untroubled" devas, for whose company
those of lower realms long.
·
23 - Devas not Falling Away (Aviha
deva): The world of the "not falling" devas, perhaps the most common
destination for reborn Anāgāmins. Many achieve arhatship directly
in this world, but some pass away and are reborn in sequentially higher worlds
of the Pure Abodes until they are at last reborn in the Akanitṭha world.
These are called in Pāli uddhaṃsotas, "those whose stream goes
upward".
Bṛhatphala Planes
These two realms are a
result of attaining the fourth jhana. They remain in the tranquil state
attained in the 4th Jhana, and is characterized by equanimity (upekṣā).
·
22 - Unconscious beings (Asaññasatta):
Realm of mindless beings who have only bodies without consciousness. Rebirth
into this plane results from a meditative practice aimed at the suppression of
consciousness. Those who take up this practice assume release from suffering
can be achieved by attaining unconsciousness. However, when the life span in
this realm ends, the beings pass away and are born in other planes where
consciousness returns.
·
21 - Very Fruitful devas (vehapphala
deva): In the Jhana Sutta of the Anguttara Nikaya the Buddha said "The
Vehapphala devas, monks, have a life-span of 500 eons. A run-of-the-mill person
having stayed there, having used up all the life-span of those devas, goes to
hell, to the animal womb, to the state of the hungry shades."[12]
Śubhakṛtsna Planes
These three realms are a
result of attaining the third jhana. The mental state of the devas of these
worlds corresponds to the third jhana, and is characterized by a quiet joy (sukha).
These devas have bodies that radiate a steady light.
·
20 - Devas of Refulgent Glory (subhakinna
deva): The Buddha said, "The Subhakinha devas, monks, have a life-span
of 64 mahakalpas. A run-of-the-mill person having stayed there, having used up
all the life-span of those devas, goes to hell, to the animal womb, to the
state of the hungry shades."[13]
·
19 - Devas of Unbounded Glory (appamanasubha
deva): The world of devas of "limitless beauty".
·
18 - Devas of Limited Glory (parittasubha
deva): The world of devas of "limited beauty".
Ābhāsvara Planes
These three are a result
of attaining the second jhana. The mental state of the devas of the Ābhāsvara worlds corresponds to the
second dhyāna, and is characterized by delight (prīti) as well as joy (sukha).
·
17 - Devas of Streaming Radiance
(abhassara deva): The Abhassara devas have a life-span of 8 mahakalpas.
After that period they are reborn in a lower realm.[14]
·
16 - Devas of Unbounded Radiance
(appamanabha deva): The world of devas of "limitless light", a
concept on which they meditate. Their lifespan is 4 mahākalpas.
·
15 - Devas of Limited Radiance (parittabha
deva): The world of devas of "limited light". Their lifespan is
2 mahākalpas.
Brahmā Planes
Main
article: Brahma (Buddhism)
The mental state of the
devas of the Brahmā worlds corresponds to the first jhana. Like all beings, the
brahmas are still tied to the cycle of rebirth, though sometimes they forget
this and imagine themselves to be immortal. The Buddha said "The devas of
Brahma's retinue, monks, have a life-span of an eon. A run-of-the-mill person
having stayed there, having used up all the life-span of those devas, goes to
hell, to the animal womb, to the state of the hungry shades."[15]
One way to rebirth in the
brahma world is mastery over the first jhana. Another is through meditations on
loving kindness, compassion, altruistic joy, and equanimity. According to the
Subha Sutta, the Brahmin Subha asked the Buddha to teach him how to be born in
the world of Brahma. And the Buddha said to him:
Then young man, listen
carefully I will tell.f The young man agreed and the Blessed One said. The
bhikkhu pervades one direction with thoughts of loving kindness, so too the
second, the third, the fourth, above, below, across, in every respect, in all
circumstances, the entire world, he pervades with the thought of loving
kindness grown great and immeasurable without anger and ill will. Young man,
when the release of the mind in loving kindness, is developed thus, none of the
measured actions remain. Just as a clever drummer in no time would make known
the message in the four directions. In the same manner, when the release of the
mind in loving kindness, is developed thus, none of the measured actions
remain. This is the method to be born with Brahma. Again the bhikkhu pervades
one direction with the thought of compassion,crec. with intrinsic joy,crec with
equanimity, so too the second, the third, the fourth, above, below, across, in
every respect, in all circumstances, the entire world, he pervades with equanimity
grown great and immeasurable without anger and ill will. Young man, when the
release of the mind in equanimity, is developed thus, none of the measured
actions remain. Just as a clever drummer in no time would make known the
message in the four directions. In the same manner, when the release of the
mind in equanimity is developed thus, none of the measured actions remain. This
is the method to be born with Brahma.[16]
·
14 - Great Brahmas (Maha
brahma): One of this realm's most famous inhabitants is the Great Brahma, a deity whose delusion leads him to
regard himself as the all-powerful, all-seeing creator of the Universe.
According to the Brahmajāla Sutta, a Mahā brahmā is a being from the Ābhāsvara
worlds who falls into a lower world through exhaustion of his merits and is
reborn alone in the Brahma-world; forgetting his former existence, he imagines
himself to have come into existence without cause.
Related Sutta: Kevaddha
Sutta
·
13 - Ministers of Brahma (brahma-purohita
deva): The "Ministers of Brahmā" are beings, also originally from
the Ābhāsvara worlds, that are born as companions to Mahābrahmā after he has
spent some time alone. Since they arise after his thought of a desire for
companions, he believes himself to be their creator, and they likewise believe
him to be their creator and lord.
·
12 - Retinue of Brahma (brahma-parisajja
deva): The "Councilors of Brahmā" or the devas "belonging to
the assembly of Brahmā".
Kama-Loka (The Sense-Sphere realm)
Main
article: Desire realm
Birth into these heavenly
planes takes place as a result of giving and moral discipline. The Sense-Sphere
Realm is the lowest of the three realms. The driving force within this realm is
sensual desire. These devas enjoy aesthetic pleasures, long life, beauty, and
certain powers. The heavenly planes are not reserved only for good Buddhists.
Anyone who has led a wholesome life can be born in them. People who believe in
an "eternal heaven" may carry their belief to the deva plane and take
the long life span there to be an eternal existence. Only those who have known
the Dhamma will realize that, as these planes are impermanent, some day these
sentient beings will fall away from them and be reborn elsewhere. The devas can
help people by inclining their minds to wholesome acts, and people can help the
devas by inviting them to rejoice in their meritorious deeds.
Related Suttas: Saleyyaka
Sutta, Dana Sutta
Higher Kama (Karma) Loka
These devas live in four
heavens that float in the air, leaving them free from contact with the strife
of the lower world.
·
11 - Devas Wielding Power over
the Creation of Others (Parinimmita-vasavattin deva): These devas enjoy
sensual pleasures created by others for them. These devas do not create
pleasing forms that they desire themselves, but their desires are fulfilled by
the acts of other devas who wish for their favor. Mara, the personification of delusion and
desire, lives here.
·
10 - Devas Delighting in Creation
(Nimmanarati deva): These devas delight in the sense objects of their
own creation. They are capable of changing appearance to please themselves. The
lord of this world is Sunirmita (Pāli
Sunimmita).
·
9 - Contented deva (Tusita
deva): Tushita is the home of the contented
gods, among whom many Bodhisattvas,
including the future Buddha Maitreya, abide. Before his birth as
Siddhartha, the present Buddha also used to dwell with the other Bodhisattvas in this realm. His name in
this realm was Śvetaketu (Pāli: Setaketu). While Maitreya is undoubtably the
most important of the dwellers in Tuṣita, the ruler of this world
is Santuṣita (Pāli: Santusita).
·
8 - Yama devas:
These Yama devas live in the air, free of all difficulties.
Lower Kama-Loka
Main article: Sumeru
The lower devas of the
Kama-loka live on different parts of the mountain at the center of the world,
Sumeru. They are even more passionate than the higher devas, and do not simply
enjoy themselves but also engage in strife and fighting.
·
7 - Thirty-three gods (Tavatimsa deva):
Beings that live on the peak of Sumeru are like the Olympian gods. Their ruler
is Sakka or Śakra, a
devotee of the Buddha. Sakka rules by righteousness, patience towards
aggressors, and compassionate treatment of wrongdoers. Sakka and the devas
honor sages and holy men. He earned his place as ruler of the devas by
fulfilling seven vows which embody the standards of the virtuous householder
while he was still a human being. The Buddha holds up Sakka's patience and
forgiveness as a model for the bhikkhus. Many devas dwelling here live in
mansions in the air. Besides the thirty-three devas, many other devas and
supernatural beings dwell here, including the attendants of the devas and
many apsarases (nymphs).
Related Suttas:
Sakka-panha Sutta and the Sakka Samyutta (11th section of the Samyutta Nikaya)
which also contains 25 short discourses connected with Sakka.
·
6 - Four Great Kings (catummaharajika deva):
The world of the Four Great Kings includes the martial kings who guard the four
quarters of the Earth. The chief of these kings is Vaisravana, but all are
ultimately accountable to Sakra. Dhatarattha, king of the Eastern Direction, is
lord of the gandhabbas. Virulha, king of the Southern Direction, is lord of the
kumbandas. Virupakkha, king of the Western Direction, is lord of the nagas.
Kuvera, who rules as king of the Northern Direction, is lord of the yakkhas.
The devas who guide the Sun and Moon are also part of this world.
This is home to the four
types of earthly demigod or nature-spirit: Gandhabba - the celestial musicians
or fairies Yakkha - tree spirits of varying degrees
of ethical purity. They are analogous to the goblins, trolls, ogres, and
fairies of Western fairy tales. They inhabit remote areas such as forests,
hills, and abandoned caves. Though living in misery they have the potential for
awakening and can attain the path and fruits of the spiritual life.
Related Suttas:
Yakkhasayutta of the Samyutta Nikaya.
According to the Atanatiya
Sutta:
"There are non-humans
who are fierce, violent, given to retaliation; those non-humans heed neither
the (four) great kings, nor their ministers nor their attendants. They are
called rebels against the (four) great kings. Even as in the kingdom of Magadha,
the thieves heed neither the king of Magadha, nor the ministers, nor their
attendants, and are called rebels against the king of Magadha, so there are
non-humans who are fierce... (as before). They are called rebels against the
(four) great kings."
Kumbhanda (dwarfs) Naga (dragons) Related Sutta: Maha-samya
Sutta of the Digha Nikaya
probably also Garuda
Human Beings (manussa loka)
·
5 - Human (manussa
loka): Birth in this plane results from giving and moral discipline of
middling quality. This is the realm of moral choice where destiny can be
guided. The Khana Sutta mentioned that this plane is a unique balance of
pleasure and pain. It facilitates the development of virtue and wisdom to
liberate oneself from the entire cycle or rebirths. For this reason rebirth as
a human being is considered precious according to the Chiggala Sutta. In the
Cula-kammavibhanga Sutta (The Shorter Analysis of Action), the Buddha taught
that:
Killing others lead to
short life if one becomes reborn in the human plane instead of the four lower
States of Deprivation. By abandoning the very acts of killing and harming, one
gets to be reborn in a heavenly world. Alternatively, one gets to be reborn in
the human world being endowed with long life.
Injuring of others beings
can lead to rebirth in the States of Deprivation. Alternatively, the person
comes back in the human plane as someone very sickly. Non-injuring of others
leads to rebirth in good destinations. Alternatively, one comes back to the
human plane enjoying good health.
The same goes for the
following:
·
Beautiful or Unattractive Human
Rebirth depends on whether the person has an irritable character in this life.
·
Influential or Ordinary Human
Rebirth depends on whether the person is envious of the gain and honor received
by others in this life.
·
Rich or Poor Human Rebirth
depends on whether one is generous to others, such as providing the requisites
of holy people, in this present life.
Related Suttas: Janussonin
Sutta, Cula-kammavibhanga Sutta,
States of Deprivation (Apaya)
Rebirth into these planes
results from unwholesome conduct. Beings reborn there have no moral sense and
generally cannot create good kamma (karma). However, when the unwholesome kamma
that brought them to these planes is exhausted, some stored good kamma can
bring them rebirth in some other plane. Only stream-enterers and other ariyans
can be sure they will never again be born in these planes of misery.
Related sutta: Saleyyaka
Sutta and The Vipaka Sutta
·
4 - Asura: They are demons or "titans"
that are engaged in endless conflict with each other. From the Jataka Tales, we
are told that the Asuras are always fighting to regain their lost kingdom on
the top of Mount Sumeru, but are unable to break the guard of the Four Great
Kings.[17] The Asuras are divided into
many groups, and have no single ruler, but among their leaders are Vemacitrin (Pāli: Vepacitti) and Rāhu.
According to Marasinghe:
"In later texts we
find the Asura realm as one of the four unhappy states of rebirth. The Nikāya
evidence however does not show that the Asura realm was regarded as a state of
suffering"[18]
Related sutta: Rattana
Sutta
·
3 - Hungry ghost (pretha loka): This
is the realm where ghost and unhappy spirits wander in vain, hopelessly in
search of sensual fulfillment.
Related sutta :
Tirokudda Kanda from the Khuddakapatha
·
2 - Animal (tiracchana yoni): The
animal realm includes animals, insects, fish, birds, worms, etc..
·
1 - Hell realms (niraya)
Main
article: Naraka (Buddhism)
These are realms of
extreme sufferings are mentioned in the Balapandita Sutta and the Devaduta
Sutta.
I. The
Immaterial World (arupa-loka)
Realm |
Comments |
Cause
of rebirth here |
(31) Neither-perception-nor-non-perception (nevasaññanasaññayatanupaga
deva) |
The
inhabitants of these realms are possessed entirely of mind. Having no
physical body, they are unable to hear Dhamma teachings. |
|
(30) Nothingness (akiñcaññayatanupaga
deva) |
||
(29) Infinite Consciousness (viññanañcayatanupaga
deva) |
||
(28) Infinite Space (akasanañcayatanupaga
deva) |
II. The
Fine-Material World (rupa-loka)
Realm |
Comments |
Cause
of rebirth here |
(27) Peerless devas (akanittha
deva) |
These are
the five Pure Abodes (suddhavasa), which are accessible only
to non-returners (anagami) and arahants. Beings who become non-returners in
other planes are reborn here, where they attain arahantship. Among its inhabitants is Brahma Sahampati,
who begs the Buddha to teach Dhamma to the world (SN 6.1). |
Fourth jhana. (See, e.g., AN 4.123.) |
(26) Clear-sighted
devas (sudassi deva) |
||
(25) Beautiful
devas (sudassa deva) |
||
(24) Untroubled
devas (atappa deva) |
||
(23) Devas not
Falling Away (aviha deva) |
||
(22) Unconscious
beings (asaññasatta) |
Only body
is present; no mind. |
|
(21) Very
Fruitful devas (vehapphala deva) |
Beings in
these planes enjoy varying degrees of jhanic bliss. |
|
(20) Devas of Refulgent
Glory (subhakinna deva) |
Third jhana (highest degree). (See,
e.g., AN 4.123.) |
|
(19) Devas of Unbounded
Glory (appamanasubha deva) |
Third jhana (medium degree) |
|
(18) Devas of Limited
Glory (parittasubha deva) |
Third jhana (minor degree) |
|
(17) Devas of Streaming
Radiance (abhassara deva) |
Second jhana (highest degree). (See,
e.g., AN 4.123.) |
|
(16) Devas of Unbounded
Radiance (appamanabha deva) |
Second jhana (medium degree) |
|
(15) Devas of Limited
Radiance (parittabha deva) |
Second jhana (minor degree) |
|
(14) Great
Brahmas (Maha brahma) |
One of this
realm's most famous inhabitants is the Great Brahma, a deity whose delusion
leads him to regard himself as the all-powerful, all-seeing creator of the
universe (DN 11). |
First jhana (highest degree) |
(13) Ministers
of Brahma (brahma-purohita deva) |
Beings in
these planes enjoy varying degrees of jhanic bliss. |
First jhana (medium degree) |
(12) Retinue of
Brahma (brahma-parisajja deva) |
First jhana (minor degree). (See,
e.g., AN 4.123.) |
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III. The Sensuous
World (kama-loka)
HAPPY DESTINATIONS (SUGATI)
Realm |
Comments |
Cause
of rebirth here |
(11) Devas
Wielding Power over the Creation of Others (paranimmita-vasavatti
deva) |
These devas
enjoy sense pleasures created by others for them. Mara, the personification
of delusion and desire, lives here. |
· Ten wholesome actions (MN 41) |
(10) Devas
Delighting in Creation (nimmanarati deva) |
These devas
delight in the sense objects of their own creation. |
|
(9) Contented devas (tusita
deva) |
A realm of
pure delight and gaiety. Bodhisattas abide here prior to their final human
birth. This is where the bodhisatta Maitreya (Metteya), the next Buddha, is
said to dwell. |
|
(8) Yama devas (yama deva) |
These devas
live in the air, free of all difficulties. |
|
(7) The Thirty-three Gods (tavatimsa
deva) |
Sakka, a devotee of the Buddha, presides
over this realm. Many devas dwelling here live in mansions in the air. |
|
(6) Devas of the Four Great Kings (catumaharajika
deva) |
Home of
the gandhabbas, the celestial musicians, and the yakkhas, tree
spirits of varying degrees of ethical purity. The latter are analogous to the
goblins, trolls, and fairies of Western fairy tales. |
|
(5) Human beings (manussa loka) |
You are here (for now). Rebirth as a human being is extraordinarily rare (SN 56.48). It is also extraordinarily
precious, as its unique balance of pleasure and pain (SN 35.135) facilitates the development of
virtue and wisdom to the degree necessary to set one free from the
entire cycle of rebirths. |
· The development of virtue and wisdom (AN 10.177) · The
attainment of stream-entry (sotapatti) guarantees
that all future rebirths will be in the human or higher realms. |
STATES OF DEPRIVATION (APAYA)
Realm |
Comments |
Cause
of rebirth here |
(4) Asuras (asura) |
The demons —
"titans" — that dwell here are engaged in relentless conflict with
each other. |
· Ten unwholesome actions (MN 41) |
(3) Hungry Shades/Ghosts (peta loka) |
Ghosts and
unhappy spirits wander hopelessly about this realm, searching in vain for
sensual fulfillment. |
· Ten unwholesome actions (MN 41) · Lack of
virtue, holding to wrong views (AN 10.177) |
(2) Animals (tiracchana yoni) |
This realm
includes all the non-human forms of life that are visible to us under
ordinary circumstances: animals, insects, fish, birds, worms, etc. |
· Ten unwholesome actions (MN 41) · Lack of
virtue, holding to wrong views. If one is generous to monks and nuns,
however, one may be reborn as an "ornamented" animal (i.e., a bird
with bright plumage; a horse with attractive markings, etc.; AN 10.177). · Behaving like
an animal (MN 57) |
(1) Hell (niraya) |
These are
realms of unimaginable suffering and anguish (described in graphic detail in
MN 129 and MN 130). Should not be confused with
the eternal hell found in other religious traditions, since
one's time here is — as it is in every realm — temporary. |
· Ten unwholesome actions (MN 41) · Lack of
virtue, holding to wrong views (AN 10.177) · Murdering
your parents, murdering an arahant, injuring the Buddha, or creating a schism
in the Sangha (AN 5.129) · Being
quarrelsome and annoying to others (Snp II.6) |
Sources:
·
Buddhist Dictionary, by Nyanatiloka Mahathera (Kandy: Buddhist Publication
Society, 1980).
·
The Buddhist Religion: A
Historical Introduction (fourth edition), by
R.H. Robinson & W.L. Johnson (Belmont, California: Wadsworth, 1997).
·
The Long Discourses of the
Buddha (Introduction), translated by Maurice
Walshe (Boston: Wisdom
Publications, 1987).
·
A Manual of Abhidhamma, by Ven. Narada Thera (Kuala Lumpur: Buddhist Missionary
Society, 1979).
·
The Middle Length Discourses of
the Buddha (Introduction), translated by
Bhikkhu Ñanamoli and Bhikkhu Bodhi (Boston: Wisdom
Publications, 1995).
·
Teacher of the Devas (Wheel Publication 414/416), by Susan Elbaum
Jootla (Kandy: Buddhist Publication Society, 1997).
·
The Three Worlds (wall chart), compiled by Ven. Acaro Suvanno (printed for
free distribution by devotees and Mr & Mrs Lim Say Hoe and family).
Body Types in 31 Realms – Importance of Manomaya Kaya
1. There are three
main categories that the 31 realms can be divided into: kāma lōka,
rūpa lōka, and arūpa lōka.
Arūpa
lōka has 4 arūpāvacara brahma realms.
1. 31ĚĚćđ3ÂĚĺvČJeSÉŞŻéąĆŞĹŤÜˇFkāma lōka, rūpa lōka,
arūpa lōka
kāma lōka Ěś˝ĚÍ11ĚĚćÉ čܡB4ÂĚĹşĘĚćiapāyāsjAlÔĚĚćA6ÂĚdēvāĚćšB
RūpalōkaÉÍ16Ěrūpāvacara brahma
irūpa lōkaĚbrahmaƢ¤ÓĄjĚćŞ čܡB
ArūpalōkaÉÍ4ÂĚarūpāvacarabrahmaĚćŞ čܡB
2. Different sets of
sense faculties are associated with beings in those three types of glōkah.
That suddhāshtaka is
much smaller than an atom in modern science. So, we cannot see these beings. It
is important to note that cannot even see many microscopic beings that live
among us, like those in drinking water. Just because we cannot see them, it
does mean they do not exist.
2.ąęçĚ3íŢĚulōkavÉÍAś˝ĚÉÖAtŻçę˝ŮČé´o@\ŞZbgłęĢܡB
Arūpa lōkaĚś˝ĚÍ}ChđÁĢܡBľ˝ŞÁÄAarūpi brahmaÉÖAˇéBęĚrūpai¨żjÍhadaya vatthuĹ čAąęͧ@ĹÍsuddhāshtakaĆÄÔĹŹPĘĚTCYšB
ťĚsuddhāshtakaÍťăČwĚ´qćčŕÍéŠÉŹł˘ĚĹA˝ĆŚÎ
Ěɢé˝Ě÷ś¨ÍŠéąĆłŚĹŤÜšńć¤ÉAąęçĚśÝđŠéąĆÍĹŤÜšńB
suddhāshtakaĆbhūtaĚÖWÍH
˝żŞťęçđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńŠçƢÁÄAťę窜ݾȢąĆÉÍČčÜšńB
3. Those in the rūpa
lōka have just sense faculties: eyes, ears, and the mind.
Therefore, even with
the aid of the most sophisticated microscope it will be impossible see any of brahmas in
those 20 realms.
3.
rūpa lōkaĚś˝ĚÍAÚA¨A}ChƢ¤´o@\đÁĢܡB
ľŠľAÚƨÍA˝żâލŞÁĢܡ÷ĚĚÚâ¨Ěć¤Č`Ě éďĚIČŕĚĹÍ čÜšńB
ąęçĚrūpāvacara brahmasĚŽÍAcakkhuĆsota
pasāda rūpaĚŻđŘčÄsíęܡB
ąęç2ÂĚťęźęÍAsuddhāshtakaĚTCYšB
ľ˝ŞÁÄArūpāvacara brahmaĹłŚAuĚvSĚÍî{IÉ3ÂĚsuddhāshtakaŠçŹčAzđâˇéŮÇŹłĹˇBŕ¤ęÂĚ}ChĚTCYÍH
ąĚhadaya vatthuĆ2ÂĚpasāda rūpaĚWĚÍAťĚbrahmaĚmanōmaya kayaĆÄÎęܡB
Arūpāvacara brahmaÉÍAhadaya vatthuĚÝđÁĢܡmanōmayakayašB
ľ˝ŞÁÄAĹŕôűłę˝°÷žĚŻđŘčÄŕAąęçĚ20ĚĚćĹBrahmađŠéĚÍsÂ\šB
4. In fact ALL BEINGS
have the basic sense faculties of the size of a suddhāshtaka each. The
basic sensing unit for a kāmāvacara being has six units for
seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, touch, and thinking.
It is easy to see that
a rūpāvacara brahma has a manōmaya kaya with
just two pasāda rūpa (for seeing and hearing) and a hadaya
vatthu for thinking. An arūpāvacara brahma has just
the hadaya vatthu for the mind.
4.ŔŰAˇ×ÄĚś˝ĚÍťęźęsuddhāshtakaĚ即Ěî{IČ´o@\đÁĢܡB
kāmāvacaraĚî{IČ´mjbgÉÍAŠéAˇAĄí¤AkŽAGęéAlŚéĚ6ÂĚjbgŞ čܡB
ˇ×ÄĚkāmāvacarailÔAލA¨ćŃdevađÜŢjÉÍAupasāda
rūpavĆÄÎęܡÚÉŠŚČ˘5ÂĚ´o\ÍđÁĢܡu@×ČĚvŞ čܡB
Šé˝ßÉÍcakkhu pasāda rūpa ,ˇ˝ßÉÍsota pasāda rūpa,Ąí¤˝ßÉÍghana pasāda rūpa,čÉÍjivhā pasāda rūpa, ´GÉÍkāya pasāda rūpašB
•ąęçĚ5gĚpasāda rūpa rūpaĆhadaya vatthuÍAkāmāvacaraĚśŤ¨Ěu^ĚgĚvˇČíżumanōmaya kayavđ\ŹľÜˇB
Rūpāvacara brahmaÉÍA2ÂĚpasāda rūpaiŠéąĆơąĆjĆlŚé˝ßĚhadaya vatthuĚmanōmaya kayaŞ čܡBArūpāvacara brahmaÉÍA}ChĚ˝ßĚhadaya vatthužŻŞ čܡB
5. The physical (solid)
eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and the body of a kāmāvacara being
(human or animal) just act as gsensing equipmenth to collect external signals.
This is why even for
humans, the essence is in the manōmaya kaya. The solid body is just an inert
shell that is gpowered byh the manōmaya kaya. When the manōmaya kaya
comes out at death, the physical body becomes inert just like a log of wood.
5. kāmāvacaraĚśÝilÔ͎ܽ¨j̨IiĹĚjĚÚA¨A@AăAgĚÍAOMđűWˇé˝ßĚu´muvĆľÄ@\ľÜˇB@
ÉA]ÍťęçĚMđľAąĚĹĚĚĚŕÉ émanōmaya kayaÉMľÜˇB
lÔÉĆÁÄŕA{żÍmanōmaya kayaÉ éĚšBĹĚĚ{fBš÷ĚÍAmanōmaya kayaÉćÁÄuŽÍđ^ŚçęévPČésŤČVFšB
manōmaya kayaŞńĹoÄéĆŤA÷ĚÍŘĚŰžĚć¤ÉsŤÉČčܡB
6. This gmanōmaya
kayah is the one that takes hold of the zygote in a womb at conception.
That zygote is made by the union of the mother and father; see, gBuddhist Explanations of Conception, Abortion, and Contraceptiong.
6.ąĚumanōmaya kayavÍAóŮÉó¸đq{ĹÂÂÝܡBó¸ÍAęĆĚÉćÁÄěçęܡBBuddhist Explanations of Conception, Abortion, and ContraceptionđQƾĞł˘B
q{Éu~čÄévgandhabbaÍAąĚmanōmaya kayaćčŕľ§xĚZ˘ĚđÁĢܡB
manōmaya kayaÉͨżIĚivfjŕ čܡŞAťęĹཿÉÍ@סŹÄŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńBgandhabbaŞq{ÉüéĆAťĚu¨żIČĚvÍEľAuńíÉ׊˘manōmaya kayavžŻŞó¸ĆľÜˇB
gandhabbaĆmanōmaya
kayaĚÖWŤH
OÉc_ľ˝ć¤ÉAťĚó¸ÍęĆĚÉćÁÄ`Źłę˝×EĆľÄAťăČwĹÍđłęĢܡBŕżëńAťăČwÍAó¸ĆZˇégandhabbaĚmanōmaya kayađFŻľÄ˘ÜšńB
ŔŰAČwŇÍAťĚó¸ŞÇĚć¤ÉľÄuVľ˘ś˝vA^Vľ˘ś˝ĚÉČčܡŠđmčÜšńB
gandhabbaÉ¢ÄÍAMental Body – GandhabbaĹྵĢܷB
7. Now that zygote with
the manōmaya kaya, starts diving into more and more new cells.
The energy needed for making those new cells comes from the mother (i.e., from
the food eaten by the mother).
Of course once outside
the womb, the baby grows by eating food and eventually grows to an adult. Virtually all solid matter in an adult is just lifeless matter. This is why a person can lose one-third or even half of
the body mass, and still remain the gsame personh.
7.manōmaya kayaĆó¸ÉÍA˝ĚVľ˘×EŞXÉňŃÝnßܡBąęçĚVľ˘×Eđěé˝ßÉKvČGlM[ÍAęeŠçiˇČíżAęeŞH×˝H¨ŠçjŰćľÜˇB
ĹĚPę×EÍA9ŠăÉÍq{ŠçoÄéTCYĚVśÉʎľÜˇB
ĄA˝żÍAî{IČ´o@\đÁĢܡmanōmaya kayaÍAťĚVśÉä×ijōéŮÇŹł˘ąĆŞíŠčܡB
q{ĚOÉo˝VśÍH¨đH×ÄŹˇľAĹIIÉÍĺlÉŹˇľÜˇBŹlĚŔżIɡ×ÄĚĹ`ŞÍAś˝ĚȢ¨żĹˇBąęŞAlŞĚdĚ3ŞĚ1ܽ͟Şđ¸˘AťęĹŕuŻślvĚÜÜŢéąĆŞĹŤéRšB
8. Therefore,
there is not much in the heavy solid body that really defines that gpersonh.
All the key aspects are in the mental body or the manōmaya kaya.
At the death of the
physical body, that manōmaya kaya comes out. When it comes
out, it also has a very fine gphysical typeh body that resembles the body of
the person that just dies. That combined fine body is really gghost-likeh and
can be seen by even some people. That is what is called gandhabba and
it now waits for another suitable body to enter, if there more kammic energy
for the ghuman bhavah is left.
8.ľ˝ŞÁÄAd˘ĹĚĚ{fBÉÍAťĚulvđŔŰÉč`ˇéŕĚÍ čÜšńB
ˇ×ÄĚdvȤĘÍA^{fBˇČíżmanōmaya kayaÉ čܡB
ťĚĹĚš÷ĚÍAhadaya vatthuĆTÂĚpasāda rūpa ŠçČémanōmaya kayaÉćÁÄśŠłęĢܡB
Mśď˘Ĺľĺ¤ŞAť¤ČÁĢܡĚšB
÷ĚŞĘĆAťĚmanōmaya kayaŞočܡBoÄéĆŤAżĺ¤ÇńžlĚĚÉĢܡńíÉ@×Ču÷ĚI^CvvĚĚđÁĢܡBťĚłę˝@×Č{fBÍ{ÉuS[XgĚć¤ČvŕĚĹ čAęĚlĹŕŠéąĆŞĹŤÜˇB
ťęÍgandhabbaĆÄÎęܡŕĚĹ čAŕľulÔĚbhavaiGlM[ĚjvĚ˝ßĚJ}EGlM[ŞcÁĢܡęÉÍAKŘČĘĚĚŞüéĚđgandhabbaÍŇÂąĆÉČčܡB
9. For brahmas in the rupa loka, three units of matter are formed by kammic energy
at the moment of birth; because it has three units of matter such
an initial gbodyh formed at the moment of patisandhi is called
a gthrija kayag. The three units are kammaja kaya, cittaja
kaya, and the utuja kaya. The utuja
kaya is a very fine physical body, and those grupi brahmash can
gseeh and ghearh.
Even though gkayah
is translated as gbodyh, the only gphysical bodyh of a rupi brahma is
the gutuja kayag. Thus a gkayah does not mean a gphysical bodyh.
9.
rupa lokaĚbrahmasĚęAośĚuÔÉ3PĘ̨żŞJ~bNEGlM[ÉćÁÄ`ŹłęܡBťęͨżĚ3ÂĚjbgđÁĢܡĚĹAťĚć¤ČĹĚuĚvÍpatisandhiĚuÔÉ`ŹłęAuthrija kayavĆÄÎęܡB 3ÂĚjbgÍAkammaja kayaAcittaja kayaA¨ćŃutuja kayašButuja kayaÍńíÉ@×Č÷ĚĹ čAurupi brahmasvÍuŠévuˇvąĆŞĹŤÜˇB
•ąęçĚrupi brahmasÉÍAkaya dasaka, vatthu dasaka, bhava dasaka, ŽopĚQÂĚpasada rupaŠçČékammaja kayaŞ čܡBcakkhu pasadaĆsota pasadašBąęçĚpasada rupaŕ{żIÉÍsuddhashtakaĹ čAłÜ´ÜČXs/ń][hibramana/paribramanajŞ čܡB31 Realms Associated with the EarthđQƾĞł˘B
•ukayavÍuĚvĆółęĢܡŞArupi brahmasĚBęĚu÷ĚvÍuutuja kayavšBľ˝ŞÁÄAukayavÍugĚvđÓĄľÜˇŕĚĹÍ čÜšńB
10. The physical bodies
(utuja kaya) of those rupi brahmas are much finer
compared to those of the devas, and thus devas cannot
see those rupi brahmas just like we cannot see the devas.
The closest analogy of
how their gvisionh works is how we gseeh dreams; we donft need eyes to see
dreams. The brahmas just gseeh (perceive may be a better
word). These things will become clear in the future, as we get into details.
10.rupi brahmasĚ÷Ěiutuja kayajÍAdevasĚgĚÉä×ÄÍéŠÉ@×ČĚĹAdevaÍ˝żŞdevađŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńć¤ÉArupi brahmasđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
brahmasi¨ćŃdevajÍAőĚŻđŘč¸ÉuŠévąĆŞĹŤAšgđéóCŞČÄŕuˇvąĆŞĹŤÜˇBŢçĚu÷ĚvÉÍA˝żĚć¤ČuÚvâu¨vÍ čÜšńBľ˝ŞÁÄAŢç͡ŁÉí˝ÁÄuŠévuˇvąĆŞĹŤÜˇBťľÄAŢçÍZÔĹÇąÉĹŕ]ŢĆąëɢéąĆŞĹŤÜˇB
•ŢçĚurWvŞÇĚć¤É@\ˇéŠĚĹŕߢáŚÍA˝żŞ˛đuŠévű@šB˛đŠéĚÉÚÍKv čÜšńBBrahmaÍuŠévžŻĹˇimoˇéŮ¤Ş˘˘ŠŕľęÜšńjBÚ×É¢ÄÍAąęçĚąĆÍŤžçŠÉľÜˇB
11. A basic rule of
thumb is that beings in lower realms, in general, cannot see the beings in the
higher realms; humans of course have the capability to develop abhinna powers
and gseeh those beings in higher realms.
11.î{IČoąĽÍAęĘÉAćčá˘ĚćĚś¨Íćč˘ĚćĚś¨đŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńƢ¤ąĆšBlÔÍŕżëńAabhinnaĚÍđJľAćč˘ĚćĹťęçĚśÝđuŠév\ÍđÁĢܡB
kamalokaĹÍAĹĚĚćÍŕżëńdevaĚćšBdevaÍA2íŢĚBrahmaĆŻść¤ÉuÉśÜęܡiopapatikaČéaśjBľŠľAdevaÉÍukaraja kayavĆÄÎęܡgĚĚć4Ě^CvŞ čAąęÍ˝żĚ÷ĚĚć¤ČŕĚšBťľÄA˝żĆŻść¤ÉAŢçÍčúIÉH¨iamurthajđÁďľÄukaraja
kayavđۡéKvŞ čܡBťęÍuaharaja
kayavĆŕÄÎęܡB
ľ˝ŞÁÄAdevaÉÍu4ÂĚĚvˇČíżuchatuja kayavŞ čܡB
ľŠľAdevai¨ćŃBrahmajÍaCÉČčÜšńBťęçÍAťĚśÝĚJ~bNGlM[ŞČČéĆA˝žńĹÁŚÜˇB
12. When humans and animals
are first gbornh into that existence, they are also instantly formed in a form
close to that of a brahma. This is the manōmaya
kaya generated by kammic energy at the cuti-patisandhi moment.
If he is reborn a
human, a ghuman gandhabbah will emerge form the dead body; if he is
to be born a deer, then a gdeer gandhabbah will emerge from the
dead body.
12.lÔĆŽ¨ŞĹɝ̜ÝÉuśÜęévĆŤAŢçÍbrahmaÉߢ`ĹŚŔÉ`ŹłęܡBąęŞcuti-patisandhiĚuÔÉkammicGlM[ÉćÁÄśŹłęémanōmaya kayašB
ťĚmanōmaya kayaÍAČOĚGbZCĹq×˝gandhabbaĚóÔÉĂkłęĢܡBGandhabba (Manomaya Kaya) – IntroductionđQƾĞł˘B
˝ĆŚÎAjŤŞńĹŕAulÔĚbhavavÉcłę˝GlM[ŞcÁĢܡęAlÔƾĜÜęĎíčܡBť¤ĹČŻęÎAŢÍŢĚß̢kamma vipakaÉśÄĘĚubhavavđŠÝܡB˝ĆŚÎAŢĚĚubhavavÍŠŕľęÜšńB
ŢŞlÔÉśÜęĎíéĆAĚŠçulÔĚgandhabbavŞoťľÜˇBŕľŢŞĆľÄśÜęéČçAĚŠçuĚgandhabbavŞoťľÜˇB
13. The body of a human
or animal gandhabba is also a gchatuja kayah like
that of a deva; but it is finer than the body of a deva.
A gandhabba can only inhale odours (ggandhah + gabbag)
as food, and thus the name.
Even though one could
think that it would be nice to be a gandhabba, a human gandhabba is
in perpetual stress (agony may be a better word). A gandhabba cannot
enjoy any kind of gcontacth sense pleasure since the body is so fine; cannot
taste food, or grasp anything. Most of all, a gandhabba suffers
mentally because he/she can gseeh normal humans genjoying lifeh eating tasty
foods, enjoying sex, etc.
13.lÔ͎ܽ¨ĚgandhabbaĚgĚŕAdevaĚgĚĚć¤Čuchatuja kayavšBľŠľAťęÍdevaĚĚćčŕ@ךBgandhabbaÍAuHżvĆľÄL˘i(ggandhah + gabbagjžŻđz˘ŢąĆŞĹŤÜˇB
•BrahmaâdevaĆŻść¤ÉAgandhabba͡ŁĹuŠévuˇvąĆŞĹŤÜˇBgandhabbaÉÍA÷áâ¨đxŚéŔČĚÍ čÜšńB iŕżëńAťęđzˇéĚÍᄁąĆšBľŠľA˛đŠ˝ĆŤÉNąéąĆĆärľÄÝܡB˛đŠéĚÉőÍKv čÜšńBéÉ^ÁĂÉČčܡƲđŠÜˇB
˝żĚÚŲđŠÜˇjB
gandhabbaÉČčܡĚ͢˘Ćv¤ŠŕľęÜšńŞAlÔĚgandhabbaÍâŚÔȢXgXÉłçłęĢܡięÉĚǢžtŠŕľęÜšńjBgandhabbaÍAĚŞĆÄŕ@×ČĚĹA˘ŠČéuÚGv´oĚěŃŕóĹŤÜšńBHרđĄí¤ąĆŕA˝ŠđŠ޹ĆŕĹŤÜšńB˝ćčŕAgandhabbaÍ^IČâčđřŚÄ˘ÜˇBČşČçAŢ/ŢÍA¨˘ľ˘HרđH×˝čAZbNXđyľńžčľÄAulśđyľńŢévĘĚlÔđuŠévąĆŞĹŤéŠçšB
14. Of course, brahmas and devas can
also gseeh humans engaging in those activities (if they want to), but they do
not have any liking (upadana) for such gcoarse pleasuresh. Their mental
state is much higher, just like a human who has developed abhinna powers.
They are actually said to be repulsed by human bodies. Just like we do
not gmiss outh on the activities of worms, they are not interested in
human activities. It all depends on the mindset associated with the
particular bhava.
But a gandhabba has
received the human or animal gbhavah because he/she very much DESIRES
gcoarse sense pleasuresh: gupadana paccaya bhavag.
14.ŕżëńABrahmaâdevaÍAť¤ľ˝ŽÉ]ľÄ˘ÜˇlÔđuŠévąĆŕōܡŞAť¤ľ˝ue˘ěŃvÉΡéDÝiupadanajÍ čÜšńBŢçĚ^óÔÍÍéŠÉAabhinnaĚÍđBłš˝lÔĚć¤ĹˇBŢçÍŔŰÉlĚɤń´čľÄ˘ÜˇĆžíęĢܡBżă¤Ç˝żŞ~~YĚŽđuAÜȢvć¤ÉA~~YŕlÔĚŽÉÍťĄŞ čÜšńBťę͡×ÄAÁčĚbhavaÉÖAˇélŚűÉËśľÜˇB
ľŠľAgandhabbaÍlÔ͎ܽ¨ĚubhavavđóŻćčÜľ˝BČşČçŢ/ŢÍue˘´oĚěŃvđńíÉ]ńŢéŠçšFuupadana paccaya bhavavB
15. Thus we can see
that we get these solid, dense bodies BECAUSE that is what we so eagerly
desired. As long as we have craving for these gcoarse sense pleasuresh we will
be born in the kamaloka. Even though the devas are
also in the kamaloka, their desires are not as gcoarseh. They do
not need to gtightly grab thingsh to get the enjoyment.
Brahmas in arupa loka do not even have a desire
for sights and sounds. Mind pleasures are enough for them, and the presence of
matter is minimal in the arupa loka.
15.ąĚć¤ÉA˝żÍńíÉM]ľÄ˘˝ĚĹAąęçĚĹĚŧČĚđžÄ˘ÜˇąĆŞíŠčܡBąęçĚue˘´oĚěŃvđŘ]ľÄ˘ÜˇŔčAkamalokaĹśÜęܡBdevaŕJ}JɢܡŞAŢçĚ~]Íue˘vŕĚĹÍ čÜšńBŢçÍyľÝđžé˝ßÉuľÁŠčƨđŠŢvKvÍ čÜšńB
rupa lokaĚBrahmasÍAue˘´oĚěŃvđłçÉćč˘Ä˘ÜˇBŢçÍĄAő˘AÜ˝ÍgĚĚ´Gđ~ľÜšńBŠéąĆơąĆĹ\ŞĹˇB
arupa lokaĚBrahmasÉÍAoâšÉΡé~łŚ čÜšńB}ChĚěŃĹŢçÉĆÁÄ\ŞĹ čA¨żĚśÝÍarupa lokaĹÍĹŹŔšB
16. What we do not realize is that having gdense bodyh also leads
to various ailments, and also subject to decay as it gets old.
16.˝żŞđľÄ˘Č˘ĚÍAu§Wľ˝ĚvđÁĢܡąĆͳܴÜČaCÉŕÂČŞčANđĆéÉÂęÄ
sˇéąĆšB
łçÉAŁĹuŠév¨ćŃuˇv@\ŞČČčܡBgandhabbaÍAdÄćäČ{fBVFÉÂśßçęAťĚ{fBÉćčtŻçę˝u÷ĚĚhAvđĘľÄuŠévuˇvKvŞ čܡBťęÍAuŠŢĚąvŞĹŤAe˘HרâŤIőyČÇđyľŢąĆŞĹŤéć¤Éˇé˝ßÉěçę˝]ľĹˇB
•߸ÍA÷Ěiukaraja kayavˇČíżuaharaja kayavjđAgandhabbaŞęIÉgpˇéu´AvÜ˝ÍuVFvĆÄŃÜľ˝BęčĚő˝Ş čAťĚÔÉŹˇľAöóľAĹIIÉÉܡBťĚăAgandhabbaÍĘĚĚđŠÂŻéKvŞ čܡBÁÉkama lokaĹÍAâŕĚŞńžĆŤÉuVľ˘VFvđ\zˇéžŻĹČAVľ˘{fBĚ\zđJnˇé˝ßÉKŘČq{đŇÂĚÉ~sĚgandhabbaƾĽĚÔđďâľÜˇB
17. Thus it should be
clear now that it is only the gphysical bodyh that decays and finally dies; a
human gandhabba will keep evolving and will find a gnew bodyh
similar to the old one IF the kammic energy for that bhava is
not exhausted. Otherwise, the human gandhabba will just
disappear (like a deva or brahma does at
death), and a new animal gandhabba will emerge if the
new bhava is that of an animal; see, gBhava and Jāti – States of Existence and Births Thereing.
Thus we can see now that even
for the humans and animals, gthe basish is a fine body of a gandhabba that
has a fine body like a rupi brahma (and less dense than the
body of a deva). The gsolid bodyh starts growing inside the
motherfs womb and continues after the gbirthh as a baby by eating food.
17.ľ˝ŞÁÄAöóľÄĹIIÉĘĚÍu÷ĚvžŻĹˇąĆÍĄâžçŠĹˇÍ¸ĹˇBlÔĚgandhabbaÍiťđąŻAťĚbhavaĚkammicĚGlM[ŞÍľČŻęÎAâŕĚÉ˝uVľ˘ĚvđŠÂŻÜˇBť¤ľČ˘ĆAlÔĚgandhabbaÍ˝žÁŚÄľÜ˘idevaâBrahmaŞĘĆŤĚć¤ÉjBŕľVľ˘bhavaލĚŕĚĹ ęÎAVľ˘Ž¨ĚgandhabbaŞoťľÜˇBBhava and Jāti – States of Existence and Births ThereinđQƾĞł˘B
ąĚć¤ÉAlÔĆŽ¨ÉĆÁÄŕAuîbvÍrupi brahmaĚć¤Č§hČĚđÁĢܡiťľÄdevaĚĚćčŕ§xŞá˘jgandhabbaĚ@×ČĚšąĆŞíŠčܡB uĹ`¨vĚĚÍęeĚq{ŕĹŹˇľnßAHרđH×ÄVśĆľÄuaśvľ˝ăํܡB
18. The nature uses
this physical body or the gshellh to impart kamma vipaka as
well. We need to constantly clean this body all the time, and also need to take
care of vital body parts. These are part of the gphysical sufferingh that we do
not think twice about.
However, these hardships are
gmaskedh by our sense of ganticipated future happinessh by acquiring such and
such gpleasurable thingsh.
18.ŠRÍąĚ÷̡ČíżuVFvđgpľÄAkamma vipakaŕ`ŚÜˇB˝żÍíÉąĚĚđíÉŤę˘ÉˇéKvŞ čAÜ˝dvČĚ̢̪bđˇéKvŞ čܡBąęçÍA˝żŞńxĆlŚ˝Č˘u÷ĚIęÉvĚęšB
ťľÄŕżëńAyxĚ×âŞÉžŻĹČASĚžłâŞńČÇĚĺŤČaCŕ čܡBąęŕu÷ĚIęÉvĚęšBźűĚíŢĚu÷ĚIęÉvÍA÷ĚĚ˝ßÉśľÜˇB
ľŠľAąęç̢ďÍAťĚć¤Čuyľ˘ŕĚvđlžˇéąĆÉćéu\złęéŤĚKvĚ´oÉćÁÄu˘˘BłęvܡB
19. When some of those ghopes and dreamsh do not materialize, we
get severely distraught. Most of the suicides are committed under such
circumstances, and this gmental sufferingh could be worse than the gphysical
sufferingh discussed above. It helps to read about WHY even famous, rich
people commit suicide; that is also a form of meditation. We need to understand
how suffering arises, in order to feel the full impact and be motivated to stop
FUTURE suffering from arising.
However, the main goal of this
essay is to point out the true nature of the physical body. Even though we
are enamored (especially at young age) about the appearance of our bodies, as
we get old we can see and experience the suffering that we endure because of
this temporary gshellh that we value so much. It is there only for about 100
years, and then we will move onto another one; this is what we have been
doing for countless aeons.
19.ťęçĚuó]Ʋv̢ŠŞŔťľČ˘ĆŤA˝żÍĐÇćčľÜˇBŮĆńÇĚŠEÍťĚć¤ČóľşĹŔsłęĨčAąĚu^IęÉvÍăLĚu÷ĚIęÉvćčૻˇéÂ\ŤŞ čܡBLźČŕżĹłŚŕŠEˇéRÉ¢ÄÇŢĚÍđ§żÜˇBťęŕáŇzĚęíšB˝żÍAŽSČCpNgđ´śAŤĚęľÝŞNąçȢć¤Éˇé˝ßÉAęľÝŞÇĚć¤ÉśśéŠđđˇéKvŞ čܡB
ľŠľAąĚGbZCĚĺČÚWÍA÷ĚĚ{żđwEˇéąĆšB˝żÍĚĚOŠÉÁɲÉČčܡŞiÁÉᢠjANđĆéÉÂęÄAĆÄŕĺŘɾĢܡukvŞąĚęIČŕĚšąĆÉĎŚéęľÝđoąľÜˇBťęÍń100NÔľŠśÝš¸AťĚăAĘĚŕĚÉÚčܡBąęÍ˝żŞłĚCIĚÔâÁÄŤ˝ąĆšB
20. The other point,
which is even more important, is the special nature of the human body that has
a well-developed brain; see, gBrain – Interface between Mind and Bodyg. That is what
makes a human life special, because that is what allows us to understand the
message of the Buddha and be able to get release from the suffering-filled
round of rebirth.
20.łçÉdvČŕ¤1ÂĚ|CgÍABľ˝]đÁĢܡƢ¤AlĚĚÁęČŤżĹˇB
Brain – Interface between Mind and BodyđQƾĞł˘B
Ş]Í˝żŞß¸ĚbZ[WđđľAęľÝÉż˝ÄśĚEhŠçđúłęéąĆŞĹŤéć¤ÉˇéŕĚžŠçšB
kamma
vipakaiabhisankharaAÁÉpunnabhisankharađs¤ąĆÍĹŤÜšńjđ`Śé˝ßÉAnĚśŤ¨ĚĚŞkammicGlM[ÉćÁÄÇĚć¤ÉőłęéŠÉ¢ÄÍADoes the Hell (Niraya) Exist?
31
Realms Associated with the Earth
May 20,
2016; revised November 29, 2018; April 25, 2019; August 27, 2019; March 10,
2020
1. There
are many things in gthis worldh that we cannot see, hear, etc. (i.e., perceive with
our six senses). Scientists admit that they cannot account for 96% of the
gstuffh that makes our universe. See, gThe 4 Percent Universe: Dark Matter,
Dark Energy, and the Race to Discover the Rest of Realityh, by Richard Panek
(2011). For more information, Google gdark energy, dark matter.h
1.uąĚ˘vÉÍA˝żŞŠ˝čˇ˘˝čˇéiÂÜčA˝żĚ6´oíŻĹmoˇéjąĆŞĹŤČ˘ąĆŞ˝łń čܡBČwŇ˝żÍA˝żĚFđ\ʎéuŕĚvĚ96đčßéąĆŞĹŤČ˘ąĆđFßĢܡB`[hEplNi2011jÉćéu4p[ZgĚFF_[N}^[A_[NGlM[AťľÄcčĚťŔđЎé˝ßĚŁvđQƾĞł˘B
Ú×É¢ÄÍAGoogleĚu_[NGlM[A_[N}^[v𲞳˘B
GlM[Ě˝Ě`ÔÍAĺŤČżĘiÜ˝ÍdĘjđÁĢܚńŞAFɜݾĢܡB
ǢáÍA˝żđćčŞcĺČĘĚuîńvÉCâĢȢƢ¤ŔšB
ĺvssÉÍ˝SA˝çŕĚWIâerĚMŞ čܡBWIâer𳾢ügÉu˛ßvľČŻęÎAÔgđŠ˝čˇ˘˝čˇéąĆÍĹŤÜšńiÂÜčAÔgĚśÝđFŻľÄ˘ÜšńjB
ŻlÉA˝żÍn
đSĆľ˝31ĚĚć̤ż29ĚśÝÉCâĢܚńBťęçĚĚć̢Š̜¨Í˝żĚťÎÉŔńĹZńŢܡŞA˝żÍťęçÉCâĢܚńBąęçĚśÝĚŮĆńÇÍAĹĚćčŕuGlM[`ÔÉ˝v¨ĚđÁĢܡB
ćčDę˝oZpÉćčAŤAąęçĚś¨ĚęĆ÷×ĚĆĚĘMŞÂ\ÉČéÂ\ŤŞ čܡB
ŕżëńA_ĘÍabhiññāĚÍđJľ˝lÍťęç̢ŠđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜˇB
ȺŹĚâčÉßčܡŞAĹÉ31ĚćĚÎIČĘuÉ¢ÄྵܷB
2.
Buddha Dhamma says there are 31 realms associated with each habitable planetary
system (cakkavāla). And there are an infinite number of them in the
universe (this latter fact has been confirmed by science).
2.§łĹÍAZÂ\ČefŻnicakkavālajÉÍ31ĚĚćŞ éĆž˘ÜˇBťľÄAąĚFÉÍťęçÍłŔĚŞ čܡiąĚăŇĚŔÍČwÉćÁÄmFłęĢܡjB
ťăČwÍA2500NOɧÉÉćÁÄླ꽱ĚćčL˘FĎđXÉmFľÄ˘ÜˇB
Dhamma and Science – IntroductionđQƾĞł˘B
ŮńĚSNOAźm˘EÍAn
đSĆľ˝uV
ÉßÜę˝vŻĚFđóŻüęÜľ˝B
Celestial
spheresđQƾĞł˘B
3.
In the post, gThe Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma – Introduction,h we
described a model that consisted of 31 concentric gshells.h The
actuality is pretty much close to that analogy, with some additional
features. I have compiled a summary of the 31 realms in the table g31 Realms of Existenceg.
3.The Grand Unified Theory of Dhamma – IntroductionĹÍA31ÂĚŻSĚuVFvŠçČéfÉ¢Äྵܵ˝BťŔÍA˘ÂŠĚÇÁ@\đőŚÄAťĚAiW[ÉŠČčߢšB
31 Realms of ExistenceĚ\É31ĚćĚvńđÜĆßÜľ˝B
31ÂĚŻSVFđÂ
Ín
ĆdČčܡBĹŕá˘ĚćĹ énirayaiˇČíżnjÍAn
Ě[É čܡB
Ě4ÂĚĚćiěSA˘C
AލAlÔjÍAn
Ě\ĘÉߢĚćšBn
Ě[ɢŠĚěSŞ˘ÜˇŞA˘ÂŠĚěSÍn\ÉZńŢܡB Asurāsŕn\ÉZńŢܡŞAŮĆńÇÍCâǧľ˝RČÇĚunÉZńŢܡBlÔÍěSĆAXĚźűĆŕŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
TipiṭakaÉÍAąęç3ÂĚĚćinirayaApretaAasurajđÚ×Éྷé˝ĚoŞ čܡB
ŤIÉc_ľÜˇB TipiṭakaĚKhuddaka
NikāyaÉ éPeta VatthuÍAěSĆgandhabbāÉ¢ÄྵĢܷB
4. Of
course, humans and animals live on the surface of the Earth. Gandhabbās only
belong to either the human or animal bhava. Those gandhabbā are
waiting for a suitable womb to be born with human (or animal) bodies; see the
section: Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya).
4.ŕżëńAlÔĆŽ¨Ín
Ě\ĘÉZńŢܡB GandhabbāsÍlÔ͎ܽ¨ĚbhavaÉĚÝŽľÜˇBťęçĚGandhabbāÍAlÔi͎ܽ¨jĚKŘČq{ŞśÜęéĚđŇÁĢܡB
Gandhabba (Manomaya Kaya)đQƾĞł˘B
ľ˝ŞÁÄAťęçĚGandhabbāÍpara lōkaiťEjÉ éĆžíęĢܡBŢçÍ˝żĆęÉZńŢܡŞA˝żÍŢçĚńíÉ÷ČĚđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńFHidden World of the Gandhabba: Netherworld (Para Lōka)
šŠçA˝żĚ˘EÍvÁĢéćčŕÍéŠÉĄGšB
5. Then
come the six realms for the devas. The lowest of the six deva
realms are on the surface of the Earth. Those devas are
called Bhummatta devas, and they belong to the Cātummahārājika
deva realm; see, g31 Realms of Existenceg. They live mostly in their
residences (deva vimāna) based on trees. Of course, we cannot see them
or their gresidences.h
5.ÉAdevaĚ˝ßĚ6ÂĚĚćŞ čܡB6ÂĚdevaĚćĚĹĹŕá˘ŕĚÍAn
Ě\ĘÉ čܡBťęçĚdevaÍBhummattaĚdevaĆÄÎęAlV¤Cātummahārājika@devaĚĚćÉŽľÄ˘ÜˇB
31 Realms of ExistenceđQƾĞł˘B
ŢçÍĺÉŘđîÉľ˝Zideva vimānajÉZńŢܡBŕżëńA˝żÍŢçâŢçĚuZvđŠéąĆÍĹŤÜšńB
ćč˘devaĚĚćÍn
ŠçăÉLŃĢܡB
16ĚrupaĚĚćÍn
ćčłçÉLŞÁĢܡB
4ÂĚarupa lōkaĚćÍn
ŠçłçÉŁę˝ęÉ čܡB
ąęçĚĚć͡×ÄAn
ĚSĆŻSšBžzĚüčđö]ˇén
̲đSÉń]ľAlÔĚĚćĆŻść¤ÉA31̡×ÄĚĚćŞn
ĆĆŕÉÚŽľÜˇB
߸͹ęçĚlXČĚćđ˘ÂŠĚdvČoAáŚÎDhammacappavattana
Sutta (SN 56.11) A Maha Samaya
Sutta (DN 20)Ĺ˝źľÄ˘ÜˇB
6. In
general, beings in higher realms can gseeh those in the lower ones, but not the
other way around (if came gface-to-faceh). For example, devas can
see us, but cannot see the rupi or arupi brahmās. Rupi
brahmās can see devas, but cannot see the arupi
brahmās.
6.ęĘÉAćč˘ĚćĚśÝÍAćčá˘ĚćĚśÝđuŠévąĆŞĹŤÜˇŞAťĚtÍĹŤÜšńB
˝ĆŚÎAdevaÍ˝żđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜˇŞArupi ĆarupiĚ brahmāsđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
Rupi
brahmāsÍdevađŠéąĆŞĹŤÜˇŞAarupi
brahmāsđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
OńĚeOur Two Worlds : Material and MentalŠçAłFEÉÍuťŔĚv¨żisuddhāṭṭhakajĚŐľŠČ˘ąĆŞíŠčܡBľ˝ŞÁÄAźĚ27ĚĚćɢéśÝÍAarupi brahmāsđuŠévąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
abhiññāĚÍđBłšéĆŤAlÍXĆćč˘ĚćđuŠévąĆŞĹŤéĆžíęܡB
ťĚć¤Č_ĘĚÍđBłšé˝ßÉÍA4ÔÚĚTčÉüéKvŞ čܡB
ĹIIÉA8ÔÚĚTčđJˇéĆiťľÄattha
samāpattiÉüéąĆŞĹŤéć¤ÉČéĆjA31ĚĚćĚ˝đŠéąĆŞĹŤéć¤ÉČčܡB
7. Now
let us look at gthingsh in this world from a different perspective. A
fundamental premise of Buddha Dhamma is the following. gEnergyh is
embedded in spin (bramana in Pāli; bramana
or බ්රමණ in
Sinhala), and in rotation (paribbramana in
Pāli; bramana or පරිබ්රමණ in Sinhala).
7.łÄAąĚ˘EĚuŕĚvđĘĚ_ŠçŠÄÝÜľĺ¤B§@Ěî{IČOńÍĚƨčšB
uGlM[vÍAXsip[ęĹÍbramanaAVnęĹÍබ්රමණjĆń]ip[ęĹÍparibbramanaAVnęĹÍපරිබ්රමණjŞßÜęĢܡB
oTÍH
¨żĚĹŹPĘĹ ésuddhāṭṭhakaÍĂ~ľÄ˘ÜšńBťĚń]ˇČíżXsiŠ]j¨ćџ̽ŠĚüčĚń]iö]jÉśÄAźĚuGlM[Ě[hv¨ćŃurupaĚ^CvvŞśľÜˇB
n
ĚŽŤđlŚéĆČPÉoťĹŤÜˇBn
ÍžzĚüčđń]ľAžzĚüčđ1ń]ˇéĚÉ1NŠŠéąĆÍNŕŞmÁĢܡB
ťĚÔAn
Íěk˛đSÉń]ľÜˇBąęŞń]šBn
ŞťĚć¤ČXs𮹷éÉÍ1úŠŠčܡB
ąęÍAąĚŐIČ@\É¢ÄྵĢéDę˝rfIšB
8. There
are an infinite number of such cakkavāla (star systems or a
collection of planets revolving around a star) in our universe. Each planet in
such a gstar systemh undergoes spin around its axis and rotation around the
star. Science has confirmed this within the past hundred years.
8.˝żĚFÉÍAťĚć¤ČcakkavālaiŻĆŻĚüčđńéfŻĚWÜčjŞłÉ čܡBąĚć¤ČuPŻnvĚefŻÍŠ]ľAPŻđSÉö]ľÜˇBČwÍß100NŮÇĹąęđmFľÜľ˝B
ťęçĚcakkavālaĚťęźęÍAĆŠĚ31ĚĚćđÂun
Ěć¤ČvfŻđÁĢéŠŕľęÜšńB
ťĚć¤ČôçĚcakkavālaĚNX^[ÍAcūḷanikā
lokadhātuˇČíżuŹłČ˘EVXevĆÄÎęܡBťĚć¤ČVXeĚçÍmajjhimikā
lokadhātuˇČíżu˘EVXevšBťĚć¤ČVXeĚçĚNX^[Şmahāsahassī
lokadhātuˇČíżuĺKÍȢEĚVXevšB
Cūḷanikā Sutta (AN 3.80)A@Paṭhamakosala
Sutta (AN 10.29) ¨ćŃBuddhism and
Evolution – Aggañña Sutta (DN 27)đQƾĞł˘B
9.
Scientists have also confirmed that all elementary particles (the smallest particles
scientists can detect) have spin. Furthermore, in an atom, the electrons can be
said to grotateh around the nucleus, in a crude analogy with the Earth rotating
around the Sun.
9.ČwŇÍÜ˝Aˇ×ÄĚfąqiČwŇŞoĹŤéĹŹĚąqjÉXsŞ éąĆđmFľÄ˘ÜˇB
łçÉAdqÍ´qjĚüčđĺGcÉžŚÎn
ŞžzĚüčđńéć¤Éuń]vľÄ˘éĆžŚÜˇB
ÉAžznŕń]ľÄ˘ÜˇBɢŻ_i˝ĆŚÎAâÍjŕń]ľÄ˘ÜˇBąęçĚń]Ě˝ßÉAąęçĚ\˘ĚŕĚ͡×Ä˝çÉČéXüŞ čܡB˝ĆŚÎA˝żĚžznĹÍAˇ×ÄĚfŻŞ˝ĘăÉ čܡBŻlÉAâÍcŕ̡×ÄĚâÍÍA˝çČ~ŐĚć¤ÉWÜÁĢܡB
ľ˝ŞÁÄAńíɸâŠČŻóĚéóđŠÄŕAˇ×ÄĚŕĚÍâŚ¸Ž˘Ä˘ÜˇBłçÉAÚÉŠŚéFĹNÉ10ńśˇéŻĚľ˘i´VŻjŞ čܡB
ťĚ˝ßAťąÉ éťŔÍA˝żŞńíÉeGČ´o\ÍĹmoˇéŕĚĆÍÍéŠÉŮČÁĢܡB
˝żĚĚ̡×ÄĚ´qĆŞqÍAťęçđ\ʎéŚŘęȢŮÇĚsuddhāṭṭhakaĚXsĆń]Íž¤ÜĹŕČAâŚÔČŽ˘Ä˘ÜˇB
ľ˝ŞÁÄA˝żĚüč̡×ÄŞâŚÔČĎťľÄ˘ÜˇB
˝żĚ´oÍťęçđ@mˇéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
10.
Modern science has also enabled us to see more and more of living beings around
us. For example, the Western world was not aware of the existence of
microscopic living beings until the advent of the microscope by Leeuwenhoek in
the late 17th century: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.
10.ťăČwÍÜ˝A˝żĚüčĚćč˝Ěś¨đŠéąĆŞĹŤéć¤ÉČčÜľ˝B˝ĆŚÎAźm˘EÍA17˘IăźÉ[EFtbNް÷žđoęłšéÜĹA°÷žĹŠŚéś¨ĚśÝÉCâĢܚńĹľ˝F https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek
ĄA˝żÍlÔĚĚĚÉ˝\ŕĚś¨Ş˘éąĆđmÁĢܡBThere are as many creatures on your body as there are people on Earth! đQƾĞł˘B
¤Ü˘ŻÎAVľ˘eNmW[ÉćÁÄAŤAěSA˘C
AdevaĚĚćÉŽˇé˝Ěś˝ĚAťľÄgandhabbāđuŠévąĆŞĹŤéć¤ÉČéŠŕľęÜšńB
n
Ě[É énirayaŠç̰뾢šŞołę˝Ć˘¤ĺŁŞ˘ÂŠ čܡŞAťęçÍmFłęĢܚńBDoes the Hell
(Niraya) Exist?đQƾĞł˘B
11. As
one moves up to higher realms, attachments to the material aspects decreases.
That is why living beings in higher realms have less number of sense faculties.
11.ćč˘ĚćÉÚŽˇéÉÂęÄA¨żIȤĘÖ̤
͸ľÜˇBťĚ˝ßAćč˘ĚćĚś¨Í´o\ÍĚŞČČčܡB
kāma lōkaÉÍA6ÂĚ´oíŻˇ×ÄŞ čܡBćč˘devaĚćĹÍA˝żŞŠéąĆŞĹŤČ˘ćč§xĚá˘ĚĆĚućčă˘ÚGĚ´ovŞ čܡB
Rupi-brahmāsÍAkāma lōka devasĆärľÄÍéŠÉ@×ČuĚvđÁĢܡŞAGoAĄoAkoÍ čÜšńB
u¨żvÍAćč˘rupaĆarupa lōkaĚĚćĹÍńíÉ÷i÷×jČŕĚÉČčܡB
ľ˝ŞÁÄAi´VŻĹĚjcakkavālaĚĹIIČjóɨ˘ÄĹłŚAAbhassaraĚćiĚć17jĚăĚĚćÍjółęÜšńBťĚ˝ßAąęçĚbrahmāsĚő˝ÍAPęĚmahā kappaiFĚNîjćčŕÍéŠÉˇČčܡB31 Realms of ExistenceđQƾĞł˘B
12. Now
we can understand why we cannot see the other 29 realms.
12.ąęĹAźĚ29Ě檊éąĆŞĹŤČ˘RŞđōܡB
n
ĚüčĚćč˘ĚćĹÍAś˝Ěi¨ćŃťĚÂŤjÍŮĆńÇĹ`¨Ş čÜšńBťĚ˝ßA˝żÍŢçâś§niÂŤjđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
4ÂĚarupaĚćĹÍAŮĆńÇĚęAǫ̆żĚjbgisuddhāṭṭhakajłŚŕ˘Ä˘ÜˇB
rupa lōkaĚĚćAťľÄkāma lōkaĚdevaĚĚćĹłŚA˝żŞŠéąĆŞĹŤČ˘ńíÉ׊˘¨żĹōĢܡB
nirayainjĚśÝÍAłÜ´ÜČ`ĚâđóŻéńíɧČĚđÁĢܡB
ťĚĚćÍn
Ě[É čܡB
13. We
are used to the perception of gsolid tangible physical bodiesh of humans and
animals. That is called the gghana saññā.h However, those physical
bodies are mostly gempty.h That is because atoms, which are the basic building
blocks, are mostly empty.
13.˝żÍlÔĆŽ¨ĚuĹĚĚL`Ě÷ĚvĚmoÉľęĢܡBťęÍughanai§xj saññāvĆÄÎęĢܡBľŠľAťęçĚ÷ĚÍŮĆńÇuóvšBąęÍAî{IČ\ŹvfĹ é´qŞŮĆńÇóĹ é˝ßšB
łçÉA˝żĚ÷Ě͡×ÄAęeĚq{ŕĚPęĚ×Eió¸jŠçnÜčܡBPęĚ×EđŠéÉͰ÷žŞKvšBgandhabbai×EćčŕłçÉŹł˘jÍAęeĆeĚÉćÁÄ`Źłę˝ťĚó¸ĆZľÜˇB
Buddhist Explanations of Conception, Abortion, and ContraceptionđQƾĞł˘B
q{ÉüéOAgandhabbaÍrupi BrahmaĚć¤Č÷×ČĚđÁĢܾ˝BÉAťĚ×EÍęĚŠçh{đŰćľAq{ŠçoÄŠçÍH¨ÉćÁÄŹˇľÜˇBH¨đŰćˇéąĆĹA˝żĚd˘÷ĚÍAsŤ¨żĚ~ĎšB
ťľÄBhava and Jāti – States of Existence and Births ThereinĹ_ś˝ć¤ÉAlÔĚBhavaÍń100NśŤéĹ`ĚĚ÷ĚIČĹIíçȢŠŕľęÜšńBlÔĚBhavaÍ˝çNŕąÂ\ŤŞ čAś˝ŹŽĚĆľÄÍgandhabbađîŐƾĽĚu÷ĚvɜݾąŻÜˇB
14. For
example, in rebirth stories, the physical bodies in successive births are
different, even though there may be some similarities; see, gEvidence for
Rebirthg. In between consecutive lives, the lifestream continues
just in the form its core, the gandhabba.
14.˝ĆŚÎA]śXg[[ĹÍA˘ÂŠĚŢ_Ş éęĹŕAAąľ˝]śĚ÷ĚÍŮČčܡBEvidence for
RebirthđQƾĞł˘BAąˇé]śĚÔÉAś˝ŹŽĚÍܳɝĚjĆČégandhabbaĚ`ĹąŤÜˇB
˝żŞuí˝ľvƊȡ\LĚćäČ÷ĚÍAPČéVFšBgandhabbaŞĘĆŤAÜ˝ÍSčpÉXĚđŁęéĆŤiManomaya Kaya and Out-of-Body Experience (OBE)đQĆjA÷ĚÍś˝ĚŽŤđÁĢܚńB
ąęÍghana saññāˇČíż˝żĚ÷ĚŞgandhabbaŞZńŢéVFĹľŠČAŮĆńÇĚĹ éąĆđđľ˝čAnlˇé˝ßĚDę˝ű@šB300|hĚlŞ100|hĚĚdđ¸Á˝ęA{ÉťĚlÍŠŞĚACfeBeBĚ3ŞĚ1đu¸Č¤vĚž夊B
gandhabbaÍŻśČĚĹAŻślšB
31ĚĚć̡×ÄĚśÝÍAĹIIÉÍgandhabbaĚťęÉCGˇéńíÉ׊˘u^E{fBvđÁĢܡB˝żĚĹŕDę˝°÷žĹłŚ´÷×ČuĚvđŠéąĆŞĹŤÜšńB
15. The
above picture gives us a perspective on how foolish we are to focus on material
wealth, titles, etc. for at most 100 years in this life. By living a moral
life, and by doing meritorious deeds we can make a much bigger ginvestmenth in
the future. That is by accruing merits that could lead to rebirths in the Deva or Brahma worlds
where there much less suffering and no physical illnesses.
15.ăĚĘ^ÍA˝żŞąĚlśĹš˘ş˘100NÔA¨żIČxâĚČÇÉĹ_đíšéąĆŞÇęŮÇđŠĹ éŠÉ¢ÄĚŠđđŚľÄ˘ÜˇBšżIČśđéąĆÉćÁÄAťľÄ÷ŃĚ és×đˇéąĆÉćÁÄA˝żÍŤAÍéŠÉĺŤČuvđˇéąĆŞĹŤÜˇBťęÍAęľÝŞÍéŠÉČA÷ĚIČaCŞČ˘devaÜ˝ÍBrahma̢EĹĚ]śÉÂČŞéÂ\ŤŞ ébgđlžˇéąĆšB
ľŠľAťęçĚćč˘ĚćĹłŚAśUŞÇęŮǡÄŕÍđŻçęÜšńB˝ćčŕAĹşĘĚ4ÂĚĚćĹŤĚ]śĚÂ\ŤŠçŚęéąĆÍĹŤÜšńBľ˝ŞÁÄA¸ĎnibbānaŞBęĚPvIČđôšB
16. Following is a fairly good
video describing the general features of the 31 realms:
16.ČşÍA31ĚćĚęĘIČ@\đྷéŠČčǢrfIšB
12Nŕ
Paticca-samuppada Sutta @@@Samyutta Nikaya, XII (I). 1@@@p[oT@12.1
|
p[ę |
pę |
pę |
ŕe |
1 |
avijjā@@@@@@ |
łž |
ignorance |
aniccā,dukkhā,anattāđíɨ˘ÄĚ´ľÄ˘Č˘ąĆ ćĂáŃsĚóÔĹžŽđ¨ąˇąĆ |
2 |
saṅkhāra |
s |
reaction @@ |
wKłę˝´îp^[Avlp^[@ AvP[V@@ŠŽ˝ńH |
3 |
viññāṇa |
Ż |
consciousness @ |
GlM[đśŢÓŻ@@kamma viññāna GlM[ĆÍdhammāAAJ}ĚíA ˘đśŢlŚ uó]ƲvŕÜÜęéB ąęçÍA52ĚcetasikāĚĄGČgÝíš |
4 |
nāma-rūpa |
źF |
mind and body |
^EGlM[ިżĆľÄďĚťˇé |
5 |
salāyatana |
Z |
six senses@@ |
´oíŻŞÎŰđTőˇé@\đÂiFŻŕžĚPSj ÓAAŽAkAĄAG@ ]AÚA¨A@AăAĚ O˘Éí˝éPSĹÍAó¸ |
6 |
phassa@ |
G |
contact |
ŕrūpaisaḷāyatanajĆOrūpaĆĚÚGđÓĄ ´oĚMŞgĚĆĹÍČAłÓŻĆÎęéąĆ |
7 |
vedanā@ |
ó |
sensation |
´oMĚf[^ÉŤŕľÍ]Ě^OŞtÁłęé XÂĚ^OŞ éŞA^ĚßĚÇżçÉŔč somanassa ěŕľÍdomanassaJ |
8 |
tanhā@@@ |
¤ |
craving & aversion |
tanhāÍattachmentt
AˇČíż¤
ćĂ~͍ܽŞŃÂAƢ¤ÓĄ ]ĆŤÉćŞłę˝ŠŽ˝AvP[VĚěŹ Ć˘¤đßÍÔáÁĢéB |
9 |
upādāna@@ |
ć |
attachment |
uupaßv+uādānařÁŁévćÁÄA UpādānaÍÎŰđuřÁĎÁÄßÉu˘Ä¨v ąĆĹGlM[đWĆËłšé }ChÍārammanaiÎŰjđřŤńšÄAťąÉGlM[đüˇé |
10 |
bhava |
L |
the process of becoming |
GlM[Şüéeę¨@@¨żGlM[ĚWĚ@@@ ggĚÉGlM[Ş éŞAJ^`ÍܞȢ 3˘ĚPSĹÍÄśđ˝xŠJčÔˇ^ĚĚąĆ |
11 |
jāti |
ś |
birth |
ďĚť@@@@ąĚ˘Ĺ`ÉČé aśAoťAośAďŰťA¨żť |
12 |
jarā-maranam |
V |
ageing & death |
ĎťĚAąAśEZEĹđJčÔˇ ^Ć÷ĚĚęľÝĚpą |
p[ęĹĚÓĄ
|
p[ę |
ęš |
ŕe |
1 |
avijjā@@@@@@ |
aŰč` +vijjā@qd@@@@@ SĚŤĚcŹ OAlúĚđĆŔH ćĂáŃs̢˘ŞČ˘ž |
ęľÝĚ´öđ˘ÂŕĚ´ľÄ˘Č˘ąĆ uOvđĚ´ľÄ˘Č˘ąĆ ćĂáŃsŠçÍśÜÁĢéąĆÖĚłm Ŕ˘ ߸Ě@OŃ |
2 |
saṅkhāra |
saṅYÁ{khārasŽ tÁłę˝ŕĚĆÍGlM[ ąĚśŹĹĚďĚIČŕĚÍćĂáŃs abhisankhāraÂÜč˘sankhāra |
wKłę˝´îp^[Avlp^[@ ŠŽ˝ńH@@ ÖôđpąłšéŕĚĚ~Ď kammaĚí𜏡é˘sankhāra |
3 |
viññāṇa |
viŞŁAćŞAŰč {ñāṇa@qd@SĚqAmŻA vijjā ĆñāṇaĚáŤÍH ŞŁłęÄľÜÁ˝mŻ@@ |
kamma viññāṇa GlM[Şßßçę˝ÓŻ J}ĚíÉČéGlM[ ąĚśŹĹÍłÓŻiwÓŻE[wÓŻjĹŇ@ˇéwKłę˝ÓŻ |
4 |
nāma-rūpa |
nāma}Ch{@rūpa¨ż ÓŻGlM[ |
^EƨżEĆĚN ¨żiďĚťjĆźOięĘťjĚÚ_ ˘Ěvći^EjĚÂĘ^i¨żEj ß̢LŻi^EjĚGlM[ť EpjVbhĚTOŠçćčüęé |
5 |
salāyatana |
salZ +āyatana «ā+yata+yuDāya+tanu+aDāyata+nī+a» uÚIĚ˝ßÉ´o\Íđgpˇév ´oíŻiindriyajđÓ}IÉgpˇéĆindriyaÍāyatanaiÓüjÉČéB |
ÎۨđTˇé´oíŻ RRAAŽAkAĄAG@Ě6ÂĚ´oíŻindriyaĹÍČA˝ĆŚÎcakkayatanaiÚđîŐƾľܤjĆ manayatanai}ChđîŐƾľܤjĹ čAabhisankhārađs¤ÓüÉ]Ďľ˝ŕĚ |
6 |
phassa@ |
phassa [phusa+ṇaDphusatīti@´G@ ÚGA´o PČéphassaĹČsamphassa Ó}IČię˝jÚGA´o |
TˇéíŻŞÎŰĆo魯ĆĹžé´o ŠŞĚŤügatiÉćÁÄÚGˇéŕĚŞčˇéB ąĚŤüĆÎŰŞŃÂąĆĹsanitÁłę˝j´GŞśŹˇé |
7 |
vedanā@ |
vedanā@iuveemav+udanaveemavjCxgŞśľ˝ąĆđFݎé |
´GĚ´of[^É2íißjĚŕĚPÂĚ^OŞtÁłęĢéŕĚ@ óvedanāÍ´oâî´ĹÍȢ |
8 |
tanhā@@@ |
tanę+hā@ZEnÚEŃÂŤ@@@ ÎŰÉt
ˇéŕĚ t
ľ˝ŕĚAS
ˇéŕĚ |
ßĚ^OÉćÁÄŠŞĚ}ChŞÎŰÉÖSđüŻ˝ĚĹAÎŰĆ}ChŞnÚłęÄŃÂąĆB ¤
At
AŃÂŤ TanhāÍAćĂ~AľÝAłmÉćÁÄuąĚ˘Ě¨Éˇ
ľÄ˘évąĆB ˝ĚęAu]vĆëÁÄ|ółęĢéB ]ĆŤÉćŞłę˝ŠŽ˝AvP[VĚěŹĹÍȢ |
9 |
upādāna@@ |
upāßÉ{ādāna ÍŢEćž@@ ßÉu˘Ä¨AƢ¤ÓĄĹ ÎŰđÍÝąŻÄ˘és× |
Ń¢˝ŕĚđßÉÍÝąŻéąĆĹA ÎŰÉWIÉGlM[đĆËĹŤéóÔ ˇ
@@ ŠŽ˝AvP[VđۡéąĆĹAłÓŻĚ¤żÉÎŰÉËśľÄ˘éóÔ |
10 |
bhava |
bhava@@ ggÝľŠČ˘GlM[Ě ^E{fBĚ´` Ďťˇé° Äśiaśjđ˝xŠJčÔˇ^Ě |
ÍÝąŻéąĆĹ}ChĚdhammāGlM[ŞbhūtaGlM[É]ˇľAťęçŞggÝÍ éŞJ^`ÉÍÜžČÁĢȢ¨żGlM[ĆľÄŰÇłęĢéóÔ @ |
11 |
jāti |
jāti@@@oś J^` |
qgĚęÍ^ĚŞdhātuĹ\ŹłęÄďĚťˇéąĆ aśĆÍAąĚ˘ĹJ^`ÉČéąĆ łFEĹÍdhammāŞgatiÉ FEĹÍgatiŞbhūtaÉ]ϡéąĆ |
12 |
jarā-maranam |
jarā@Vť@ maranam@ |
qgĚęÍ÷ĚĆ^ĚęľÝĚpą |